Part D

OPERATIONS MANUAL Chapter 1

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PART-D
TRAINING

CHAPTER-1
TRAINING

S/N Description Page

1.1 Training Policy 3

1.2 Types of Training 6

1.3 Duration of Training 13

1.4 Training for Northern Areas Flying 28

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1.1 TRAINING POLICY

1.1.1 Introduction

a. This part of Operations Manual

comprises all training instructions
required for a safe operation. Training
Manual issued by the manufacturer of
the aircraft may be used to cover
most of the requirements dealing with
flight crew training.

b. It is the policy to provide the facility

for ground and flight training of all
Pilots to ensure the highest standards
of flight safety and proficiency.

c. The Chief Pilot shall assign Pilot

designations. The Pilot designations
are Captain and Co- Pilot.

d. All Pilots shall meet the experience

requirements defined in CAA
regulations.

e. The Flight Crew of PSL Flight will be

trained to meet the CAA requirements
at the training center duly approved
by CAA Pakistan for the respective
training program.

1.1.2 Failure

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If at any stage of training, or as a result of a

test, it is evident that the Pilot has not
reached the necessary standards, the
training captain should refer the case to the
Chief Pilot for further guidance. Following
remedial measures will be taken in case any
candidate fails the ground / flight tests:

a. Ground Exams
i. Passing marks for ground exams
are 70%.
ii. Any candidate failing the exam
will be given two more chances
to prepare and appear in exam.
iii. Extra classes of weak areas may
be given, if necessary.

b. Flight Test
i. Candidate is required to pass
flight check for qualification.
ii. Failures will be given 2 to 3 more
training flights before appearing
for flight check again.
iii. Candidate will be given two
chances to appear and pass the
flight check.

c. If the candidate does not meet

ground / flight exam standards, will
be notified to discontinue training.

1.1.3 Qualifications & Experience of Training

Staff

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Flight crew nominated as DCP Type B / Type

A, TRI, TRE, SFI and SFE must satisfy the
requirements of relevant ANO and the
conditions given below:

a. Prior to appointment to a training

position, nominees must have been
checked in those duties applicable to
the appointment. Competence to
conduct the duties of the particular
training or checking capacity shall be
verified and evidence retained on the
individuals personal training file;

b. Training and check personnel are

required to occupy either Pilot's seat;
they will be checked and certified in
their normal and emergency duties in
both seats;

c. Flight crew nominated to conduct

Type Rating and Instrument Rating
Renewal Tests and Flight Instructors
as TRls or SFls have to be authorized
by the Authority.

d. The TRE / IRE authorization permits

the nominated examiner to conduct
Type Rating and Instrument Rating
Tests on the Aero plane or a flight
simulator qualified and approved by
the Authority for that purpose.

1.1.4 Conduct of Flying Examination /

Proficiency checks

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In accordance with CAA regulations,

proficiency checks / tests shall be conducted
on the Airplane/ simulator by a prior approval
of PCAA as below:

a. Flight Inspector rated and qualified on

the type.

b. Qualified and Approved TRI / TRE.

c. Approved DCP.

d. Chief Pilot with the approval of CAA.

1.1.5 Record of Training

All training is to be recorded in each Pilot's

Training Folder verified by the Chief Pilot.
These training records will be kept for a
period of at least 1 year after the Pilot leaves
/ retires from the PSL Flight.

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1.2 TYPES OF TRAINING

The flight operation of PSL Flight, will be conducted

by trained multi engine qualified Pilots, holding valid
ATPL / CPL and instrument rating. Keeping in view
the experience of inducted Pilots the training will be
conducted as follows:

1.2.1 Initial Training

All initial training of the crew would be

conducted as per CAA approved number of
flight hours on the aircraft with a qualified
flight instructor. If company desires to train
its pilots on simulator, CAA would be notified
of the training and which may be taken into
consideration while issuing CL-4 for on-
aircraft training. For induction of pilots
following shall be the criteria:

a. Captain

i. 3000 Total Flying Hours.

ii. Minimum 1000 Multi Engine
Turbine Hours.
iii. Valid ATPL / CPL & IR Multi
Engine

b. First Officer

i. 1500 Total Flying Hours.

ii. 100 Multi Engine Turbine
Hours.

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iii. Valid ATPL or CPL and IR.

After completion of initial training,

flight check would be taken by CAA
inspector or CAA nominated flight
instructor.

1.2.2 Conversion, Transition Training

Carried out when, changing from one type of

airplane to another type or for crewmembers
that have qualified and served in the same
capacity on another airplane. The training
would be conducted as per requirement of
initial training given in para above.

1.2.3 Up-Grade Training

Carried out for crewmembers, that have

qualified and served on a particular airplane
type as Second-In-Command and is required
to upgrade to Pilot-In-Command of the same
aircraft. Upgrade training would be
conducted on the aircraft as per CAA
instructions and if company wishes to get it
done from a simulator, CAA will be notified of
the same to take it into consideration.
Following would be criteria for upgrade
Training from First officer to captain

a) 2000 Total Flying Hours

b) 200 Minimum hours on the type

c) Valid ATPL / CPL & IR Multi Engine

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d) If total flying hours are less than 3000

hours, a minimum of 500 hours on
type are required with valid ATPL /
CPL.

1.2.4 Familiarization / Differences Training

The training is carried out for crewmembers

who operate an airplane where a change of
equipment or significant procedure have
changed, requiring the acquisition of
additional knowledge. A flight crewmember
shall complete differences training, which
requires additional knowledge and training
on an appropriate training device if so
required:

a. When operating another variant of an

aero-plane of the same type or
another type of the same class
currently operated.

b. When a change of equipment and/or

procedures on types or variants
currently operated.

c. The familiarization training which

requires the acquisition of additional
knowledge:

i. When operating another aero-

plane of the same type or
variant.

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ii. When a change of equipment

and/ or procedures on types or
variant currently operated

1.2.5 Pilot Proficiency Checks

Each flight crewmember undergoes

proficiency checks once in 12 months to
demonstrate his competence in carrying out
normal, abnormal and emergency
procedures and handling in accordance with
CAR 94, related ANO, CAA instructions and
FTM and acceptable to CAA (Also refer to
para A5.2c).

a. Pilot not meeting the desired

standard during type rating /
proficiency checks will be given extra
training in consultation with Chief
Pilot, to bring his proficiency to the
desired level, in accordance with CAA
requirements.

b. The proficiency checks may be

combined with the check required by
the licensing requirements for
renewal of a license or rating.

c. For revalidation of type ratings, the

Pilot shall complete a proficiency
check in the relevant type of aero
plane.

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1.2.6 Recurrent Training

Chief Pilot will ensure that all crewmembers

remain current abreast with flying subjects
through lectures, classes and quiz tests.

1.2.7 Area, Route and Aerodrome

Competence

PSL Flight, will ensure that, prior to being

assigned as Pilot-in Command on a route or
as Pilot to whom the flight may be delegated
by the Pilot-in Command, the Pilot has
obtained adequate knowledge of the route to
be flown and of the aerodromes (including
attempts), facilities and procedures to be
used.

a. The period of validity of the area,

route and aerodrome qualification is
12 calendar months. Operating on the
route or to the aerodrome within the
previous period of validity revalidates
route and aerodrome competence
qualification. If revalidated within the
final 3 calendar months of validity of
a previous qualification, the period of
validity is from the original expiration
date plus 12 months.

b. Area, Route Competence Training: It

includes knowledge of:

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i. Terrain & minimum safe

altitudes.

ii. Seasonal meteorological

conditions.

iii. Meteorological,
communications and air traffic
facilities, services and
procedures.

iv. Search and rescue procedures.

v. Navigational facilities
associated with the route
along which the flight is to
take Place.

c. Depending upon the complexity of

the route the following methods of
familiarization will be used:

i. For less complex area and

routes self-briefing with relevant
documents, or programmed
instruction.

ii. For more complex areas and

routes, in addition to the self-
instruction, in-flight
familiarization under
supervision or familiarization
in an approved simulator using
a database appropriate to the
route concerned.

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d. Aerodrome competence training

includes and consists of:

i. Obstacles, general
topography, lighting approach
aids, minimum safety
altitudes.

ii. Arrival, departure, holding and

instrument approach
procedures, as well as any
procedure applicable to flight
path over heavily populated
areas.

e. Depending upon the complexity,

aerodrome are classified in categories
from A to C. Category A is given to
the least demanding aerodrome;
Category B and C are applied to more
demanding aerodromes.

1.2.8 Training for Variant of Aircraft Type

PSL Flight, will ensure that a flight

crewmember does not operate more than
one type of aircraft over 5,700 KG.

1.2.9 Crew Resource Management

Crew Resource Management training for

each flight crew member would be conducted
at CAA approved organization. PSL may like
to refresh CRM training from simulators

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facility also. The validity of training would be

24 months from date of completion of
training.

1.2.10 Emergency and Safety Equipment

The operator ensures that each flight

crewmember undergoes training and
checking on the location and use of
emergency and safety equipment carried.
Emergency and Safety Equipment training is
part of conversion and recurrent training:

a. Every year, the use of life jacket,

safety equipment and location,
security procedures will be reviewed.

b. Every 3 years, the operations of all

types of exits, slides and firefighting
equipment, use of life rafts where
fitted, will be practiced.

c. The period of validity of an

Emergency and Safety Equipment
check is 12 calendar months from the
expiry date of the previous
emergency and equipment check.

1.2.11 Dangerous Goods

Dangerous goods training for each flight

crew member would be conducted at CAA
approved organization, if required. The
validity of training would be 24 months from
date of completion of training.

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1.2.12 Security Training

PSL Flight, will ensure that each flight crew

member maintains sufficient knowledge
regarding security parameters relating to
passengers, aircraft and goods.

1.3 DURATION OF TRAINING

1.3.1 Initial Ground Training Curriculum

a. Summary / Overview

This segment of the course is

designed to provide Pilots with the
necessary training to understand the
operation of aircraft systems, the use
of the individual system controls, and
the integration of aircraft systems
with operational procedures in order
to sufficiently prepare them to enter
the flight training curriculum
segment. At the end of the ground
training curriculum segment the Pilot
will be able to locate, identify, and
operate all aircraft systems. The Pilot
will be able to perform normal,
abnormal, and emergency operating
procedures. Additionally, the Pilot will
be able to demonstrate knowledge of
aircraft performance as well as
systems and aircraft limitations.

b. Technical / CRM Objectives

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Each day, topics will be covered from

the Pilot Training Manual, Aircraft
Flight Manual, Pilot’s Operating
Handbook, and avionics materials.
Reading assignments will be given by
the instructor for the following day.
Pilots will be introduced to, and will
exercise in, the elements of Crew
Resource Management as part of the
integration process including, but not
limited to such elements as:
Situational Awareness and the Error
Chain, Crew Concept, and Workload
Assessment and Time Management.

c. Equipment and Materials

Pilot Training Manual, Aircraft Flight

Manual, Pilot’s Operating Manual,
Avionics Handouts, Pilot Checklist.

d. Completion Standards

The Pilot must demonstrate adequate

knowledge of the aircraft systems,
limitations, performance, and flight
planning by successfully completing
the written examination with a
minimum of 80%.

1.3.2 Initial Flight Training Curriculum

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a. Summary / Overview

The pilot will develop the skills to

maneuver the aircraft with and
without the automatic flight control
system. The Pilot will become familiar
and proficient in the use of normal,
abnormal, and emergency checklist
procedures and standard operating
procedures.

b. Prerequisites

Review the aircraft normal procedure

checklists, memory items, and
limitations.

c. Technical / CRM Objectives

Pilots will exercise in the elements of

Crew Resource Management as part
of the flight training process
including, but not limited to such
elements as: Situational Awareness
and the Error Chain, Crew Concept,
and Workload Assessment & Time
Management.

d. Equipment and Materials

Pilot Training Manual, Aircraft Flight

Manual, Pilot’s Operating Manual,
Avionics Handouts, Pilot Checklist.

e. Completion Standards

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The Pilot must demonstrate normal,

abnormal, and emergency procedures
and checklists in a timely and
sequentially correct manner, and
perform all the maneuvers and
procedures in accordance with the
applicable Practical Test Standards.

f. Line Oriented Simulation Training

If applicable: “This training will

facilitate transition from the fixed
package of maneuvers in the Flight
Simulator Module to crew-oriented
flying. Pilots accomplishing all of their
training/checking in a simulator
(100%) will complete Line Oriented
Simulation Training.”

1.3.3 Initial Training Syllabus.

- On Aircraft – Below 5700 Kgs
- On Simulator – Above 5700 Kgs

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1 Aircraft General
Electrical Part D
Lighting
OPERATIONS
Master Warning
MANUAL Chapter
(None) 1
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2 Fuel 18
Power Plant
Thrust Reversers
Fire Protection (None)
Pneumatics
Avionics
(8 Hours)

3 Ice & Rain Protection

Air Conditioning
Pressurization (None)
Hydraulics
Avionics
(8 Hours)

4 (None) Sunday (None)

5 Landing Gear and Brakes

Performance
Flight Planning (None)
Approved AFM
Flight Controls
(8 Hours)

6 Avionics
Oxygen
Windshear
CRM (None)
Weight & Balance
Flight Controls
(8 Hours)

7 Avionics
Systems Review
Examination (None)
Critique
(8 Hours)

8 Systems Integration Cockpit Familiarization

Module No.1 Preflight – Expanded
Checklist
Pakistan Services / Normal
Limited, Procedures Airport
Islamabad International / Checks
Procedures Engine Start Procedures
Crew Resource Taxi Procedures
Management
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1.3.4 Recurrent Ground Training Curriculum

(Applicable to Above 5700 Kgs Aircarft)

a. Summary / Overview

This segment of the course is

designed to provide Pilots with the
necessary training to understand the
operation of aircraft systems, the use
of the individual system controls, and
the integration of aircraft systems
with operational procedures in order to
sufficiently prepare them to enter the
flight training curriculum segment. At
the end of the ground training
curriculum segment the Pilot will be
able to locate, identify, and operate all
aircraft systems.

The Pilot will be able to perform

normal, abnormal, and emergency
operating procedures. Additionally,
the Pilot will be able to demonstrate
knowledge of aircraft performance as
well as systems and aircraft
limitations.

b. Technical / CRM Objectives

Each day, topics will be covered from

the Pilot Training Manual, Aircraft
Flight Manual, Pilot’s Operating
Handbook, and avionics materials.
Reading assignments will be given by
the instructor for the following day.

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Pilots will be introduced to, and will

exercise in, the elements of Crew
Resource Management as part of the
integration process including, but not
limited to such elements as:
Situational Awareness and the Error
Chain, Crew Concept, and Workload
Assessment and Time Management.

c. Equipment and Materials

Pilot Training Manual, Aircraft Flight

Manual, Pilot’s Operating Manual,
Client Guide, Avionics Handouts, Pilot
Checklist.

d. Completion Standards

The Pilot must demonstrate adequate

knowledge of the aircraft systems,
limitations, performance, and flight
planning by successfully completing
the written examination with a
minimum of 80%.

1.3.5 Recurrent Flight Training Curriculum

a. Summary / Overview

Simulator Training modules will

provide instruction to develop the
skills to maneuver the aircraft with

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and without the automatic flight

control system. The Pilot will become
familiar and proficient in the use of
normal, abnormal, and emergency
checklist procedures and standard
operating procedures.

b. Prerequisites

Review the aircraft normal procedure

checklists, memory items, and
limitations prior to the simulator
training.

c. Technical / CRM Objectives

Pilots will exercise in the elements of

Crew Resource Management as part
of the flight training process
including, but not limited to such
elements as: Situational Awareness
and the Error Chain, Crew Concept,
and Workload Assessment & Time
Management.

d. Equipment and Materials

Pilot Training Manual, Aircraft Flight

Manual, Pilot’s Operating Manual,
Avionics Handouts, Pilot Checklist.

e. Completion Standards

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The Pilot must demonstrate normal,

abnormal, and emergency procedures
and checklists in a timely and
sequentially correct manner, and
perform all the maneuvers and
procedures in accordance with the
applicable Practical Test Standards.

1.3.6 Recurrent Training Schedule

Day Ground School Simulator

1 PERFORMANCE
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
AVIONICS
NAV/ COMM AIRCRAFT
GENERAL ELECTRICAL –
LIGHTING
MASTER WARNING

4 HRS

2 PERFORMANCE
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
AVIONICS
FUEL
POWERPLANT THRUST
REVERSERS –
FIRE PROTECTION
HYDRAULICS
LANDING GEAR/ BRAKES

4 HRS

Day Ground School Simulator

–

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Day Ground School Simulator

3 PERFORMANCE
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
AVIONICS
PRESSURIZATION
AIR CONDITIONING
ICE AND RAIN
PROTECTION
PNEUMATICS
FLIGHT CONTROLS
OXYGEN

4 HRS

4 TRAINING HOURS AS
CREW
1 HOUR BRIEF
– 2 HOURS PILOT FLYING
2 HOURS PILOT NOT
FLYING
0.5 HOUR DEBRIEF

5 TRAINING HOURS AS
CREW 1 HOUR BRIEF
2 HOURS PILOT FLYING
–
2 HOURS PILOT NOT
FLYING
0.5 HOUR DEBRIEF

6 TRAINING HOURS AS
CREW 1 HOUR BRIEF
2 HOURS PILOT FLYING
–
2 HOURS PILOT NOT
FLYING
0.5 HOUR DEBRIEF

1.4 Training For Northern Areas Flying

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1.4.1. General
The aim of this chapter is to cover the
Standard Operating Procedures for Flights to
Northern areas. The Runways include
Skardu (OPSD), Gilgit (OPGT) and Chitral
(OPCH). Flights to all these destinations
require special clearance by PCAA for
Aircraft as well as Crew. These flights will be
performed as Special VFR flights. The
weather conditions in these areas are less
predictable and change significantly without
sufficient warning. Operations on these
Runways require meticulous planning and
careful handling. Crew needs special
training in order to remain current and
aware of all these aspects.

1.4.2 Important Factors Crew training shall

encompass following likely factors affecting
operations in Northern area are as under:-

a. Reduced Aircraft performance due to

High Altitudes.
b. Non Instrumented Runways.
c. No Radar coverage.
d. Self traffic monitoring.
e. Quick changes in weather.

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f. Hazards of mountainous terrain/ High

Altitude.
g. Difficult to handle Emergencies.
h. Short Runway Length.
i. Poor Radio Communication.
j. Non-availability of Fuel.
k. Flight under Special VFR.
l. Reduced margin of error.
m. Tight valleys giving limited option of
turning back.

1.4.3 Significant Aspects of Training

Special training will be organized for crew as

and when required. Efforts will be made to
keep the crew current on Northern Areas
flying. The stepwise training of fresh crew
will be performed as under:
a. The crew requiring training will be
given briefing by already Northern
Area current Instructor. Crew shall be
briefed with regards to following: -
i. Airfield Familiarization
ii. Terrain consideration
iii. Special Weather Conditions

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iv. Hazards
v. Aircraft performance
vi. Emergencies Enroute
b. Crew will be briefed about the
procedure for each Runway as given
in Operations Manual, Part A, chapter
13.
c. Where possible, satellite imagery/
videos shall be used to augment
training.
d. Refresh procedures for consultation of
Performance charts to evaluate
Aircraft performance in relation to
temperature, weight of ac etc.
e. Refresh emergency handling and drift
down procedure as per POH Section-5
pages 129-136.
f. After requisite ground training, the
crew will undergo a Flight check by a
PCAA designated Inspector / Pilot.

1.4.4 Training Syllabus

a. Detailed briefing on significant

aspects of Northern Areas Airfields
b. Flight Planning
c. Aircraft Performance and consultation
of graphs to include:
i. Take Off Distance Required

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ii. ASDA Calculation.

iii. Landing distance with /
without Thrust Reverse.
iv. Calculation of Cruise Power
with One Engine Inoperative
(Drift Down).

d. Route briefing.
e. Weather Peculiarities.
f. Emergencies / contingencies.

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