ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3 INTERGRTED BUILDING

A PROJECT REPORT IS SUBMITTED AS A

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in CIVIL

ENGINEERING

Submitted by (GRP#1)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. Alak Kumar Patra

Lecturer in

Department of Civil Engineering

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

SEPTEMBER 9

ii
 Papua New Guinea University of
Technologies

Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING,
SUBMITTED by Bradley Nalei (18300164), Jeremiah Ama (19300015) Kulu Jeremiah Tomadek
(19300440), members of group one (1) to Papua New Guinea University of Technology Civil engineering
Department as record of final year project work of semester 2 during the academic year 2023-24.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr Alak Kumar Patra Dr Mirizi Betasolo

Lecturer in Civil Engineering Dept. Lecturer in Civil Engineering

Dept.

Date ; 09/09 2023

1
 APPROVAL SHEET
This integrated building project titled: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3 intergraded (residential) building
done and prepared by Bradley Nalei (18300164), Jeremiah Ama (19300015), and Kulu Jeremiah
Tomadek (19300440) is hereby approved for submission at the Civil Engineering Department, Papua
New Guinea University of Technology, Taraka Campus.

_________________________

(Signature of guide)

(ALAK KUMAR PATRA)

_____________________________

Head of Department

Date:

Place: TARAKA CAMPUS

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are extremely thankful to Dr. Alak Kumar Patra and Dr. Mirzi Betasolo, CE 422 lecturer and Head of
the department of civil engineering for his valuable guidance and constant co-operation throughout this
work.

We are very much thankful to department of civil engineering for successful completion of our project.

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 ABSTRACT:
Structural planning and design is an art and science of designing with economy and elegance, serviceability and
durable structure. The entire process of structural planning and designing requires not only imagination and
conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering besides knowledge of practical
aspects, such as relevant design codes and byelaws backed up by example experiences.

The process of design commence with planning of structural primarily to meet the defined as he is not aware of
various implications involved in the process of planning and design. The functional requirements and aspects of
aesthetics are locked into normally be the architect while the aspect of the safety, serviceability, durability and
economy of the structure are attended by structural designer.

For this purpose a site is selected in which the building has three floors including a ground floor, it consists of all
the rooms required for residential house like bedroom, toilet, living/dining, kitchen and store room.

Cype is a BIM application for the design, analysis, and sizing of structures for building and civil works, which are
subject to vertical and horizontal forces, as well as fire exposure.

Staad Pro is a software tool to design structural design of any plan and also it can give loads of that structure. We
can mention about which material we are going to use and what is the strength of that member, it all comes under
this software.

In this project work, an attempt is made according to building bye laws and design of residential building as per IS:
456-2000, SP-16 and SP-34 specifications.

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 NOMENCLATURE
A : Area

b : Breadth of the beam, or short dimension of the member

b : Effective width of the slab

bf : Effective width of the flange

bw : Breadth of web or rib

D : Overall depth of beam or slab or diameter of column

Df : Thickness of the flange

DL : Dead load

d : Effective depth of beam or slab

d : Depth of compression reinforcement from the highly compressed face

EC : Modulus of elasticity of concrete

EL : Earthquake Load

ES : Modulus of elasticity of steel

e : Eccentricity

fck : Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete

fy : Characteristic strength of steel

fα : Modulus if rupture of concrete (Flexural tensile strength)

fct : Splitting tensile strength of concrete

fd: Design strength

Hw : Unsupported height of wall

Hwe : Effective height of wall

Lef : Effective Moment of inertia

Igr : Moment of Inertia of the gross section excluding reinforcement

Ir : Moment of Inertia of cracked section

K : Stiffness of member

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k : Constant (or) Coefficient of factor

Ld : Development length

LL : Live load (or) imposed load

Lw : Horizontal distance between centers of lateral restrains

l : Length of column (or) beam between adequate lateral restrain

lef : Effective span of beam or slab or effective length of column

lex : Effective length about x-x axis

ley : Effective length bout y-y axis

ln : Clear span, face to face of supports

ln, : ln for shorter of the two spans at right angles

lx : Length of shorter side of slab

ly : Length of longer side of slab

lo : Distance between points of zero moments in a beam

ll : span in the direction in which moments re determined

l2 : span transfer to ll, center to center of supports

l2, : l2 for shorter of the continuous span

M : Bending Moment

m : Modular ratio

n : Number of samples

P : Axial load on compression member

qau : Calculated maximum bearing pressure of soil

r : Radius

s : Spacing of stirrups (or) standard deviation

T : Torsional Moment

t : Wall thickness

V : Sher Force

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W : Total load

WL: Wind load

w: Distributed load per unit area

wd : Distributed load per unit area

wl : Distributed live (imposed) load per unit area

x : Depth of neutral axis

Z : Modulus of section

Z : Lever arm

α,𝜷 : Angle (or) ratio

Yr : Partial safety factor for load

Ym : Partial safety factor for material

τc : Shear stress in concrete

τc max : Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement

τv : Nominal shear stress

ɸ : Diameter of bar

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 LIST OF FIGURES and TABLES
List of Figures:

Fig 1.1 plan of residential building

Fig 4.1 Loading diagram for floor

Fig 4.2 Bending, Moment Distribution

List of Tables:

Table 1.1 Minimum grade of concrete for different exposure conditions

Table 1.2 Unit weights of common building materials

Table 1.3 Live load onto floor

Table 3.1 Bending Moments Coefficients

Table 3.2 Bending Moments Coefficients

Table 5.1 Column Reactions

Table 5.2 Column Grouping

Table 6.1 Footing Reactions

In this present project we are following the bylaws and design of residential buildings as per the IS 456:2000, SP16,
SP34, IS 875part2.

8
 INDEX

CERTIFICATE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1

APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2

ACNKONWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4

NOMENCLTURE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...11

1.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…11
1.2 GENERAL THEORY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………15

2.1 Flexibility method ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15

2.2 Slope- deflection method (iterative method)…………………………………………………………………………………………………15

2.3 Degree of statical indeterminacy…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...16

2.4 Statically indeterminate beams……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..16

2.5 Introduction to Matrix method………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16

2.6 DESIGN OF MULTI STORIED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING……………………………………………………………………………………..16

2.7 LIMIT STATE METHOD…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF SLABS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17

3.1 One way slab………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18

3.2 Two way slab………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF BEAMS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………58

4.1 Theory……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………58

4.2 Singly reinforced beam…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..59

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4.3 Doubly reinforced beams………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..59

4.4 Load calculations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..59

CHAPTER 5 STAIR CASE DESIGN………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………..69

5.1 Theory……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………69

5.2 Column reactions………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..70

5.3 Column grouping……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..70

5.4 Design calculations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….70

CHPTER 6 DESIGN OF FOOTING……………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………72

6.1 FOOTING REACTIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….72

6.2 DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...73

CHAPTER 7STIR CASE DESIGN………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………….79

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….81

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….81

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

1.1 INTRODUCTION
My project involves analysis and design of multi-storied [G + 3] using very popular designing software
[Link] v8i. I have chosen STAAD Pro because of its following advantages:
- Easy to use interface
- Conformation with the Indian standard Codes,
- Versatile nature if solving any type of problem,
- Accuracy of the solution.

[Link] v8i features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design engines
with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to
visualization and result verification, [Link] v8i is the professional’s choice for steel, concrete, timber,
aluminum and cold-formed steel design of low and high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels,
bridges, piles and much more.

[Link] v8i consists of the following:

The [Link] v8i Graphical User Interface: IT is used to generate the model, which can then be analyzed using
the STAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can also be used to view the results graphically.

The STAAD analysis and design engine: it is a general-purpose calculation engine for structural analysis and
integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber and Aluminum design.

To start with I have solved some sample Problems using STAAD Pro and checked the accuracy of the results with
manual calculations. The results were to satisfaction and were accurate. In the initial phase of my project I have
done calculations regarding loadings on buildings and also considered seismic and wind loads. Structural analysis
comprised the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and predicts the behavior of structures.
Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a method to drive the engineering design process or rove the
soundness of a design without dependence on directly testing it.

To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as structural loads,
geometry, support conditions, and material properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support
reactions, stresses and displacements. This information is then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of
failure. Advanced structural analysis may examine dynamic response, stability and non-linear behavior. The aim of
design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being designed will perform satisfactorily
during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain adequate resistance to the
effects of seismic and wind. Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed by Simit State methods.
Account should be taken of accepted theories, experiment and experience and the need to design fir durability,
including design for durability, construction and use in service should be considered as a whole. The realization of
design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards for materials, production, workmanship and
also maintenance and use of structure in service.

The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements s prescribed in the Indian Standard
Codes. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of buildings are being covered by way of

11
laying down minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed loads, and other external
loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standards recommended in this code, it
is hoped, will not only ensure the structural safety of the buildings which are being designed.

1.2 General Theory

Table 1.1 Minimum Grade of concrete for different exposure conditions:

Exposure Minimum Grade of Concrete for RCC

Mild M20
Moderate M25
Severe M30
Very severe M35
Extreme M40

Tensile Strength:

The tensile strength of concrete is very low and hence it is not taken into account in the design of reinforced
concrete. But it is an important property which affects the extent and width of cracks in the structure. According to
IS 456-2000, the tensile strength of concrete can be calculated from the compressive strength using the following
relation

fcr=0.7 √ fckN /m m
2

Where fck is the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete.

Modulus of elasticity:

Modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important property required for computation of deflections of structural
concrete members. In the absence of test data the modulus of elasticity fck concrete is related to compressive
strength by the following relation as per IS 456-2000

Ec = 5000√ fckN /m m 2

Where Ec in the short term static modulus of elasticity in N/mm2

Unit weight:

The unit weight of concrete depends up on the type of aggregates and amount of voids. The unit weight as
specified by the IS 456-2000 for plain concrete and reinforced concrete are 24 KN/m3 and 25KN/m3 respectively.

Table 1.2: Unit weight of common Building Materials (From IS875 part 1)

S. No Material Unit weight KN/m3

1 Plain concrete 24
2 Reinforced concrete 25
3 Brick masonry 20
4 Stone masonry 24
5 Wood 8

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6 Steel 78.5
7 Floor finish 0.6-1.2

Table 1.3: Live Loads on floors (From IS 875 part 2)

S. No Type of Floors Minimum Live Load KN/m2

1 Floors in dwelling houses, 2.0
tenements, hospitals wards, hostels
and dormitories
2 Office floors other than entrance 2.5-4.0 (2.5,whenseparate storage
halls, floors of light work rooms facility is provided,
other wise 4.0)
3 Floors of banking halls, office 3.0
entrance halls and reading rooms
4 Shops, educational buildings, 4.0
assembly buildings, restaurants
5 Office floors for storage, assembly 5.0
floors space without fixed seating,
public rooms in hotels, dance halls
and waiting halls
6 Ware houses. workshops and 5.0
factories 7.5
(a)light weight loads 10.0
(b) Medium weight loads
(c) heavy weight loads

7 Stairs, landing, balconies and 3.0

corridors for floors mentioned in 1, 5.0
but not liable to overcrowding
stairs, landings and corridors for
floors mentioned in 1, but liable to
overcrowding and for all other
floors
8 Flat slab, sloped roofs 1.5
(a) Access provided 0.75
(b) Access not Provided

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 PLAN OF INTEGRATED BUILDING

(5.1+R)m (5.4+R)m (5.1+R)m

Living Room Bed Room

Bed Room
5.2m×3.8m 5.2m×3.8m
5.5m×3.8m

Bed Room
Dining Room Kitchen
5.2m×3.8m
5.5m×3.8m 5.2m×3.8m

Toilet/Shower
Bed Room Bed Room
5.2m×3.8m
5.5m×3.8m 5.2m×3.8m

Bed Room Bed Room

Bed Room
5.2m×3.8m 5.2m×3.8m
5.5m×3.8m

Fig 1. Plan of integrated building

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROJECT:

Utility of building: Residential complex

No of stories: G + 3

No of Staircases: 1

Type of construction: R.C.C framed structure

Types of walls: brick wall

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Ground floor: 3m

Floor to Floor Height: 3m

Walls: 230 mm thick masonry walls for external and 115 mm internal wall

Materials:

Concrete grade: M20

All steel grades: HYSD bars of Fe415 grade

Bearing capacity of soil: 350KN/M2

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Method of analysis of statically indeterminate portal frames:

1. Flexibility method
2. Slope- deflection method (iterative method)
3. Degree of statical indeterminacy
4. Statically indeterminate beams
5. Introduction to Matrix method

2.1 Flexibility method

The flexibility method may be applied to the analysis of portal frames, although in all but simple cases the degree if
static indeterminacy is high so that the number of compatibility equations requiring solution becomes too large for
hand computation.
Limitation: it is not applicable for degree of redundancy >3

2.2 Slope – deflection Method (iterative method)

In these, the shear forces and moments at the ends of a beam element are related to the end displacements and
rotations. In addition these relationships provide a method of solution for the determination of end moments in
statically indeterminate beams and frames.

2.3 Degree of statical indeterminacy

(A singly connected structure is defined in the same way as a singly connected foundation.) Each time member is
disconnected, the number of nodes increases by one, while the number of rings is reduced by one; the number of
members remains the same. The final number of nodes, N’, in the singly connected structure is therefore given by

N’=M+1 (M = number of members)

15
R=N’- N where N is the number if nodes in the completely stiff structure. Substituting for N’ from the above we
have

R=M–N+1

The degree if statical indeterminacy, n’s, of the completely stiff structure is given by

n’s = 6(M – N + 1) (16.1)

the degree of static indeterminacy, ns of the actual structure is

ns = n’s – r

or, substituting for n’s from Eq. (16.1)

ns = 6 (M – N + 1) – r (16.2)

In the case of two – dimensional structures in which a ring is three times statically indeterminate, Eq. (16.2)
becomes

ns = 3 (M- N + 1) – r (16.3)

2.4 statically indeterminate beams:

Beams are statically indeterminate generally because if their support systems. In this category are propped
cantilevers, fixed beams and continuous beams. A propped cantilever and some fixed beams were analyzed in
section 13.7 using either the principal o superposition or moment-area method.

2.5 Introductions to matrix method.

The individual elements of frames are oriented in different directions unlike those of continuous beams so their
analysis is more complex. Never the less the rudimentary flexibility and stiffness methods are applied to frames
stiffness methods is more useful because its adaptability to computer programming stiffness method is used when
degree of redundancy is greater than the degree of freedom. However stiffness method is used degree of freedom
is greater than degree of redundancy especially for computers.

2.6 Design of multi storied residential building

2.6.1 General

A structure can be defined as body which can resist the applied loads without appreciable deformations. Civil
engineering structures are created to serve some specific functions like human habitation, transportation, bridges,
storage etc. in a safe and economical way. A structure is an assemblage of individual elements like pinned
elements (truss elements), beam elements, column, shear wall slab cable or arch. Structural engineering is
concerned with the planning, designing and the construction of structures. Structure analysis involves the
determination of the forces and displacements of the structures or components of a structure. Design process
involves the selection and detailing of the components that make up the structural system. The min object of
reinforced concrete design is to achieve a structure that will result in a safe economical solution. The design of
each part may be design separately as follows

16
 1. Beam design
2. Column design
3. Slab design
4. Foundation design

These are all designed under limit state method

2.7 Limit state method.

The object of design based on the limit state concept is to achieve an acceptability that a structure will not become
unserviceable in its life time for the use for which it is intended. I.e. it will not reach limit state. In this limit state
method all relevant states must be considered in design to ensure a degree of safety and serviceability.

Limit state: the acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called limit
state.

Limit state collapse:

This corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity. Violation of collapse limit state implies failure in the
source that clearly defined limit state of structural usefulness has been exceeded. However it does not mean
complete collapse.

Those limits state corresponds to:

a) Flexural

b) Compression

c) Shear

d) Torsion

Limit State of Serviceability.

CHAPTER 3

DESIGN OF SLABS

Slabs are plane structural members whose thickness is small as compared to its length and breadth. Slabs are most
frequently used s roof coverings and floors in curious shapes such as square, rectangular, circular, triangular etc., in
building. Slabs supports mainly transverse loads and transfers them to the supports by bending action in one or
more directions. Beams or walls are the common supports for the slabs.

Types of Slabs:

Depending up on the ratio of longer span to short span (Iy/Ix) the slabs are classified in to:

a) One way slab

17
 b) Two way slab

3.1 One way slabs

Slabs which are supported on all four edges and the ration of longer span to the shorter span (Iy/Ix) are greater
than 2 are called as one way slabs. One way slabs bends in one direction .i.e. along the shorter span and hence it
need main reinforcement in one direction only (along the shorter span) to resist one way bending. However
minimum reinforcement known as distribution steel is provided long the longer span above the main
reinforcement to distribute the load uniformly and to resist temperature and shrinkage stresses.

3.2 Two way slab

When the slabs are supported o all the four edges and the ratio of longer span to the shorter span (Iy/Ix) is less than
or equal to 2, the slabs are likely to bend along the two spans and such slabs are called as two way slabs. The load
is transferred in both the direction to the four supporting edges and hence main reinforcement has to be designed
in both directions to resist two way bending.

General design requirements for slabs as per IS 456:2000

A. Effective span: the effective span of a simply supported slab shall be taken as clear pan plus effective depth of
the slab or center distance between the supports whichever is less.
The effective span of a cantilever slab shall be taken as its length to the face of the support plus half the
effective depth except where it forms the end of a continuous slab where the length to the center support
shall be taken.
B. Limiting Stiffness: The Stiffness of slab is governed by the span to depth ratio. As per Clause 23.2 of IS 456 for
spans not exceeding 10m, the span to depth ratio (Basic values) should not exceed the limits given below.

Cantilever -7

Simply Supported – 20

Depending upon the type of steel and percentage of steel, the above values have to be modified as per Fig. 4 of IS
0- 456

For two way slabs, the shorter span be used for calculating the span to effective depth ration

C. Minimum Reinforcement: the reinforcement in either direction of span shall not be less than 0.15% of gross
cross sectional re if mild steel is used. However, this value is reduced to 0.12% where high strength deformed
bars or welded wire fabrics are used. (Clause [Link] of IS -456)
D. Maximum Reinforcement: the dimeter of the bars shall not exceed one eight of the total thickness of slab
(clause 26.52.2 of IS -456)
E. Spacing of Main Reinforcement: the spacing of main reinforcement in slabs shall not be more than three
times the effective depth of solid slab or 300mm whichever is less (Clause 26.3.3 of IS – 456)

18
Slab: A1-A2-B1-B2

Continuous Two way Slab (5.2×3.8)

Thickness of slab = 165 mm

Live load = 2KN/m2

Floor finish = 1KN/m2

Self-weight of slab =25×0.165 = 4.125KN/m2

Total load = 2+1+4.125=7.125KN/m

Factored load = 7.125×1.5 = 10.6875 KN/m

Dimension of the slab Ix=4.11m, Iy=5.44m
Ratio of longer span to shorter span (Iy/Ix) = 5.44/4.11 = 1.32

Two adjacent edges are discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficients (Clauses D-1.1 and 24.41)

Table: 3.1 bending moment Coefficients

Type of panel and Moments Short Span Coefficients: (ax) Long Span Coefficients: (ay)
Considered
Positive Moment at mid-span 0.050 0.035
Negative Moment at continuous 0.066 0.047
edge

Moments along short span Mx and long span (My) are given by

Mx=ayWlx2

My=ayWly2

Positive Moment:

Mx=axWlx2= 0.050×10.6875×4.112= 9.0267×106 Nmm

My=ayWly2=0.035×10.6875×5.442= 11.0699×106 Nmm

Negative moment:

Mx=axWlx2= 0.066×10.6875×4.112=11.915×106 Nmm

My=ayWly2=0.047×10.6875×5.442=14.865×106Nmm

Minimum Depth

19
Mu=0.138 fckbd2

14.865×106 =0.138 × 20×1000×d2

D=73mm<150mm, Hence safe.

D=Overall depth = 150+20= 170 mm.

Positive Mx:

Mx = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1- ( ffckbd
yAst
) }

9.03×106=0.87×415×150×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×150)}

7.494Ast2-54157.5Ast+9.03×106=0

Ast required = 171.92 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
Ast= =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (78.5/171.92)×1000=456.61mm

2) 3d =3×150 = 456 mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10 mm bars

Ast required = (78.5/300)×1000 = 261.62mm2

Negative – Mx:

fyAst
Mx = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1−( )}
fckbd

11.915×106=0.87×415×150×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×150)}

7.492Ast2-54157.5Ast+11.915×106=0

Ast required = 227mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =78.5 m m
4

20
Spacing bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (78.5/227)×1000 = 346 mm

2) 3d =3×150 = 450 mm
3) 300 mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 100 mm bars

Ast provided = (78.5/300)×1000 = 261.62 mm2

Positive My:

fyAst
My= 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( )}
fckbd

11.0699×106= 0.87×415×150×Ast(1-(415Ast/20×1000×150)}

Ast required = 210.53 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (78.5/210.53) × 1000 = 372.87 mm

2) 3d = 3×150 = 450 mm
3) 300mm
Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10 mm bars
Ast required = (78.5/300)×1000 = 261.62 mm2

Negative My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

14.865×106 = 0.87×415×150×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×150)}

7.5492Ast2-54157.5Ast+14.865×106=0

Ast required = 285.77 mm2

Use 12 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =113.04 mm
4

Spacing of bars

21
 1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)× 1000 = (113.04/285.77)×1000 = 396mm
2) 3d = 3×150 = 450 mm
3) 300mm
Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 12mm bars

Ast provided = (113.04/300)×1000 = 376.8mm2

Torsional reinforcement:

Are of tension steel at each of the corner is = 75% of steel of max reinforcement = 0.75×290.55 = 217.91 mm 2

Length of torsion steel = 1/5 X short span

= 1/5 ×3960 = 792 mm

Use 6mm bars

2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4

spacing = (28.26/217.91)×1000 = 129.6mm

Provide 6mm dia bars @ 120 mm

Reinforcement in edge strips:

Ast=0.12 × bD = 0.12 × 1000×170 = 204 mm2

Use 8mm bars

2
πd 2
ast = =50.24 m m
4

1) Spacing = (50.24/204)×1000 = 246.27mm

2) 5d = 5×150 = 750 mm
3) 450 mm

Provide 8mm dia @ 230 c/c

Deflection Check

A st required
fs=0.58×415×
A st provided

= 0.58×415×(285.77/376.8) = 182.55

% steel = (100×376.8)/(150×1000) = 0.25

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10 m:

22
Continuous = 26

From the graph Modification factor = 1.9 (Note: Based on values of fs and % steel)

Effective length to depth ratio = 1.9×26 = 4.94

Theoretical value of length to depth ratio = Ix/d = 4.11×103/150 = 24.4<49.4

Hence it is safe.

Slab: A1-A2-B1-B2 (TERRACE)

Continuous Two way Slab (5.2×3.8)

Thickness of slab = 170 mm

Live load = 1.5KN/m2

Floor finish = 1 KN/m2

23
Self-weight of slab = 25× 0.170 = 4.25 KN/m2

Total load = 1.5+1+4.25 = 6.75 KN/m

Factored load = 6.75×1.5 = 10.125 KN/m

Dimension of the slab Ix = 4.11m, Iy = 5.44m

Ratio of longer span to shorter span (Iy/Ix) = 5.44/4.11 = 1.32

Two adjacent edges are discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficients (Clause D-1.1 and 24.41)

Table: 3.2 Bending moment coefficients

Type of panel and Moments Short Span Coefficients: (ax) Long Span Coefficients (ay)
considered
Positive Moment at mid-span 0.050 0.035
Negative moment at continuous 0.066 0.047
edge
Moments along short span Mx and long span (My) are given by

Mx = ayWlx2

My = ayWly2

Positive Moment:

Mx = axWlx2=0.050 ×10.125×4.112= 8.51×106Nmm

My= ayWly2 = 0.035×10.125×5.442 = 10.48×106Nmm

Negative moment:

Mx = axWlx2=0.066×10.125×4.112= 11.28×106Nmm

My=ayWly2=0.047×10.125×5.442= 14.08×106Nmm

Minimum Depth:

Mu=0.138fckbd2

14.05×106=0.138×20×20×1000xd2

D=71mm<150mm, hence safe.

D= overall depth = 150+20 = 170mm

Positive Mx:

24
 fyAst
Mx = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

8.51×106=0.87×415×150×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×150)}

7.491Ast2-54157.5Ast+8.51×106=0

Ast required = 160.70 mm2

Ast required = 160.70mm2

Use 10mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1)spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (78.5/160.70)×1000 =488.48mm

2) 3d = 3×150 = 450 mm

3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

Ast provided = (78.5/300)×1000 = 251.62 mm2

Negative-Mx

fyAst
Mx= 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( )}
fckbd

11.28×106=0.87×415×150×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×150)}

7.49Ast2-54157.5Ast+11.28×106=0

Ast required = 214.81mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) ×1000=(78.5/214.81)×1000 = 365 mm

2) 3d = 3×150 = 450mm
3) 300mm
Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

25
 Ast provided = (78.5/300)×1000=261.65mm2

Positive My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

10.48×106= 0.87×415×150×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×150)}

7.49Ast2-54157.5Ast+10.48×106=0

Ast required = 198.98mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (78.5/198.98)×1000 = 394mm

2) 3d = 3×150 = 450mm

3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

Ast provided = (78.5/300) ×1000 = 261.62mm2

Negative My:

fyAst
My= 0.87× Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

14.08×106=0.87×415×150×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×150)}

7.49Ast2- 54157.5Ast+14.08×106=0

Ast required = 270.06 mm2

Use 12mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =113.04 mm
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing =(ast/Ast) ×1000 = (113.04/270.06)×418.57mm

2) 3d = 3×150 = 450 mm

26
 3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 12 mm bars

Ast provided = (113.04/300)× 1000 = 376.8 mm2

Torsion reinforcement:

Area of tension steel at each of the corner is = 75% of steel of max reinforcement

=0.75×270.06 = 202.545 mm2

Length of torsion steel = 1/5×shot span

= 1/5×3960 = 792mm

Use 6 mm bars

2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4

Spacing = (28.26/202.545)×1000 = 139.52mm

Provide 6mm dia bars @ 130mm

Reinforcement in edge strips:

Ast= 0.12×bD = 0.12×1000×170 = 204mm2

Use 8mm bars

2
πd 2
asr= =50.24 m m
4

1) Spacing = (50.24/204)×1000=246.27 mm
2) 5d = 5×150 = 750 mm
3) 450mm

Provide 8mm dia @230 c/c

Deflection check

A st required
fx=0.58×415×
A st provided

=0.58× 415×(270.06/376.8) = 172.51

% steel = (100×376.8)/(150×1000) =0.25

Basic values of span to effective depth rations for spans up to 10m;

27
Continuous = 26

From the graph Modification factor = 2 (Note: Based on values of fs and % Steel) Effective length to depth ratio=
2×26 =52

Theoretical value of length to depth ratio = Ix/d = 4.11×103/150 = 27.4<52

Hence it is safe

Slab: A2-A3-B2-B3

Continuous Two Way Slab (5.5m×3.8m)

Thickness of slab = 160mm

Live load = 1.5 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1KN/m2

Self-weight of slab = 25×0.160 = 4KN/m2

Total load = 1.5+1+4 = 6.5KN/m

Factored load = 6.5×1.5 = 9.75 KN/m

Dimension of the slab Ix = 4.94m, Iy = 5.43 m

Ratio of longer span to shorter span (Iy/Ix) = 5.43/4.94 = 1.1

Two adjacent edges re discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficients (Clauses D-1.1 and 24.41)

Table: 3.4 Bending moment coefficients

Types of panel and Moments Short Span Coefficients: (ax) Long Span Coefficients: (ay)
Considered
Positive Moment at mid-span 0.040 0.035
Negative Moment at continuous 0.063 0.047
edge

Moments along short span Mx and long span (My) are given by

Mx= ayWLx2

My=ayWly2

Positive Moment:

Mx=axWlx2 = 0.040×9.75×4.942=9.51×106Nmm

28
My=ayWly2=0.035×9.75×5.432=10.06×106Nmm

Negative Depth:

Mu = 0.138fckbd2

14.98×106=0.183×20×1000×d2

d=73.67mm<140mm, Hence safe

D = Overall depth = 140+20 = 160 mm

Positive Mx

fyAst
Mx=0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

9.51×106=0.87×415×140×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×140)}

7.491Ast2-50547Ast+ 9.51×106=0

Ast required = 193.7 mm2

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000= (78.5/193.7)×1000=405.2 mm

2) 3d = 3×140=420mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10 mm bars

Ast provided = (78.5/300)×1000=261.62 mm2

Negative =Mx:

fyAst
Mx=0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

14.98×106=0.87×415×140×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×140)}

7.49Ast2-50547Ast+14.98×106=0

Ast required = 310.65 mm2

Use 12mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =113.04 mm
4

Spacing of bars

29
 1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000= (113.04/310.65)×1000 = 363.88 mm
2) 3d = 3×140 = 420 mm
3) 300 mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 12 mm bars

Ast provided = (113.04/300) ×1000 = 376.8 mm2

Positive My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

10.06×106 = 0.87×415×140×Ast{(1-(415Ast/20×1000×140)}

7.49Ast2-50547Ast+10.06×106=0

Ast required =205.25 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) ×1000= (78.5/205.26)×1000=382.44mm

2) 3d = 3×140 = 420 mm
3) 300 mm]

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10 mm bars.

Ast provided = (78.5/300)×1000 = 261.62mm2

Negative My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

13.51×106=0.87×415×140×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×140)}

7.49Ast 2-50547Ast+13.51×106 = 0

Ast required = 278.79 mm2

Use 12mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
Ast= =113.04 mm
4

30
Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (113.04/278.79)×405mm

2) 3d = 3×140 = 420 mm
3) 300 mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 12 mm bars

Ast provided = (113. 04/300)×1000 = 376.8 mm2

Torsional reinforcement:

Area of tension steel at each of the corner is = 75% of steel of max reinforcement = 0.75×310.65 = 232.98
mm2

Length of torsion steel = 1/5 × short span

1/5 ×4940 = 988 mm

Use 8 mm bars

2
πd 2
ast = =50.24 m m
4

1) Spacing = (50.24/232.98)×1000 = 261.6 mm

2) 5d = 5×140 = 700 mm

3) 450 mm

Provide 8 mm dia @ 250 c/c

Deflection check

fs=0.58 × 415 × ( 310.65

376.8 )
=198.44

% steel = (100×376.8)/(140×1000) = 0.269

Basic values of span to effective depths ratios for spans up to 10 m;

Continuous = 26

From the graph Modification factor = 2 (Note: Based on values of fs and % steel)

Effective length to depth ratio = 2×26 = 52

Theoretical values of length to depth ratio = Ix/d = 4.94×103/140 = 35.28<52

Hence it is safe.

31
Slab: B1-B2-C1-C2 (Terrace)

Continuous Two way Slab (_______)

Thickness of slab = 170 mm

Live load = 1.5KN/m2

Floor finish = 1KN/m2

Self-weight of slab = 25 × 0.0170 = 4.25 KN/m2

Total load = 1.5+1.4 = 6.75 KN/m

Factored load = 6.75 × 1.5 = 10.125 KN/ m

Dimension of the slab Ix =4.11 m, Iy = 5.14 m

Ration of longer span to shorter span (Iy/Iy) = %.14/4.11 = 1.25

One long edge discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficients (Clauses D-1.1 and 24.41)

Table: 3.6 Bending moment coefficients

Type of panel and Moments Short Span Coefficients: (as) Long Span Coefficients: (ay)
Considered
Positive Moments at continuous 0.0415 0.028
edge
Negative 0.0545 0.037
Moments along Shot span Mx and long span (My) are given by

Mx= ayWlx2

My = ayWly2

Positive Moment:

Mx = axWlx2 = 0.0415×10.125 × 4.112= 7.08×106Nmm

My= ayWly2 = 0.028×10.125×5.142 = 7.48×106 Nmm

Negative moment:

Mx = axWlx2 = 0.0545× 10.125×4.112= 9.32×106Nmm

My = ayWly2=0.037×10.125×5.142 = 9.89×106 Nmm

Minimum Depth:

Mu = 0.138fckbd2

32
9.89×106 = 0.138×20×1000 ×d2

d=59.86mm< 150 mm, Hence safe.

D = Overall depth = 150+20×1000×d2

Positive Mx:

fyAst
Mx = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

7.08×106= 0.87×415×150×Ast{1-(415Aas/20×1000×150)}

7.491Ast2-54157.5Ast+7.08×106=0

Ast required = 133.18 mm2

Use 8mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (50.24/133.18)×1000 = 377.23 mm

2) 3d = 3×150= 450 mm
3) 300 mm
Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10 mm bars
Ast provided = (50.24/300) ×1000 = 167.46 mm2

Negative –Mx:

fyAst
Mx = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

7.47Ast2-54157.5Ast+9.98 × 106 =0

Ast required = 187.4 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (78.5/187.4) ×1000 = 418.89 mm

2) 3d = 3×150 = 450mm
3) 300 mm

33
Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

Ast provide = ( 78.5/300) ×1000 = 261.6 mm2

Torsion reinforcement:

Area of tension steel at each of the corner is = 75% of steel of max reinforcement

= 075×187.4 = 140.55mm2

Length of torsion steel = 1/5×Short span

= 1/5×4111 = 822mm

Use 6 mm bars

2
πd 2
ast = =28.26 m m
4

Spacing = (28.26/140.05)×1000 = 201.06 mm

Provide 6mm dia bars @190mm

Reinforcement in edge strips:

Ast = 0.12×bD = 0.12× 1000×170 = 204 mm2

Use 8 mm bars
2
πd 2
ast = =50.24 m m
4
1) Spacing = (50.24/204)×1000 = 246.27 mm
2) 5d = 5×150 = 750
3) 450 mm

Provide 8mm dia @ 240 c/c

Deflection check

Ast required
fs= 0.58×415×
Ast provided

fs = 0.58×415×(187.4/261.6) = 172.44

%steel = (100×261.62)/(150×1000) = 0.17

Basic values of spans to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10 m;

Continuous = 26

From the graph Modification factor = 2 (Note: Based on value of fs and % steel) Effective length to depth ratio =
lx/d= 4.11×103/150 = 27.4<52

34
Hence it is safe

Slab: B2 – B3 –C2 – C3

Continuous Two way slab (4.99×4.80)

Thickness of slab = 200mm

Live load = 2 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1KN/m2

Self-weight of slab = 25×0.20 = 5KN/m2

Total load = 2+1+5 = 8KN/m

Factored load = 8×1.5 = 12KN/m

Dimension of the slab Ix=4.98m, Iy = 5.17m6

Ratio of longer span to shorter span (Iy/Ix) = 5.17/4.98 = 1.03

One long edge discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficients (clauses D-1.1 and 24.41

Table: 3.7 Bending moment coefficients

Type of panel and Moments Short Span coefficients: (ax) Long Span Coefficients: (ay)
Considered
Positive Moment at mid span 0.0295 0.028
Negative moment at continuous 0.039 0.037
edge
Moments along shot span Mx long span (My) are given by

Mx = ayWlx2

My = ayWly2

Positive Moment:

Mx = axWlx2=0.0295×12×4.982 = 8.77×106Nmm

My=ayWly2 = 0.037×12×5.172= 8.98×106Nmm

Negative moment:

Mx=axWlx2= 0.039×12×4.982=11.60×106Nmm

My = ayWly2= 0.037×12×5.172=11.86×106Nmm

Minimum depth:

35
Mx = 0.138fckbd2

11.86×106 = 0.138×20×1000×d2

d=65.5mm < 180 mm, Hence safe.

D = Overall depth = 180 + 20 + 200 mm

Positive Mx:

fyAst
Mx = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

fyAst
8.77×106=0.87×415×180×Ast{1-( ¿}
fckbd

7.491Ast2-64989Ast+8.77×106 = 0

Ast required = 137.11 mm2

Use 8 mm di bars

2
πd 2
ast= =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/137.11)×1000 =366.42 mm

2) 3d = 3×180 = 540 mm
3) 300 mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10 mm bars

Ast required = 182.32 mm2

Use 10mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (78.5/182.32)×1000= 430.56 mm

2) 3d = 3×180 = 540 mm
3) 300 mm

Positive c/c spacing 300mm and 10 mm bars

Ast required = (78.5/300) × 1000 = 261.62 mm2

36
Positive My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1 – ( ¿}
fckbd

8.98×106 =0.87×415×180×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×180)}

7.49Ast2-64989Ast+8.98×106 = 0

Ast required = 140.45 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
Ast = =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/140.45) × 1000 = 357.7 mm

2) 3d = 3×180 = 540mm
3) 300 mm
Positive c/c spacing 300 mm and 8 mm bars
Ast required = 186.5 mm2
Use 10mm dia bars
1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (78.5/186.5) × 1000 = 420.91 mm
2) 3d = 3×150 = 450mm
3) 300 mm
Provide c/c springing 300mm and 10mm bars

Torsion reinforcement:

Area of tension steel t each of the corner is = 75% of steel of max reinforcement

= 0.75× 186.5 = 139.85 mm2

Length of torsion steel = 1/5 × short span

= 1/5 × 4980 = 996 mm

Use 6 mm bars

2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4

Spacing = (28.26/139.86)×1000 = 202 mm

Provide 6mm dia bars @ 190 mm

Reinforcement in edge strips:

37
Ast=0.12×bD = 0.12 ×1000×200 = 240 mm2

Use 8mm bars

2
πd 2
ast= =50.24 m m
4

1) Spacing = (50.24/240)× 1000 ×200= 209 mm

2) 5d = 5×180 = 900 mm
3) 450 mm

Provide 8 mm dia @ 200 c/c

Defection check

Ast required
fs = 0.58×415×
Ast provided

= 0.58×415×(180×1000) = 0.14

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for span up to 10m;

Continuous = 26

From the graph Modification facto = 2 (Note: Based on values of fs and % steel)

Effective length to depth ratio = 2×26 = 52

Theory value of length to depth ratio = Ix/d=4.98×103/180 = 27.6<52

Hence it is safe.

Slab: B2 – B3 –C2 – C3 (Terrace)

Continuous Two way slab (4.99×4.80)

Thickness of slab = 200 mm

Live load = 1.5KN/m2

Floor finish = 1KN/m2

Self-weigh of slab = 25×0.20= 5KN/m2

Total load = 1.5 +1+5 = 7.5KN/m

Factored load =7.5 × 1.5 = 11.25KN/m

Dimension of the slab Ix = 4.98 m, Iy=5.17m

Ratio of longer span to shorter span (Iy/Ix) = 5.17/4.98 = 1.03

38
 One long edge discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficients) clauses D-1.1 and 24.41)

Table: 3.8 Bending moment coefficients

Type of panel and Moments Short Span Coefficients: (ax) Long Span Coefficients: (ay
Considered
Positive Moments at mid-Span 0.0295 0.028
Negative Moment at continuous 0.039 0.037
edge
Moments along short span Mx and long span (My) are given by

Mx =ayWlx2

My= ayWly2

Positive Moment:

Mx= axWlx2 = 0.0295×11.25×49.82 = 8.23×106Nmm

My = ayWly2 = 0.028×11.25×5.172= 8.41×106Nmm

Negative moment:

Mx = axWlx2= 0.0295×11.25×4.982=10.88×106Nmm

My= ayWly2=0.037×11.25×4.982=11.12×106Nmm

Minimum Depth

Mu = 0.138fckbd2

11.12×106 = 0.138×20×1000×d2

d = 63.47mm<180 mm. hence safe.

D=Overall depth = 180+20 = 200 mm

Positive Mx:

fyAst
Mx = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

8.23×106= 0.87×415×180×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×180)}

7.491Ast2- 64989Ast+8.23×106=0

Ast required = 128.54mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

39
 2
πd 2
ast= =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/128.54)×1000 = 390.85 mm

2) 3d = 3×180 = 540mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

Ast provided = (78.5/300)×1000 = 26.62 mm2

Positive My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckb

8.41×106= 0.87×415×180×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×180)}

7.49Ast2 – 64989Astt+8.41×106=0

Ast required = 131.3 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= A= =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (50.24/131.3)×1000 =382.69 mm

2) 3d = 3×180 = 540 mm
3) 300 mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 8mm bars

Ast provided = (50.24/300) × 1000 = 167.46 mm2

Negative My:

fcAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

11.12×106 = 0.87×415×180×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×180)}

7.49Ast2 – 64989Ast+11.12×106 =0

Ast required = 174.62 mm2

40
Use 10mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =78.62 mm
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000=(78.5/174.62)×1000 = 449.5 mm

2) 3d = 3×150 = 450 mm
3) 300mm
Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars
Ast provided = (78.5/300)× 1000 = 261.6mm2

Torsion reinforcement:
Area of tension steel at each of the corner is = 75% of steel of max reinforcement
= 0.75×174.62 = 130.965 mm2
Length of torsion steel = 1/5× short span
= 1/5×4980 = 996mm
Use 6mm bars
2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4
spacing = (28.26/130.965)×1000 = 215 mm
Provide 6mm dia bars @ 200mm
Reinforcement in edge strips:

Ast=0.12×bD = 0.12×1000= 240 mm2

Use 8mm bars

2
πd 2
ast = =50.24 m m
4

1) Spacing = (50.24/240)×1000 = 209 mm

2) 5d = 5×180 = 900mm

3) 450mm

Provide 8mm dia @ 200 c/c

Deflection check

Ast required
fs=0.58 × 415×
Ast provided

=0.58×415× (130.69/261.6) = 120.48

% steel = (100×261.62)/(180×1000) = 0.14

41
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m;

Continuous = 26

From the graph Modification factor = 2 (Note: based on values of fs and % steel )

Effective length to depth ratio = 2×26 = 52

Theoretical value of length to depth ratio = Ix/d = 4.98×103/180 = 27.6<52

Hence it is safe.

Slab: C1-C2-D1-D2

Continuous Two way slab (3.35×3.96)

Thickness of slab =120mm

Live load = 2KN/m2

Floor finish= 1KN/m2

Self-weight of slab = 25×0.12 = 3KN/m2

Total load = 2+1+3 = 6KN/m

Factored load = 6×1.5 = 9KN/m

Dimension of the slab Ix= 3.45 m, Iy= 4.06m

Ratio of longer span to shorter span (Iy/Ix) =4.06/3.45 = 1.176

Two edges are discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficients (clauses D-1.1 and 24.41)

Table: 3.9 Bending moment coefficients

Type of panel and Moments Short span coefficients: Long span coefficients:
considered (ax) (ay)
Positive Moment at mid-span 0.043 0.035
Negative Moment at continuous 0.057 0.047
Moments along short span Mx and long span (My) are given by

Mx= ayWlx2

Mx=ayWly2

Positive Moment:

Mx = axWlx2= 0.043×9×3.452 = 4.60×102 Nmm

42
My = ayWly2 = 0.035 × 9 ×4.062 = 5.19×106 Nmm

Negative Moment:

Mx = ax Wlx2= 0.057×9×3.452= 6.10×106 Nmm

My= ayWly2= 0.047×9×4.062=6.97×106 Nmm

Minimum Depth:

Mu= 0.138fck bd2

6.97×106 = 0.138×20×1000×d2

d = 50.25 mm <100 mm, Hence Safe.

D = Overall depth = 100 + 120 mm

Positive Mx:

fyAst
Mx= 0.87×Ast×fy×d× {1-( ¿}
fckbd

4.60×106 = 0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.491Ast2- 36105Ast+4.60×106=0

Ast required = 130.96 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =50.24 m m
4

Spanning of bras

1) Spanning = (ast/Ast) × 1000 ×= (50.24/130.96) × 1000 = 383.628 mm

2) 3d = 3× 100 = 300mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10 mm bars

Ast provided = (50.24/300) × 1000 = 167.4 mm2

Negative – Mx:

fyAst
Mx = 0.87× Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

6.97×106 =0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)

43
7.49Ast2 – 36105Aas + 6.97 × 106 = 0

Ast required = 201.46mm2

Use 10mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 =(78.5/201.46) × 1000 = 389.65mm

2) 3d = 3×100 = 300mm
3) 300 mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10 mm bars

2
πd
ast= =28.26 /151.09 ¿ × 1000=187.03 mm
4

spacing = (28.26/151.09)×1000 = 187. 03 mm

Provide 6mm dia bars @ 180 mm

Reinforcement in edge strips:

Ast = 0.12× bD = 0.12×1000×120 = 144mm2

Use 6 mm bars

2
πd 2
ast = =28.26 m m
4

Spacing = (28.26/151.09)×1000 = 187.03 mm

Provide 6mm dia bars @ 187.03 mm

Provide 6mm dia bars @ 180 mm

Reinforcement in edges strips:

Ast = 0.12 × bD = 0.12× 1000× 120 = 144 mm2

Use 6 bars

ast = 0.12×bD = 0.12 × 1000× 120 = 144 mm2

Use 6mm bars

44
 2
πd 2
ast = =28.26 m m
4

1) Spacing = (28.26/144)×1000=196.25 mm
2) 5d = 5×100 =500mm
3) 450 mm

Provide 6mm dia@ 19mm c/c

Deflection check

fs=0.58×415 × (201.46/261.6)=185.36

% steel = (100×261.62)/(100×1000)=0.261

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for up to 10m:

Continuous = 32(lx< 3,5 )

From the graph Modification Factor = 2.9 (Note: Based on values of fsn % steel)

Effective length to depth ratio = Ix/d = 3.45×106 /100 = 34.5 < 60.8

Hence it is safe

Slab: C1 –C2- D1 – D2 (Terrace)

Continuous Two way Slab (3.35×3.96)

Thickness of slab = 120mm

Live load = 1.5 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1KN/m2

Self-weight of Slab = 25×0.12 =3KN/m2

Total load = 1.5 + 1+3 = 5.5 KN/m =8.25 KN/m

Factored load = 5.5×1.5= 8.25 KN/m

Dimension of the slab Ix = 3.45 m, Iy = 4.06 m

Ratio of longer span to shorter span (Iy/Ix) = 4.06/3.45 = 1.17

Two edges are discontinues:

Bending moment coefficients (Clauses D-1.1 and 1.1 and 24.41)

Table: 3.10 Bending moment coefficients
Table: 3.10 Bending Moment coefficients

45
 Type of panel and Moments Short Span Coefficients: (ax) Long Span Coefficients:
Considered (ay)
Positive Moment at mid span 0.043 0.035
Negative Moment at continuous 0.057 0.047
edge
Moments along short span Mx and long span (My) are given by
Mx = ayWlx2
My=ayWly2
Positive Moment:
Mx =axWlx2 = 0.043 × 8.25× 3.452 =4.22×106Nmm
My = ayWly2 = 0.035× 8.25×4.062 = 4.75×106Nmm
Negative moment:
Mx = axWlx2= 0.057×8.25×3.452 = 5.59×106Nmm

My=ayWly2= 0.047×8.25× 4.062 = 6.39×106Nmm

Minimum Depth:

Mu = 0.138fckbd2

6.39×102 = 0.138×20×1000×d2

d =48 mm< 100mm, Hence safe.

D = overall depth = 100+ 20 = 120 mm

Positive Mx:

Mx = 0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.491Ast2 – 36105Ast+4.22×106 = 0

Ast required =119.86 mm2

Use Ast = required = 119.86 mm2

Use 8mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars.

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (50.24/300)× 1000 = 419.15mm2

2) 3d = 3×100 = 300mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

Ast provide = (50.24 /300) × 10 mm bars

46
Ast provided = (50.24/300) × 1000 = 167.4 mm2

Negative –Mx

fyAsy
Mx = 0.87× Ast × fy × d×{1 – ( )}
fckbd

5.59×106=0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.49Ast2-36105Ast+ 5.59×106 =0

Ast required = (78.5/300)×1000 = 261.62 mm2

Positive My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

4.75×106= 0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.49Ast2 – 36105Ast+4.75×106=0

Ast required = 135.36mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/135.35)×1000 = 371.158 mm

2) 3d = 3×100 = 300mm
3) 300 mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 8mm bars

Ast provided = (50.24/300)×1000 = 167.46 mm2

Negative My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

6.39×106 = 0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.49Ast2- 36105Ast+6.39×106=0

Ast required = 184 mm2

47
Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (78.5/184)×1000= 426.63mm

2) 3d = 3×100 = 300mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300 mm and 10 mm bars

Ast provided = (78.5/300)×1000 = 261.6 mm2

Torsion reinforcement:

Area of tension steel at each of the corner is = 75% of steel of max reinforcement

= 0.75×184= 138mm2

Length of torsion steel = 1/5× short span

=1/5 × 3450 = 690mm

Use 6mm bars

2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4

Spacing = (28.26/138)×1000 = 204 mm

Provide 6mm dia bars @ 200mm

Reinforcement in edge strips:

Ast=0.12×bD = 0.12×1000×120 = 144 mm2

Use 6mm dia bars

2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4

1) Spacing =(28.26/144)×1000=196.25 mm
2) 5d= 5×100=500 mm
3) 450mm
Provide 6mm dia@ 190mm c/c

Deflection check

48
 Ast required
fc =0.58×415×
Ast provided

= 0.58×415×(184/261.6) = 169.26

%steel =(100×261.62)/(100×1000) = 0.261

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m;

Continuous = 32(l×<3.5)

From the graph Modification factor = 1.9 (Note : Based on values of fs and %steel)

Effective length to depth ratio =1.9×32 = 60.8

Theoretical value of length to depth ratio = Ix/d = 3.45×103/100=34.5<60.8

Hence it is safe.

Slab: C1-C2-D1-D2 (Terrace)

Continuous Two way Slab (3.35 × 3.96)

Thickness of slab = 120mm

Live load = 1.5 KN/m2

Floor finish = [Link]/m2

Self-weight of slab =25× 0.12 =3KN/m2

Total load = 1.5 +1+3 =5.5 KN/m

Factored load =5.5×1.5 = 8.25 KN/m

Dimension of the slab Ix = 3.45m, Iy = 4.06 m

Ratio of longer span to shorter span: (Iy/Ix)= 4.06/3.45 = 1.176

Two edges are discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficients (Clause D-1.1 and 24.41)

Table: 3.10 bending moment coefficients

Type of panel and moments Short span Coefficients: Long span coefficients:
Considered (ax) (ay)
Positive Moment t mid span 0.043 0.035
Negative moment at continuous 0.057 0.047
edge
Moments along short span Mx and long span (My) are given by

49
Mx = ayWlx2

My= lyWly2

Positive moment:
Mx=lxWlx2= 0.057×8.25×3.452=5.59×106Nmm

My=ayWly2=0.047×8.25×4.062=6.39×106Nmm

Minimum depth:

Mu=0.138fckbd2

6.39×106=0.138×1000×d2

D = Overall depth =100+20=120 mm

Positive Mx:

f y A st
Mx= 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-(( ¿}
fckbd

4.22×106 =0.138×20×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.491Ast2-36105Ast+4.22×106=0

Ast required =11.9.86 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of Bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (50.24/119.89)×1000=419.15 mm

2) 3d =3×100 =300 mm
3) 300 mm

Provide c/c spacing 300 mm and 10 mm bars

Ast Provided = (50.24/300)×1000 = 167.4 mm2

Negative –Mx:

fyAst
Mx= 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

5.59×106=0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.49Ast2-36105Ast+5.59×106 =0

50
Ast required = 160.14 mm2

Spacing of bar

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000=(78.5/160.14)×1000=490mm
2) 3d = 3×100 =300 mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

Ast provided =(78.5/300)1000 = 261.62 mm2

Positive My:
My = 0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.49Ast2-36106Ast+4.75×106=0

Ast required = 135.36 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =50.25 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/135.36)×1000 = 371.158 mm

2) 3d = 3 ×100 = 300 mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300 mm and 8 mm bars

Ast Provided = (50.24/300)× 1000 = 167.46 mm2

Negative My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Aas×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

6.39×106=0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.49Ast2-36105Ast+6.39×106=0

Ast required =184 mm2

Use 10mm dia bars

ast= 10 mm dia bars.

Spacing of bars

51
1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000= ((78.5/184)×1000 =426.63mm

2) 3d= 3×100 =300 mm

3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

Ast provided =(78.5/300)×1000 = 261.6 mm2

Torsion reinforcement:

Area of tension steel at each of the corner is = 75% of steel of max reinforcement
=0.75×184 =138mm2
Length of torsion Steel = 1/5× short span
=1/5×3450 = 690 mm
Use 6 mm bars
2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4
Spacing = (28,26/138)×1000 = 240 mm
Provide 6 mm di bars @ 200 mm
Reinforcement in edge strips:
Ast=0.12×bD =0.12×1000×120 =144 mm2
Use 6 mm bars
2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4
1) Spacing = (28.26/144)×1000= 196.25 mm
2) 5d = 5×100 = 500mm
3) 450 mm

Provide 6mm dia @ 190 mmc/c

Deflection check

Ast required
fs=0.58 × 415 ×
Ast provided

=0.58×415×(184/261.6) =169.26

%steel = (100×261.62)/(100×1000) = 0.261

Basic values of span to effective depth ratio for spans up to 10 m;

Continuous = 32(I×<3.5)

From the graph Modification factor =1.9 (Note: Based on values of fs and % steel)

Effective length to depth ratio = 1.9×32 = 60.8

52
Theoretical value of length to depth ratio = Ix/d=3.45×103/100 =34.5<60.8

Hence it is safe.

Slab: C2-C3-D2-D3

Continuous Two way Slab (3.35×4.80)

Thickness of slab = 120mm

Live load =2KN/m2

Floor finish = 1 KN/m2

Self-weight of slab = 25×0.12 =3KN/m2

Total load = 2+1+3 =6KN/m

Factored load = 6×1.5 =9KN/m

Dimension of the slab Ix= 3.45m, Iy = 4.90m

Ratio of longer span to short span (Iy/Ix) = 4.90/3.45 = 1.420

Two edges are discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficient (clauses D-1.1 and 24.41)

Table: 3.11 Bending moment coefficients

Type of panel and Moments Short Span Coefficients: Long Span Coefficients:
Considered (ax) (ay)
Positive Moment at mid span 0.053 0.035
Negative Moment at continuous 0.071 0.047
edge
Moments along short span Mx and long span (My) are given by

Mx = ayWlx2

My= ay Wly2

Positive Moment:

Mx = axWlx2 = 0.053×9×3.452 =5.67×106Nmm

My = ayWly2=0.035×9×4.902 = 7.56×106Nmm

Negative moment:

Mx = axWlx2 =0.071×9×3.452 = 7.69×106 Nmm

My = axWlx2 = 0.047×9×4.902= 10.15×106Nmm

53
Minimum Depth

Mu = 0.138fck bd2

10.15 × 106 = 0.138×20×1000×d2

d =60.64 mm<100 mm, Hence safe.

D = overall depth = 100 +20 = 120 mm

Positive Mx::

fyAst
Mx = 0.87× Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

fyAst
7.67×106= 0.87×Ast×fy ×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

5.67×106=0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.491Ast2-36105Ast +5.67×106 = 0

Ast required = 162.52 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

Ast required =162.52 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000= (50.24/162.52)×1000 = 309 mm

2) 3d =3×100 =300mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300 mm and 10 mm bars

Ast provided = (50.24/300) × 1000 = 167.4mm2

Negative – Mx:

fyAst
Mx=0.87 × Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

7.69×106=0.87×415×100×Ast{(1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

54
7.49Ast2-36105Ast +7.69×106=0

Ast required = 223.33 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)× 1000 = (78.5/223.33)×1000 = 351.49 mm

2) 3d = 3×100 = 300 mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

Positive My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fck bd

7.56× 106= 0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.49Ast 2 – 36105Ast+ 7.56×106= 0

Ast required = 219.37 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (78.5/219.37)×1000 = 357 mm

2) 3d= 3×100 = 300 mm
3) 300mm

Provide c/c spacing 300mm and 10mm bars

Ast provide = (78.5/300)×1000 = 261 mm2

Negative My:

fyAst
My = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

10.15×106= 0.87× 415×100× Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

55
7.49Ast2 -36105Ast+100.15×106= 0

Ast required =299.76 mm2 = 224.82 mm2

Length of torsion steel = 1/5 × short span

= 1/5 × 3450 = 690 mm

Use 6 mm bars

2
πd
ast = =28.26 mm 2
4

Spacing = (28.26/224.82)×1000 = 125 mm

Reinforcement in edge strips:

Ast = 0.12 ×bD=0.12 ×1000 ×120=144 m m2

Use 6 mm bars

2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4

1) Spacing = (28.26/144)×1000 = 196.25 mm

2) 5d = 5×100 = 500 mm
3) 450 mm

Provided 6mm dia @ 190 mmc/c

Deflection check

fs=0.58× 415 ×
A st required
A st provided
=0.58× 415 × (
299.26
376.8
=191.48 )
% steel = (100× 376.8)/ (100×1000) = 0.37

Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10 m;

Continuous = 32 (1×<3.5)

From the graph Modification factor = 2 (Note: Based on values of fs and % steel)

Effective length to depth ratio = 2×32 = 64

Theoretical value of length to depth ratio = Ix/d=3.45×103/100 = 34.5<64d

Hence it is safe.

Slab: C2 – C3 – D2 –D 3 (Terrace)

56
Continuous Two way Slabs (3.35×4.80)

Thickness of slab = 120 mm

Live load = 1.5 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1KN/m2

Self-weight of slab = 25× 0.12 = 3KN/m2

Total load = 1.5 + 1+3 = 5.5 KN/m

Factored load = 5.5×1.5 = 8.25KN/m

Dimensions of the slab Ix=3.45 m, Iy = 4.90m

Ratio of longer span to shorter span (Iy/Ix) =4.90/3.45 =1.420

Two edges are discontinuous:

Bending moment coefficients (Clauses D- 1.1 and 24.41)

Type of panel and Moments Short span Coefficients: (ax) Long span Coefficients (ay)
Considered
Positive Moment at mid span 0.053 0.035
Negative Moment at continuous 0.071 0.047
edge
Moments along short span Mx and long span (My) are given by

Mx =ayWlx2

My = ayWly2

Positive Moment:

Mx = axWlx2=0.071×8.25×3.452=5.20×106Nmm

My= ayWly2 = 0.035×8.25×4.902=6.93 × 106Nmm

Negative moment:

Mx=axWlx2= 0.071×8.25×3.452 = 3.97×106 Nmm

My= ayWly2= 0.037× 8.25×4.902 = 9.30×106Nmm

Minimum Depth:

Mu = 0.138 fckbd2

9.30×106 =0.138×20×1000×d2

d=58.04<100mm, Hence safe.

57
D = overall depth = 100+ 20 = 120 mm

Positive Mx:

fyAs
Mx= 0.87 × Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fckbd

5.20×106 = 0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415 Ast /20× 1000× 100 ¿ }

7.491Ast2- 36105Ast+5.20×106=0

Ast+ required = 148.60 mm2

Use 8mm dia bars

2
πd 2
ast = =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (50.24/ 148.60) × 1000 = 338 mm

2) 3d = 3×100 = 300 mm
3) 300 mm

Provide c/c spacing 300 mm and 10 mm bars

Ast provided = (50.24/300) × 1000 =167.4 mm2

Negative - Mx:

fcAst
Mx = 0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1-( ¿}
fcbd

3.97×106=0.87×415×100×Ast{1-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.49Ast2 – 36105Ast+3.97×106 = 0

Ast required = 112.5 mm2

Use 8 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast = =50.24 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/112.5)×1000 = 446 mm

2) 3d = 3×100 = 300 mm
3) 300 mm
Provide c/c spacing 300 mm and 8mm bars

58
 Ast provided = (50.24/300)×1000 = 167.4 mm2

Positive My:

fcAst
My =0.87×Ast×fy×d×{1- ¿}
fckbd

6.93×106=0.87×415×100×Ast{-(415Ast/20×1000×100)}

7.49Ast2-36105Ast+6.93×106=0

Ast required = 200.25 mm2

Use 10 mm dia bars.

2
πd 2
ast= =78.5 m m
4

Spacing of bars

1) Spacing = (ast/Ast) × 1000 = (78.5/200.25)× 1000 = 392 mm

2) 3d =3×100 = 300 mm
3) 300 mm
Provide c/c spacing 300 mm and 10 mm bars
Ast provided = (113.04/300)×1000 = 376.8 mm2

Torsion reinforcement:
Are of tension steel at each of the corner is = 75% of steel of max reinforcement

= 0.75×273.04 = 204.78 mm2

Length of torsion steel = 1/5× short span

= 1/5 × 3450 = 690 mm

Use 6mm bars

2
πd 2
ast= =28.26 m m
4

1) Spacing = (28.26/144)×1000× = 196.25 mm

2) 5d = 5×100 =mm
3) 450 mm

Provide 6 mm dia@ 190 mmc/c

Deflection check

59
 Ast required
fs= 0.58 × 415 ×
Ast provided

=0.58×415×(273.04/376.8) = 174.41

% steel = (100×376.8)/ (100×1000) = 0.37

Basic values of span to effective depth ratio for spans up to 10 m;

Continuous = 32(Ix<3.5)

From the graph modification factor = 2 ( Note: Based on values of fs and % steel)

Effective length to depth ratio = 2×32 = 64

Theoretical values of length to depth ratio = Ix/ d = 3.45×103/100 = 34.5<64

Hence it is safe.

CHAPTER 4

Design of Beams

4.1 Theory

Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very weak in tension. Hence plain concrete cannot be use in situations
where considerable tensile stresses develop. If flexural members like beams and slabs are made of [line concrete
their load carrying capacity is very low due to its low tensile strength. Since steel is very strong in tension, steel
bars are provided to resist tensile stresses t a place where the maximum tensile stresses are developed.

In case of simply supported beam, tensile stresses re induced in bottom layers because of positive bending
moment. (sagging bending moment) and hence steel bars are provided near the bottom of the beam in cantilever
beams steel bars are placed near the top of the beam to resist the tensile stress developed in top layers due the
negative bending moment ( hogging bending moment)

There are three types of reinforced concrete beams:

A) singly reinforced beams

B) Doubly reinforced beams, and
C) Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams.
4.2 Analysis of singly Reinforced Sections:

If the reinforcing bars are provided only on tension side in the beam section, it is called as singly reinforced beams.

Consider a simply supported beam subjected to bending under factored loads. Since plane sections are assumed to
remain plane before and after bending strain are proportional to distance from the neutral axis. Above the neutral
axis, the entire cross section is in compression and below the neutral axis, the cross section is in tension. All the
tensile stresses are assumed to be resisted by the steel bars as the tensile strength of concrete is ignored. The
resultant tensile force thus acts at the centroid of reinforcing bars.

60
 4.3 Doubly Reinforced Beams

Beams which are reinforced in both compression and tension sides are called as doubly reinforced beam. These
beams are generally provided when the dimension of the beam is restricted and it is required to resist moment
higher than the limiting moment of resistance of a singly reinforced section. The additional moment of resistance
required can be obtained by providing compression reinforcement and addition tension reinforcement.

Situations under which Doubly Reinforced Beams are used:

1) When the depth of the beam is restricted due to architectural or and construction problems
2) At the supports of a continuous beam where bending moment changes its sign
3) In precast members ( during handling bending moment changes its sign)
4) In bracing members of a frame due to changes in the direction of the wind loads
5) To improve the ductility of the beams in earthquake regions
6) To reduce long term deflection or to increase stiffness of the beam.
4.4 Design Calculations

Load distribution:

Slab Area calculation:

Trapezoidal: [(Ix – Iy) + Iy]/2×Ix/ 2

Triangular: 1/2×Ix×Ix/2

Load calculation on external Beams:

Beam – 1(AB&IJ):
Live load from slab = 2 KN/m2

Dead load from slab = 0.20×25×1 = 5KN/m2

Floor Finishes = 1KN/m2

Total load transferred from slab = 8KN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam = [ (Iy - Ix) + Iy]/ 2×Ix/2

=1/2[(4.19-5.52)+4.19]×5.52/2 = 3.94 m2

Total slab load = 8×Area ×1

=8×3.94×1 = 31.52KN

Dead load of beam = 0.23×0.45×5.52×25= 14.28KN

Wall load = 5.52 ×14.28×76.17 = 121.97/5.52 = 22.096KN/m

Factored load = 1.5×22.096 = 33.14 KN/m

61
Beam – 2 (BC & JK)
Live load from slab = 2 KN/m2

Dead load of beam = 0.20 ×25×1 = 5KN/m2

Floor finish = 1KN/m2

Total load transferred from slab = 8 KN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam =[(Iy-Ix)+Iy]/2×Ix/2

= 1/2[(4.19-5.22)+4.19]×5.22/2= 4.12 m2

Total Slab load = 8×Area×1

= 8×4.12×1 = 32.99kN

Dead load of Beam = 0.23×0.45×5.22×25 = 13.50KN

Wall load = 5.22 ×20× 3×0.23 = 72.036 KN

Load /meter on beam = 32.99+13.50+72.036 = 118.52/5.22 = 22.706KN/m

Factored load = 1.5×22.706 = 34.059 KN/m

Beam – 3(CD&KL):
Live load from slab = 2KN/m

Dead load from slab = (0.20×25×1) = 5 KN/m2

Floor Finishers = 1KN/m2

Total load transferred from slab = 8KN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam = 1/2×Ix×Ix/2

= 1/2×4.19×4.19/2 = 4.38 m2

Total slab load = 8×Area×1

= 8×4.38×1 = 35.04 KN

Dead load of beam = 0.23 ×0.45×4.19×25 = 10.84 KN

Wall load = 4.19×20×3×0.23 = 57.82)/4.19 =24.74 KN/m

Factored load =1.5×24.74 = 3.7.12 KN/m

62
Beam: 4(AE):
Live load from slab = 2KN/m2

Dead load from slab = (0.20×25×1) = 5KN/m2

Floor finishers = 1 KN/m2

Total load transferred from slab = 8KN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam = 1/2×Ix×Ix/2

= 1/2×4.19×4.19/2 = 4.38m2

Total slab load = 8×6.32×1

= 8×6.32×1 = 50.60 KN

Beam: 5(EI):
Beam: 5 (EI):

Live load from slab = 2 KN/m2

Dead load from slab = (0.20×25×1) = 5 KN/m2

Floor finishers = 1KN/m2

Total load transferred from slab = 8KN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam = 1/2 × Ix × Ix/2

= 1/ 2= 5.03 ×5.03/2 = 6.32 m2

Total slab load = 8 ×6.32×1 = 50.60KN

Dead load of beam = 0.23 × 0.45 ×5.03 × = 13.01 KN

Wall load = 5.03 × 20 ×3 ×0.23 = 69.414KN

Load/meter on Beam = (50.60 + 13. 01 + 69.41)/ 5.03 = 26.44KN/m

Factored load = 1.5 ×26.4 = 39.66 KN/m

Beam: 6(DH):
Total load transferred from slab = 8KN/m

Slab area concentrated on beam = [(Iy-Ix) +Iy/2× Ix/2

63
 =1/2[(4.19 – 3.58)+4.19]+4.19]×3.58/2 = 4.29 m 2

Total slab load = 8×Area ×1

= 8 × 4.29×1 = 34.36KN

Dead load of beam = 0.23×0.45×4.19×25 = 10.84 KN

Wall load = 4.19×20×3×0.23 = 57.82 KN

Load/meter = (34.36+10.84+57.82×)/4.19 = 24.58 KN/m

Factored load = 1.5×24.58 = 36.88KN/m

BEAM: 7(HL)
Total load transferred from slab = 8KN/m2

Slab area concentrated = [(Iy-Iy) + Iy] /2×Ix/2

= 1/2[(4.19 - 3.58)+4.19]×3.58/2 = 4.29m2

Total slab load = 8×Area ×1

= 8×4.29×1 = 34.38KN

Dead load of beam = 0.23 × 0.45 × 4.19 × 25 = 10.84 KN

Wall load = 4.19 × 20× 3×0.23 = 57.82 KN

Load/meter = (34.36+ 10.84+57.82)/4.19 = 24.68 KN/m2

Factored load = 1.5×24.58 = 36.88 KN/m

Beam -1 (AB&IJ):(Terrance)
Live load from slab = 1.5kN/m2

Dead load from slab =0.20×25×1 = 5kN/m2

Floor Finishers = 1 kN/m2

Total load transferred from slab = 7.5kN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam =[(Iy- Ix) + Iy] /2× Ix/2 =3.93 m2

Total slab load = 8×Area×1

= 7.5×3.94×1 = 29.55 KN

Dead load of beam = 29.55+14.28+76.17 = 120/5.52 = 21.73 kN/m

64
Factored load = 1.5 ×21.73 = 32.60 KN/m

Beam- 2 (BC&JK):
Live load from slab = 1.5 kN/m2

Dead load from slab = 0.20 ×25×1 = 5kN/m2

Floor Finishes = 1 kN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam = [(Iy-Ix)+Iy]/2×Ix/2

= 1/2[(4.19 -5.22)+4.19]×5.22/2 =4.12m2

Total slab load = 7.5×Area × 1

= 7.5×4.12×1 = 30.9kN

Dead load of Beam = 0.23 ×0.45×5.22×25 =13.50kN

Wall load = 5.22 ×20 × 3×0.23 = 72.036 kN

Load/meter on Beam = 30.9 +13.50 + 72.036 = 116.43/5.22 = 22.30kN/m

Factored load = 1.5 × 22.30 = 33.45 kN/m

Beam – 3 (CD&KL):
Live Love from slab = 2 kN/m2

Dead load from slab = 0.20 × 25× 1 = 5 kN/ m2

Floor Finishers = 1kN/m2

Total load transferred from slab = 8 KN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam = 1/2×Ix×Ix/2

=1/2×Ix×Ix/2

= 1/2×3.53×3.58/2=3.20m2

Total slab load = 8×Area×1

=8×3.2×1 = 25.63 kN

Dead load of Beam = 0.23 × 0.45×3.58×25 = 9.26kN

Wall load = 3.58× 20× 3×0.23 = 49.404kN

Load/ meter on Beam = 25.63 + 9. 26 + 49.404 = 84.29/3.58 = 23.544 kN/m

65
Factored load = 1.5 × 23.54 = 35.31 kN/m

Beam: 4(AE):
Live load from slab = 2KN/m2

Dead load from slab = (0.20 ×25×1) = 5KN/m2

Floor finishers = 1KN/m2

Total load transferred from slab = 8KN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam = 1/2×I2×Ix/2

= 1/2×5.03×5.03/2=6.32 m2

Total slab load = 8×8.32×1=50.60 KN

Wall load = 5.03 × 20 × 3 × 0.23 = 69.414 KN

Load/ meter on beam = (50.60 +13.01+ 69.41)/ 5.03 = 26.44 KN/m

Factored load = 1.5 × 26.44c=39.66 KN/m

Beam: 5 (EI):
Live load from slab = 1.5 KN/m

Dead load from slab = (0.20×25×1) = 5 KN/m2

Floor finishers = 1 KN/m2

Total load transferred from slab = 7.5KN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam = ½ × lx × lx/2 = ½ ×5.03×5.03/2 = 6.32 m2

Total slab load = 7.5×6.32 ×1 = 7.5×6.32×1 =47.4KN

Dead load of beam = 0.23×0.45×5.03×25=13.01KN

Wall load = 5.03×20×3×0.23 =69.414 KN

Load /meter on beam = (47.4+13.01+69.41)/5.03 =25.80 KN/m

Factored load = 1.5×25.80 =38.71 KN/m

Beam: 6(DH):

Total load transferred from slab = 8KN/m2

Slab area concentrated on beam = [(Iy-Ix)+ Iy]/2 × Ix/2

66
 =1/2[(4.19-3.58)+4.19] × 25 = 10.84 KN

Wall load = 4.19×20×3

Load/meter = (34.36 + 10.84+ 57.28)/4.19= 24.58KN/m

Factored load = 1.5×24.58 = 38.88KN/m

BAEM:7 (HL)
Total load transferred from slab = 8KN/m2

Slab Total load transferred from slab = [(Iy-Ix)+Iy]/2×Ix/2

= 1/2 [(5.03 – 3.58) + 5.03] × 3.58/2 =5.79m2

Total slab load = 8×Area ×1

= 8×5.79×1 = 46.36 KN

Dead load of beam = 0.23 × 0.45 ×5.03× 25 = 13.01 KN

Wall load = 5.03×20×0.23 = 69.41 KN

Load/meter = (46.36+13.01 + 69.41)/5.30 =25.60 KN/m

Factored load = 1.5×25 .60= 38.41 KN/m

Beam Design:

(1) Continuous Beam (AK. DR)

MAB = -wl2/12 = -33.14×5.522/12 = -84.14 kN-m

MBA = wl2/12 = 33.14×5.522/12 = 84.14kN-m

MBC = -wl2/12 = -34.059× 5.222/12 = -77.33KN-m

MCB = wl2/12 = 34.069×5.222/12 = 77.33 kN-m

MCD = -wl2/12 = -35.31 × 3.582/12 = -37.71 kN-m

MDC = wl2/12 = 35.31×3.582/12 = 37.7 kN-m

67
 Table 4.1 : Distribution factors

Joints Member Relative Stiffness Total Distribution Factor

B BA I/5.52 I/5.52+1/5.22 = I/0.5I×I/4.7
0.37I
BC I/5.22 I/0.5I×I/3.45 =0.51
C CB I/5.22 I/5.22+I/3.58 = 1/0.471×I/5.22
0.471
CD I/3.58 I/0.471×1/ 3.58 =
0.59

Moment Distribution method:

68
 Net span moment:

Net Span moment = 84.14kN-m

(1) Span moments from table, d of SP16 from Fe415 and M20:
Mu,lim/bd2 = 2.76
Mu, lim = 2.76 × (230×4502) = 128.54kN- m
Mu = 84.14<Mu,lim

Hence, design is a singly reinforced section.

Mu/bd2 = 84.14×106/ (230×4502) = 1.80

(From, table of reinforced % in singly reinforced beam)

Pt = 0.565)

Ast = pt×bd/100 = 0.565 × 230 ×450/100= 584 mm2≈ 590 mm2

Provided steel = 678.24 > 590 mm2

69
Provide 6 – 12 mm bars.

Check from maximum Ast:

Ast/bd > 0.85/fy

678.25/(230×450) = 6.55 ×10-3 >0.85/415 = 2.04 ×10-3

Hence, safe.

For continuous I/d = 26

fs = 0.58×415×(590/678.24) = 209.38N/mm2

= 0.58×415×(590/678.24) = 209.38N/mm2

pt =100× 678.24/230×450 = 0.65

Modification factored = 1.3

Allowable I/d = 26 × 1.3 = 33.8

Actual I/d ration = 14.32×0.45 = 31.82<33.8

Hence, safe.

Support moments:

Mu/bd2 = 25.93 × 106/230×450/100 = 148.00 mm2

Provided steel = 226.08 > 148.00 mm2

Provide 2 – 12mm bars,

Maximum area of steel (Ast) = 0.04bD

= 0.04×230 × 450 = 4140 mm2

Minimum area of steel (Ast) > 0.85/fy×bd = 276.5

223.7 > 226.08. Hence, safe.

CHAPTER 5

Design of Column

5.1 Theory
A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times its least lateral dimension carrying
compressive loads is called as column. Column transfers the load from the beam or slab to the footing or
foundations. The inclined member carrying compressive loafs as in case of frames and trusses is called as

70
 struts. Pedestal is a vertical compression member whose effective length is less than 3 times its least
lateral dimension. Generally the column may be square, rectangular or circular in shape.
Necessity of Reinforcement in columns
Even though concrete is strong in compression, longitudinal steel bars are placed in the column to reduce
the size of the column or to increase the loaf carrying capacity and to resist any tension that might
develop due to bending of column due to horizontal loads, eccentric loads or moments. To resist any
tensile stresses likely to develop, the reinforcement should be placed as near the surface as possible and
should be evenly distributed ensuring the minimum cove. Transverse reinforcement in the form of lateral
ties or spiral reinforcement re provided to resist longitudinal splitting of the column or splitting of
concrete due to development of transverse tension and to prevent buckling of longitudinal bars.
Types of Columns
 Based on type of loading
(A) Tied column
(B) Spiral column
(C) Composite column
 Based on type of loading
(A) Axially loaded column
(B) Eccentrically loaded column ( Uniaxial or Biaxial)
 Based on slenderness ratio
(A) Short column
(B) Long column

In this G+3 apartment we are designing for biaxial loaded column. Biaxial loaded column: when the line of the
resultant compressive forces doesn’t coincide with the center of gravity of the column, it is called as eccentrically
loaded column. Eccentrically loaded columns have to be designed for combined xil force and bending moments.

5.2. Column reactions

71
5.4. Design Calculations

1. C1 = 900KN

Size of the column = 230×400 mm

Concrete mix = M20

Characteristic strength of reinforcement = 415N/mm2

Emin, x = 3000/500 +230/30 = 13.66

Emin, y = 3000/500 + 400/30 = 19.33mm

Mux = PuxexKN-m = 900×13.66 = 12.30KN – m

72
Muy = PueyKN-m = 900×19.33 = 17.39 KN-m

Assume the reinforcement of the section x-x axis:

(d’+dia)/D = (40+13)/230 = 0.22

Pu/(fckbd) = 900×103/(20×230×400) = 0.489

Referring chart 46

Mu/(fckbD2) = 0.06

Mux1 = 0.06×20×230×4002 = 44.16KN-m

Uniaxial moment capacity of the section bout y-y axis:

(d’+dia)D = (40+12)/400 = 0.13

Pu/(fckbd) = 900×103/(20×230×400) = 0.489

Referring chart 45

Mu/ (fckcD2) = 0.07

Muy1 = 007×20×230×4002 = 51.52 KN-m

Calculation of Puz:

P = 1.5, fy = 415 N/mm2 and fck = 20 N/mm2

Referring chart 63 corresponding above values

Puz/Ag = 13 N/mm2

Puz = 13×230×400 = 1196KN

Pu/Puz = 0.752

Mux/Mux1 = 0.278

Muy/Muy1 = 0.33

Referring to chart 64 the permissive value pf Mux/Mux1. Corresponding to the above values Pu/Puz and Muy/Muy1 is
equal to 0.93

0.93>0.27

Hence it is safe.

Ast = 230×400×1.5/100 = 1380mm2

Using 16 mm dia bars

73
No of bars = 1380/200.96 = 6.86 = 7 bars

Provide 7, 16 mm dia bars.

Provide lateral ties 6 mm dia 230mm c/c

2. C2 = 1300KN

Procedure same as above, Provide 2.5% of steel it is safe

Ast required = 230×400×2.5/100= 2300 mm2

Provide 18mm dia bars 10 in number

Provide Lateral ties 6 mm dia 230 mm c/c

CHAPTER 6

Design of footing

Foundation is an important part of the structure which transfers the load of the super structure to the foundation
soil. The foundation distributes the load over a large area so that the pressure on the soil does not exceed its
allowable bearing capacity and restricts the settlement of the structure with in the permissible limits. Foundation
increases the stability of the structure. Foundations may be shallow or deep foundation depending up on the load
and type of foundation like pile foundation well foundation etc. are provided if the soil with adequate bearing
capacity is available at reasonable depth, shallow foundations are provided.

6.1. Footing Reactions

Table 6.1 footing reactions:

NOTE: UNITWEIGHT OF THE COLUM = thickness × width × unit weight of the rcc× column height

74
(Column height = 3.8m, plinth height = 1.5 m parapet well = 1m

Total G+3 column height = 1+3+3+3+3+1.5 = 14.5 m

6.2 DESIGN CLCULATIONS

F1 =900 KN

Factored load = 900 KN

Size of column = 230 mm ×400 mm

S.B.C of Soil = 350 KN/m2

Un-Factored = 900/1.5 = 600 KN

1 Size of the footing

Load from the column = 600 KN

Self-weight of footing = 10% of the column load = 600/10 = 60

Total load of footing =600+60 = 660KN

Area of the footing = Total load /SBC of soil

=660/350 = 1.8m2

Size of the square footing = Total Load/SBC of Soil;

= 660/350 = 1.8m2

Size of the square footing =

B=√ 1.8=1.37

Adopt 1.4 m×1.4m square footing.

2. Upward soil pressure; -

Factor load = Pu= 900KN

Soil pressure at ultimate load

qu = Pu/area of footing

qu = 900/(1.4×1.4) = 459.18 KN/m2

qu = 0.459 N/mm2

3. Depth of footing from bending Moment consideration:

The critical section for B.M will be at the face of the column as shown in Fig below

75
 [ ]
2 2
B ( B−b ) 1400 ( 1400−230 )
Mu=qu[ ¿=0.459
8 8

Mu = 109.95×106 N-mm

Mu = 0.138 fckBd2

109.95×106 = 0.138×20×1400×d2

D = 168.68 mm

Depth required to resist shear in footings is much higher than required for bending

Let us assume the effective depth as twice the depth required from bending consideration.

Positive effective depth = d = 400 mm

Overall depth D = 450 mm

4. Reinforcement: -
fyAst
Mu = 0.87fyAstd[1- ¿
fckBd

109.95 ×106 = 0.87×415×Ast×400[ 1−

[ 415× Ast
20× 1400 ×400 ]
109.95×106= 144420×Ast- 5.34Ast2
Area of steel required, Ast = 784.05 mm2
Use 12 mm diameter bars
π 2 2
ast = d =113.04 mm
4
ast × B 113.04 ×1400
Spacing: S = = =201.84 mm
Ast 784.05
Provide spacing = S = 200 mm
Provide Area of steel
ast × B 113.04 ×1400
Ast= =
S 200
Ast = 791.28 mm2
5. Check for one way shear: -
The critical section for one way shear is at a distance “d” from the face of the column as shown in the fig
Factored shear force
Vu= Soil pressure from the shaded area
( B−b)
Vu = quB[ −d ¿
2
( 1400−230 )
=0.459 ×1400[ −400 ¿
2
Vu= 118.8×103N

76
 Shear stress
vu 11800
τv= =
Bd 1400 ×400
2
τv=0.21 N /mm

Percentage of steel

Ast ×100 100 ×791.28

Pt = =
Bd 1400 ×400

Pt =0.14%

From table 19,IS 456.200

τc>τv

So it is safe in one way shear

6. Check for two way shear: -

d
The critical section for two way shear is at a distance from the face of the column shown in the fig
2
Perimeter of the critical section (A) = p×d = 2460×400 = 768000.00mm2
Two way shear Vu2 = qu×area of shaded portion
Vu2 = 0.459 [(1400×1400) – (630×800) = 668.30 KN
V u 2 668304
Two way shear stress τv2= =
A 984000
τv2 = 0.679 N/mm2
permissible punching shear
τp = 0.25√ fck=0.25 √ 20
τp = 1.11 N/mm2
τv2<τp
Hence, it is safe with respect to two way shear.
F2 = 1300KN
Factored load = 1300KN
Size of column = 230 mm ×400mm
S.B.C of soil =350KN/m2
Un-factored = 1300/1.5 = 866.67 KN
[Link] of the footing: -
Load from the column =8.66.67 KN
Self-weight of footing = 10% of the column load
= 866.67/10 = 86.667
Total load of footing = 866.67 + 86.667 = 953.33 KN
Area of the footing = Total load/SBC of soil
= 953.33/350 = 2.72m2
Size of the square footing

77
 B=√ 2.72=1.65
Adopt 1.7 m×1.7 m square footing
2. Upward soil pressure:-
Factored load = Pu=1300KN
qu=Pu/area of footing
qu = 1300/(1.7×1.7) = 449.8 KN/m2
qu = 0.449N/mm2
3. Depth of footing from Bending Moment consideration:
The critical section for B.M will be at the face of the column as shown in fig below
2 2
B ( B−b ) 1700 ( 1700−230 )
Mu = q u [ ¿=0.449[ ]
8 8
Mu = 206.17 ×106N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
206.17×106=0.138×20×1700×d2
D = 209.6 mm
Depth required to resist shear in footing is much higher than required for bending
Let us assume the effective depth at twice the depth required from bending consideration.
Provide effective depth = d = 450 mm
Overall depth D= 500mm
4. Reinforcement:-

Mu= 0.87fyAstd 1−
[ fyAst
fckBd ]
415 × Ast
206.17×106 = 0.87×415×Ast×450[1- ¿
20× 1700 ×450
Area of steel required, Ast = 1315 mm2
Use 12 mm diameter bars
π 2 2
ast= d =113.04 mm τ
4
ast × B 113.04 ×1700
Spacing S = = =146.13 mm
Ast 1315
Provide spacing = S = 140 mm
Provide Area of steel
a st × B 113.04×1700
Ast = =
S 140
Ast = 1372.6 mm2
5. Check for one way shear:-
The critical section for one way shear is at a distance “d” from the face of the column as shown in the fig
Factored shear force
Vu = soil presser from the shaded area
( B−b )
Vu=quB[ −d ¿
2
1700−230
= 0.449×1700[ −450 ¿
2

78
 Vu = 217.92 ×103N
Shear stress
Vu 217920
τv = =
Bd 1700 × 450
τv = 0.284 N/mm2
Percentage of steel

A st ×100 100× 1372.6

Pt = =
Bd 1700 × 450
Pt = 0.17 %
From Table 19, IS 456:2000
τc>τv
so it is safe in one way shear: -
6. Check for two way shear:-
d
The critical section for two way shear is at a distance ¿ the fce of the column s shown in the fig
2
Perimeter of the critical section (A) = p×d = 3060×450) = 1377000.00 mm2
Two way shear Vu2 = qu×area of shaded potion
Vu2 =0.449[(1700×1700) – (680×850)]
= 1039.93 KN
Vuz 1039930
Two way shear stress τv2= =
A 1377000
τv2= 0.75 N/mm2

τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√20
Permissible punching shear

τp = 1.11 N/mm²
τv2< τp
Hence, it is safe with respect to two way shear.
F3 =2400KN
Factored load =2400KN
Size of column =230mm×500mm
S.B.C of Soil = 350 KN/m²
Un-factored =2400/1.5=1600 KN
1. Size of the footing:-
Load from the column = 1600 KN
Self-weight of footing =10% of the column loud=1600/10 = 160
Total load of footing =1600+160 = 1760 KN
Area of the footing = Total load/SBC of soil
= 1760/350 = 5.02m2
Size of the square footing B = √5.02 = 2.24
Adopt 2.25m×2.25m square footing.
2. Upward soil pressure:-
Factor load = Pu= 2400KN

79
 Soil pressure at ultimate load
qu = Pu/area of footing
qu = 2400/(2.25×2.25)= 474.07 KN/m2
qu = 0.474 N/mm2
3. Depth of Footing from Bending Moment consideration:
The critical section for B.M will be at the face of the column as shown in fig below
B (B−b) ² 2250(2250−230)²
Mu = qu [ ] = 0.474 [ ]
8 8
Mu = 543.96×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
543.96×106 = 0.138×20×22500×d2
d = 295.96 mm
Depth required to resist shear in footings is much higher than required for bending
Let us assume the effective depth as twice the depth required from bending consideration.

Provide effective depth = d =600mm

Overall depth D =650mm

4. Reinforcement:-
f y A st
Mu = 0.87 fyAstd [1- ]
fck Bd
415× Ast
543.96×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast× 600 [1- ]
20× 2250 ×600
Area of steel required, Ast=2615 mm2
π 2
Use 12mm diameter bars ast= d =113.04 mm²
4
a st × B 113 .04 ×2250
Spacing S = = = 97.26 mm
Ast 2615
Provide spacing = S = 90 mm
Provide Area of steel
a st × B 113.04 × 2250
Ast = =
S 90
Ast= 2826 mm²
5. Check for one way shear:-
The critical section for one way shear is at a distance “d” from the face of the column as shown in the
fig
Factored shear force
Vu = Soil presser from the shaded area
( B−b)
Vu = qu B[ 2 - d]
2
(2250−230)
= 0.47×2250[ - 600]
2
Vu = 437.26×103 N
Shear stress

80
 Vu 437260
τ v= =
Bd 2250 X 600
τv=0.32 N/mm²
Percentage of steel
Ast × 100 100× 2826
Pt = =
Bd 2250× 600
Pt= 0.20 %
From table 19, IS 456:2000

τc>τv
So it is safe in one way shear
6. Check for two way shear :-
d
The critical section for two way shear is at a distance from the face of the column as shown in the
2
fig
Perimeter of the critical section (p) = 2[(230+600)+(500+600) = 3860 mm
Area of critical section (A) = p×d = 3860 × 600 = 2316000.00mm²
Two way shear Vu2 = qu× area of shaded potion
Vu2 = 0.474[(2250×2250) – (830×1100)] =1966.86 KN
V u 2 1966860
Two way shear stress τv2 = =
A 2316000
τv2 = 0.849 N/mm²

τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√20
Permissible punching shear

τp = 1.11 N/mm²
τv2< τp
Hence, it is safe with respect to two way shear.

CHAPTER 7
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Stairs Provide access for the various floors of the building the stair consists of series of steps with
landings at appropriate intervals the stretch between the two landings is called flight. The room or
space where stairs are provided is called stair case.

The width of stair depends up on the type of building in which it is provided generally in residential
building the width of stair is kept as 1m and in case of public buildings it may be to 2m . to allow free
flow of users the width of landings should be at least equal to the width of stairs.

Each step has one tread (going) and one rise. Rise and tread are proportioned so as to provide
convenient and easy access. The rise may vary from 150mm to 200mm The tread is in between 250
mm to 300mm As per IS : 456, the slope or pitch of the stairs should be in between 250 to 400

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 Types of stair case

Depending up on the Geometry/shape

(A)Single Flight stair case

(B)Quarter Turn Stair case

(C) Doglegged Stair case

(D) Open well stair case

(E)Geometrical stair case

(F)Spiral stair case

Based on Structural Behavior (Support Conditions)

(1) Stairs Spanning Horizontally (with side supports)

(2) Stairs Spanning Longitudinally (with supports along sloping line)

1. DESIGN FACTORS:
Type of staircase = dog logged staircase.
Rise =150mm
Tread =300mm
Width of landing =300mm
Fck =20N/mm²
Fy =415N/mm²
To find total number of steps = (height of floor/rise)
= (3/0.15)
=20 nos
Number of steps in each flight=10 nos
2. EFFECTIVE SPAN:
Effective span = (9 x 300) + 300 = 3000mm = 3.0m
3. LOAD CALCULATION:
Thickness of waist slab= (3000/20)
= 150 mm Effective depth d = 130mm
Dead loads of slab on slope ws
Ws = (0.150x1x25)=3.75kN/m
Dead loads of slab on horizontal span ”w”
W = Ws(R²+T²)/T
W =3.75x(150²+300²)/300
W =4.91 kN/m
Dead loads of one step = (0.5x0.3x0.15x25)=0.56 kN/m

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 Finish =1 kN/m
Self-weight of landing Portion (0.3x1x25) =7.5 kN/m
Total dead load = (4.19+0.56+7.5)= 13.25kN/m
Live load =3 kN/m
Total service load = 16.25 kN/m
Factor load =24.375 kN/m
Max B.M
Mu =0.125 mu xl 2=0.125x24.375x32 = 27.42 kN/m

CHECK FOR DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:

d =√mu/0.138fckb
d =√27.42x106 /0.138x20x1000 =99.6mm < provide depth (130mm)
Hence safe

MAIN REINFORCEMENT: Mu = (0.87 x fyAstd){1- (Astfy/bdfck)}

(27.42x106 ) = (0.87x415xAstx130){1-(Astx415/1000x130x20)}
7. 49Ast 2 -46936.15Ast +27.42x106=0 Ast=652.03 mm2 Provide 16mm dia bars Spacing =
astx1000/Ast=200.96x1000/652.03
=308.20 mm say 300mm c/c

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
Distribution reinforcement = 0.12% of c/s
= (0.12/100) x (1000x150) =180 mm2
Provide 8mm dia bars
Spacing = 50.26x1000/180
=279.20 mm say 250mmc/c
Provide 8mm dia of bars @ 250mm c/c

CONCLUSION
Construction of Residential building should be providing safety and it should be economical. This
project describes detailed planning and designing of the G+3 residential building apartments. This
project involves design of structures with various methods such as conventional method and by
software. Getting familiar with civil engineering software’s Cype and Staad Pro.

REFERENCES

1. [Link], “Design of reinforced concrete structures”

2. [Link],”Reinforced concrete (limit state design)”,6 th edition

3. Ramamrutham, “structural analysis”

4. [Link],”Structural analysis volume-1”

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5. IS codes 456-2000,IS code 875 part-1,part-2 and part-3,sp 16and sp34

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