Automated flood Detection and Alert System: Leveraging

IoT and Mobile Technology for Resident

Safety and Disaster Preparedness

A Project Presented to the Faculty of Information

and Communications Technology

STI College Novaliches

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for

the Degree Bachelor of Science in

Computer Engineering

Members:

Agang, Bernard Jhon G.

Guillermo, Paulo G.

Oligo, John Troyo B.

Tamondong, Justine Aaron Lloyd S.

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Flooding is a persistent problem in the Philippines, causing severe damage to lives,

infrastructure, and the economy. As a country situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire and
Typhoon Belt, it experiences frequent typhoons, heavy rainfall, and rising water levels,
leading to recurring flood disasters. Many communities, especially in low-lying areas,
suffer from the lack of an efficient early warning system, leaving residents vulnerable to
sudden floods.

Existing flood detection systems primarily rely on manual monitoring or outdated

prediction models that fail to provide real-time, location-specific alerts. The delay in
warning dissemination often results in loss of property and even casualties, highlighting
the need for a more responsive and data-driven solution. Given the increasing severity of
climate change and urban expansion, there is a pressing need for an advanced flood
monitoring system that can deliver timely and accurate alerts.

This study proposes the development of an Automated Detection and Alert System,
integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology, sensor-based monitoring, and mobile
alert mechanisms to improve disaster preparedness. The system will continuously
monitor environmental conditions, such as water levels, rainfall intensity, and soil
moisture, using strategically placed IoT sensors. The collected data will be processed in
real time, allowing for predictive flood analysis and automated alert dissemination
through mobile applications, SMS, and web platforms.

By implementing this technology-driven approach, the study aims to enhance flood risk
management, minimize response time, and improve coordination between affected
communities and government agencies. Through Automated monitoring and predictive
analytics, this project aspires to contribute to a more resilient and disasterprepared
society, helping mitigate the adverse effects of floods on both human lives and the
economy.

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Background of the problem

Flooding is one of the most persistent and destructive natural disasters in the
Philippines, affecting thousands of residents yearly. The country’s geographical position
and tropical climate make it highly vulnerable to extreme weather conditions, including
heavy rainfall, typhoons, and rising sea levels. Urbanization, deforestation, and poor
drainage systems further exacerbate the problem, leading to frequent flash floods,
particularly in densely populated cities and low-lying provinces.

One of the primary challenges in flood management is the lack of an efficient and
realtime flood detection system. Many current systems rely on manual monitoring and
outdated prediction models that fail to provide immediate and localized warnings. As a
result, many communities are caught off guard, leading to delayed evacuation and
increased casualties. Furthermore, flood information dissemination is often inefficient,
with local authorities struggling to relay timely alerts to at-risk populations.

The consequences of ineffective flood detection and delayed response are severe.
Infrastructure damage, loss of livelihood, health hazards, and even fatalities are
common during extreme flooding events. In Metro Manila and other flood-prone areas,
heavy rains can immobilize transportation systems, disrupt businesses, and displace
families, causing widespread socio-economic setbacks. The unpredictability of flooding
and the absence of real-time data-driven warnings further complicate emergency
response efforts.

To address these challenges, this study aims to develop an Automated Flood Detection
and Alert System, utilizing IoT sensors, cloud computing, and mobile communication
technologies. By enabling continuous monitoring of environmental conditions such as
water levels, rainfall intensity, and soil moisture, the system seeks to enhance disaster
preparedness, minimize response time, and reduce the overall impact of flooding. With
automated alerts and predictive analytics, this solution has the potential to improve

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 coordination between authorities and residents, ensuring a safer and more resilient
community.

Overview of the current state of the technology

Flood detection technology has advanced significantly, integrating IoT, and cloud
computing to enhance real-time monitoring and disaster response. Traditionally, the
Philippines has relied on manual observation, weather station data, and river gauge
readings, but these methods often lack real-time accuracy and fail to provide immediate,
localized flood alerts. Modern solutions now utilize IoT-based sensor networks to
continuously monitor water levels, rainfall intensity, and soil moisture, transmitting
real-time data to cloud platforms for analysis and automated early warnings.
Government agencies like PAGASA and NDRRMC have started adopting such
technologies, yet challenges remain, including limited infrastructure in remote areas,
high implementation costs, potential data inaccuracies, and a lack of public awareness.
To bridge these gaps, emerging flood monitoring systems are incorporating low-cost,
solar-powered sensors, geospatial mapping to improve accessibility and reliability. This
study proposes an Automated Detection and Alert System, leveraging IoT and mobile
communication technologies to enhance early warning mechanisms and ensure a more
proactive approach to flood disaster management in the Philippines.

Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to develop and implement an Automated

Flood Detection and Alert System that enhances disaster preparedness and response in
flood-prone areas of the Philippines. Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Design and integrate an IoT-based flood monitoring system that continuously tracks
water levels, rainfall intensity, and soil moisture in real-time.

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2. Develop an automated alert mechanism that disseminates flood warnings via SMS,
mobile applications, and web-based platforms to ensure timely communication with
residents and authorities.

3. Assess the accuracy and reliability of the system in detecting flood conditions and
providing early warnings to minimize casualties and property damage.

4. Implement predictive analytics using machine learning to analyze historical and

realtime data for improved flood forecasting.

5. Evaluate the system's performance through pilot testing in selected flood-prone

communities and recommend improvements for scalability and widespread adoption.

Scope and limitations of the study

This study focuses on the development and implementation of an Automated Detection

and Alert System using IoT-based monitoring, cloud computing, and mobile
communication technologies. The system is designed to track water levels, rainfall
intensity, and soil moisture in real-time, providing early warnings to communities and
disaster response units. The research will include hardware development (sensor
deployment), software integration (data processing and mobile alerts), and system
testing in selected flood-prone areas in the Philippines. The study will assess the
accuracy, efficiency, and responsiveness of the system in detecting flood risks and
disseminating timely alerts.

However, this study has several limitations. First, the implementation is limited to
specific test areas due to budget and resource constraints. Second, the system’s
effectiveness depends on stable internet connectivity and power supply, which may
not always be available in remote locations. Third, sensor accuracy may be affected by
environmental conditions, such as debris interference or extreme weather changes.
Lastly, the study does not cover large-scale government adoption or policy integration
but focuses on a localized, community-based approach to flood detection and response.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED SYSTEMS AND LITERATURE

Review of Related Systems (Foreign)

Different foreign systems have been created to meet the increasing demand for effective
flood detection and alert systems, leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile
technologies to improve disaster preparedness and public safety. One such system is the
Flood Monitoring and Alert System (FMAS) created in India, which combines IoT
sensors, microcontrollers, and GSM modules to detect water levels and provide SMS
alerts to residents in real time. The system provides an affordable and scalable solution
for rural communities prone to flooding. Likewise, the Smart Flood Monitoring System
created by Malaysian researchers utilizes ultrasonic sensors and Arduino
microcontrollers to detect water levels, sending data to cloud platforms and providing
alerts via mobile apps.

In Indonesia, the Real-Time Flood Detection and Early Warning System (RFD-EWS)
involves IoT sensors linked to a central dashboard that warns citizens and local
governments through mobile SMS and applications. This system is implemented in urban
environments, facilitating disaster response activities through real-time updates and
predictive insights. Another system with significant effect is Japan's Advanced Flood
Forecasting System, which combines environmental sensors, artificial intelligence, and
mobile push notification technology. The system offers flood prediction and timely
warning with extremely high accuracy during typhoons and heavy rainfalls, sharply
minimizing response time.

Germany has installed a Sensor-Based Early Warning System (SEWS) based on a system
of intelligent water level sensors along riverbanks. Collected data is analyzed by edge
computing devices and disseminated via mobile apps and web dashboards. Meanwhile,

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the Flood Alert System for Urban Drainage (FASUDIR) in Europe utilizes smart sensors,
geographic information systems (GIS), and mobile-based alert to control flood risk in
cities with old drainage infrastructure.

In America, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) employs an

integrated flood warning system based on real-time sensor observations, satellite
imagery, and cellular communication to alert citizens via apps, texts, and automated
voice calls. Also, the New York City FloodNet project installs low-cost water level sensors
on a LoRaWAN network, providing live notifications to the city government and citizens
using a mobile-friendly web dashboard.

Australia's Smart Flood Warning System (SFWS) combines cloud computing, IoT sensors,
and mobile technology to predict and detect floods in urban and rural communities. The
system includes automated notifications through SMS, mobile applications, and email.
Similarly, the United Kingdom-based FloodAlert App issues real-time flood alerts
through IoT data streams from environmental authorities and river sensors, with users
receiving location-based updates and evacuation alerts directly on their smartphones.

These systems demonstrate how the integration of IoT and mobile technologies can
strengthen early warning systems, empower communities, and reduce the effects of flood
disasters worldwide. They are also good references in the design and development of
localized flood alert systems that are specific to environmental and social contexts.

Review of Related Systems (Local)

In the Philippines, systems have been designed to help prevent the impacts of flooding
through the application of sensor technology and mobile-based warning mechanisms.
Among them is Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST), which makes use of weather and river
sensors, satellite imaging, and mobile applications to disseminate real-time flood

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warnings to people. Complementing this, DOST-ASTI’s Local Warning and Alert System
for Disaster (LoWASD) integrates rainfall and water level sensors with mobile SMS alerts
to inform barangay-level authorities and residents of incoming hazards.

The Flood Information Network System (FINS) created by Ateneo de Manila University
with local government units, integrates rain gauges and water sensors that capture data
sent to a main dashboard and shared through SMS and social media platforms. The same
as Manila Flood Control Information System run by the Metropolitan Manila
Development Authority (MMDA), there is real-time monitoring of flood spots using
water sensors and a web-enabled and mobile-accessible alert system.

Another significant effort is the Community-Based Flood Early Warning System

(CBFEWS) by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA), which targets enabling local communities to utilize manual
and digital monitoring devices for water levels and community-level alert mechanisms.
In Quezon City, the Flood Early Warning System (FEWS) was taken up together with the
World Bank and Asian Development Bank to install sensors and use mobile notifications
in flood-prone communities.

The Smart Flood Alert and Monitoring System implemented in Pampanga used Arduino-
based water level sensors interfaced with GSM modules that sent warning messages to
residents using cellular phones. The local governments of the Bicol region utilized a
Barangay Disaster Alert System, which is an easy IoT sensor and radio- or SMS-based
alerting mechanism to guarantee early warnings are disseminated to far-flung barangays.
In the same manner, Project iFLOOD in Iloilo City incorporates flood sensors and
geospatial data systems (GIS) into cellular communication equipment to enhance disaster
mitigation and citizen security.

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Finally, the Automated Rain Gauge and Water Level Monitoring System of DOST-ASTI
has been installed in several regions in the country, providing an automated, centralized
system for monitoring real-time rainfall and river data, which is utilized for automated
SMS and web-based warnings. These systems demonstrate the increasing capability of
the Philippines to utilize advanced sensor technologies and mobile communication
devices in mitigating flood-related hazards.

Review of Related Literature (Foreign)

Various global studies highlight the growing significance of IoT and mobile technology
applications in reducing disaster risks, especially in flood detection and early warning
systems. The use of IoT in flood detection systems, according to Shaikh et al. (2019),
facilitates real-time water level monitoring through sensor networks, which greatly
shortens the response time during floods. Their research showed how microcontrollers
and cloud platforms are used to make data capture and transmission quick for emergency
response. In like manner, Khemapech et al. (2015) investigated how Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) integrated with GSM technology can enhance flood forecasting
systems to provide timely warnings through mobile communication media.

Islam and Kim (2019) presented an elaborate review of smart flood observation systems
and commented that IoT-based design facilitates more precise identification and
allocation of early warnings, particularly in developing countries. In another study, Lins
et al. (2018) proposed an IoT-facilitated flood management system in which mobile apps
act as interfaces to immediate and real-time alerts and geolocation notifications, with
emphasis on the necessity for mobile integration for public education. Besides, Tsai et al.
(2017) showed the feasibility of using automated flood warning systems in Taiwan based
on ultrasonic sensors, microcontrollers, and SMS notifications to demonstrate that such
technology can be implemented even in remote locations with poor connectivity.

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Patel and Parmar (2021) implemented an Arduino-based IoT low-cost flood monitoring
system with the integration of water level sensors. It offers prompt notifications through
mobile phones, and consequently, readiness by the communities ahead of increased flood
levels. Another study indicated by Sakhardande et al. (2016) cited mobile alerting systems
as important and integrated mobile alerts with flood-monitoring systems since mobile
alerts maximize accessibility as well as responsiveness in actions taken among vulnerable
members of society. On the other hand, Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2018) talked about
integrating cloud and IoT technologies in early warning systems, mentioning that they
could handle data as well as deliver mass alerts via SMS and mobile applications.

In the United Kingdom, the Shoothill FloodAlert mobile app illustrates the business
application of mobile technologies in flood risk management by offering users real-time
water level and upcoming flood information. Finally, the United Nations Office for
Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) in its Sendai Framework (2015–2030) emphasizes the
need to utilize digital and mobile technologies to facilitate effective disaster
communication and community resilience against natural hazards such as flooding.

Review of Related Literature (Local)

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

(PAGASA) has employed automated rainfall and water level monitoring stations across
major river basins. These systems are connected through GSM modules to send real-time
data to central command centers and disaster response teams. The data is used for issuing
flood advisories, especially in urban areas where flash floods are frequent. The use of this
system showcases the importance of integrating IoT-like mechanisms in local disaster
monitoring efforts.

A study by Tacio (2017) highlights the use of indigenous knowledge combined with
digital early warning systems in provinces like Cagayan and Isabela. The research

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emphasizes that the combination of modern IoT technologies, such as water level sensors,
with community-based practices can improve disaster responsiveness and reduce
casualties during floods. Local barangays have started using SMS-based systems for real-
time flood alerts, showing that mobile technology can be successfully embedded into
traditional community protocols.

In Marikina City, the local government implemented an automated flood warning

system utilizing ultrasonic sensors to monitor water levels in the Marikina River. This
system is connected to LED display boards across the city and a mobile alert system that
informs residents about the current flood status. The Marikina model has become a
benchmark in urban flood preparedness in the Philippines, effectively demonstrating
how local governments can apply IoT-driven solutions for disaster mitigation.

Research from Mapúa University developed a prototype for an IoT-based flood

monitoring system that connects real-time water level data to a mobile application. The
system utilizes ESP8266 Wi-Fi modules and cloud storage for data transmission. Their
findings concluded that such systems are highly scalable and beneficial for barangay-
level flood monitoring and can complement the national disaster response systems.

A project by engineering students from the Technological Institute of the Philippines

(TIP) proposed a low-cost IoT-based flood detection system using Arduino
microcontrollers, GSM modules, and ultrasonic sensors. Their prototype was designed to
send SMS alerts once water levels reach critical thresholds. The project was well-received
in local communities and emphasized the potential for grassroots-level innovation to
enhance flood response mechanisms.

In San Fernando, Pampanga, a smart flood monitoring system was piloted under a
collaboration between the LGU and local universities. This system integrated IoT sensors
and real-time mobile alerting to inform citizens of flood conditions in low-lying areas.

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The system was part of a broader smart city initiative and was seen as a successful case
of combining technology and community engagement in disaster preparedness.

A study conducted at Central Luzon State University (CLSU) focused on the

development of an IoT-enabled flood detection and alert system for agricultural areas.
The research aimed to minimize crop loss due to flash floods by alerting farmers through
SMS when water levels breached safe limits. The study demonstrated how technology
could not only protect lives but also support economic resilience in rural communities.

The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) in partnership with telecom companies in the
Philippines has implemented the Emergency Cell Broadcast System (ECBS) which
delivers real-time emergency alerts, including flood warnings, directly to mobile phones.
This technology exemplifies the successful integration of mobile networks into
nationwide disaster alert systems, ensuring broader reach and immediate
communication with the public during flood emergencies.

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 CHAPTER III

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Overview of the Proposed System

The proposed system, Automated Flood Detection and Alert System leveraging IoT and
Mobile Technology, is designed to monitor water levels in real-time and promptly send
alerts to residents and authorities to ensure safety and enhance disaster preparedness.
The system integrates Internet of Things (IoT) technology with mobile communication
platforms to create a smart and responsive flood monitoring mechanism, suitable for
deployment in flood-prone areas.

At the core of the system are water level sensors, such as ultrasonic or float sensors, which
are installed near rivers, drainage systems, or low-lying areas. These sensors
continuously measure the water level and transmit the data to a microcontroller unit such
as NodeMCU (ESP8266 or ESP32), which serves as the system’s processing hub. The
microcontroller processes the input data and determines whether the water level has
reached a predefined warning or critical threshold.

The system utilizes Wi-Fi or GSM modules for wireless communication. In areas with
stable internet access, Wi-Fi-based communication allows seamless transmission of data
to a cloud-based platform or mobile application dashboard. For areas with limited
connectivity, GSM modules (SIM800L or similar) are used to send SMS alerts directly to
registered users' mobile phones.

Furthermore, the system incorporates a mobile alert mechanism which notifies residents,
disaster response teams, and local authorities through text messages, push notifications,
or sirens. The integration of a mobile application or web-based interface allows real-time
visualization of water levels, system status, and historical data logs for further analysis

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and planning. The alert system is tiered, meaning it can send early warnings, advisories,
and critical evacuation notices based on real-time data assessment.

The system is also equipped with backup power sources such as solar panels or battery
packs, ensuring that it remains operational during power outages, which are common
during typhoons and floods.

This solution is designed to be low-cost, scalable, and community-friendly, ensuring that

even rural barangays can adopt the technology. It supports environmental data
collection, risk reduction, and early action strategies, aligning with the broader goals of
climate resilience and disaster risk management in the Philip

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Calendar of Activities

MONTH January February March April May

ACTIVITY W1 W2 W3 W1 W2 W3 W1 W2 W3 W1 W2 W3 W1 W2 W3

Planning/Brainstorming
Title Defense Preparation
Title Defense
Consultation of the Project
Group
Meetings/Discussions
Chapter 1 Paper
Chapter 2 Paper

Chapter 3 Paper
Thesis Paper Revisions
Consultation of the Project
Miniature Making
Prototype Development
Coding
Debugging
Wireframing

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System Components

Software Components

The software components of this project are essential for making the system
work. Each software is selected to make the user interface, hardware, and
processes function together effectively. The software employed and their
applications are given in the table below.

SOFTWARE COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

FRONT END DEVELOPMENTS: C++ C++ is powerful, general-purpose

programming language that supports
multiple programming paradigms,
including procedural, object-oriented,
and generic programming.

Integrated Development Environment The Arduino IDE is the primary software

(IDE): Arduino IDE used for writing, compiling, and
uploading code to Arduino boards. It’s a
powerful tool for beginners and
experienced developers alike, supporting
a wide range of Arduino-compatible
boards.

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Hardware Components

The following hardware components are crucial for the system to function.
Each of the following components has a specific task which enables the system to
function properly and allows the user to utilize it. The table explains each hardware
part and its use.

HARDWARE COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

Waterproof Ultrasonic Module JSN-SR04T The JSN-SR04T v2.0 is a waterproof

ultrasonic distance sensor module
designed for measuring distances in
wet or outdoor environments,
making it ideal for flood monitoring
systems.

Junction Box 100x100 A Junction Box 100x100 mm is a

compact protective enclosure used
to house electrical connections,
wiring, and electronic components.
It provides a safe and organized
space to protect circuits from dust,
moisture, accidental contact, and
environmental elements.

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Plastic Waterproof Cable Gland description A Plastic Waterproof Cable Gland is
a protective mechanical sealing
device used to securely pass
electrical cables through enclosures,
ensuring a watertight and dustproof
seal. It prevents moisture, dust, and
dirt from entering junction boxes,
panels, or housings while providing
strain relief to protect the cable from
damage.

SIM800L Wireless GSM The SIM800L is a GSM/GPRS

module that allows microcontrollers
to communicate over a cellular
network for sending and receiving
SMS, voice calls, and internet
(GPRS) data. It’s widely used in IoT
projects, such as remote monitoring
systems, automated alert systems,
and location-based services.

9V Battery A 9V battery is a compact

rectangular power source
commonly used in small electronic
devices. It has a nominal voltage of
9 volts and typically consists of six
1.5V cells connected in series inside
the casing. The battery has a snap
connector on top, with one smaller
circular terminal (positive) and one
larger hexagonal terminal
(negative).

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 Float Sensor A Float Sensor, also known as a
Liquid Level Sensor, is a simple
electromechanical device used to
detect the presence or absence of
liquid levels (usually water) in a
container, tank, or reservoir. It
operates by using a floating switch
that moves up or down with the
water level and triggers an open or
closed electrical contact.

Arduino Uno R3 The Arduino Uno R3 is a

microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P, widely used for
electronics prototyping, IoT
systems, and automation projects. It
is beginner-friendly and supports a
wide range of sensors, modules, and
devices through simple digital and
analog inputs/outputs.

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 Block Diagram

The system uses a water level sensor to detect flooding, sending data to a
microcontroller (NodeMCU/ESP32). It then transmits alerts via Wi-Fi or GSM to a
cloud platform or mobile app. At the same time, a local alarm system activates, and
notifications are sent to residents or authorities for immediate response and safety.

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Reference Link:
RRS (foreign)

• Al-Hussaini, E., Ahmed, A., & Al-Dulaimy, M. (2016). Smart Flood Detection System Using
Wireless Sensor Network. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and
Software Engineering, 6(5), 227–230.

• Narmatha, S., & Suresh, S. (2018). Smart Flood Monitoring System using IoT. International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5(3), 1239–1242.

• Gunawan, A., Dwiatmoko, A. A., & Fattah, H. (2020). Cloud-Based Real-Time Flood
Monitoring and Notification System. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research,
9(1), 1211–1215.

• Japan Meteorological Agency. (2020). Advanced Flood Forecasting and Warning System.
Retrieved from [Link]

• Becker, A., & Grünewald, U. (2017). Flood Early Warning Systems: Concepts and
Experiences from Germany. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 65(3), 229–245.
[Link]

• FASUDIR Project. (2016). Flood Resilience for Urban Drainage Systems. European
Commission FP7 Project. Retrieved from [Link]

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2020). NOAA’s Integrated Flood
Warning System. Retrieved from [Link]

• Center for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP). (2021). FloodNet: Urban Flood Sensor
Network in New York City. Retrieved from [Link]

• Bureau of Meteorology – Australian Government. (2021). Smart Flood Warning Systems in

Australia. Retrieved from [Link]

• Shoot hill Ltd. (2020). FloodAlert App – Real-Time Flood Alerts for the UK. Retrieved from
[Link]

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RRS (local)

• DOST-Project NOAH. (2015). Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards. Department

of Science and Technology, Philippines. Retrieved from [Link]

• DOST-ASTI. (2018). Local Warning and Alert System for Disaster (LoWASD). Advanced
Science and Technology Institute. Retrieved from [Link]

• Ateneo Innovation Center. (2017). Flood Information Network System (FINS). Ateneo de
Manila University. Retrieved from [Link]

• Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). (2019). Manila Flood Control

Information System. MMDA Official Website. Retrieved from [Link]

• PAGASA. (2016). Community-Based Flood Early Warning System (CBFEWS). Philippine

Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Retrieved from
[Link]

• Quezon City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office. (2020). Flood Early Warning
System (FEWS) in Quezon City. Retrieved from [Link]

• Provincial Government of Pampanga. (2019). Smart Flood Monitoring and Alert System using
Arduino and GSM. Pampanga Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
(PDRRMO). Retrieved from [Link]

• Bicol Center for Disaster Management. (2018). Barangay Disaster Alert System using IoT and
Radio-SMS Alerts. Local Government Unit Reports. (Available upon request via LGU offices)

• Iloilo City Government. (2020). Project iFLOOD: Integrated Flood Early Warning and GIS
Monitoring System. City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO).
Retrieved from [Link]

• DOST-ASTI. (2021). Automated Rain Gauge and Water Level Monitoring System (ARG-
WLMS). Advanced Science and Technology Institute. Retrieved from
[Link]

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RRL(Foreign)

Shaikh, F. K., Zeadally, S., & Exposito, E. (2019). Enabling technologies for green
Internet of Things. IEEE Systems Journal, 13(3), 3120–3131.
[Link]

Islam, S. R., & Kim, J. M. (2019). IoT-based flood detection and monitoring system for
disaster management. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer
Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), 1–5.
[Link]

Ghaffarianhoseini, A., AlWaer, H., Omrany, H., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Tookey, J., &
Raahemifar, K. (2018). Building disaster-resilient cities: An overview of global practices.
Sustainable Cities and Society, 40, 531–538. [Link]

Shoothill Ltd. (2020). FloodAlert App – Real-Time Flood Alerts for the UK. Retrieved
from [Link]

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). (2015). Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. United Nations. Retrieved from
[Link]

Khemapech, I., Sansrimahachai, W., & Toahchoodee, M. (2015). Flood forecasting and
warning system using WSN and mobile network. 2015 International Conference on
Information and Communication Technology for Embedded Systems (IC-ICTES), 1–5.
IEEE. [Link]
[Link]

Lins, R. D., Pimenta, T. C., da Costa, B. D., & Freitas, E. P. (2018). IoT-based flood
monitoring and alerting system with a low-cost approach. In Proceedings of the IEEE
International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2).
IEEE Xplore. [Link]

Jadhav, P. S., & Rane, A. (2020). IoT based flood monitoring and alerting system using
Raspberry Pi. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),
7(7), 2986–2989. [Link]

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RRL (local)

• Department of Science and Technology (DOST). (2015). Project NOAH (Nationwide

Operational Assessment of Hazards). [Link]

• Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA).

(n.d.). Hydrometeorological monitoring stations and flood advisory systems.
[Link]

• Tacio, H. D. (2017). Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Modern Early Warning Systems in
the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science and Technology.

• Marikina City Government. (n.d.). Marikina River Flood Warning System.

[Link]

• Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP). (2019). TIP students develop IoT-based flood
alert system. TIP News & Events. Retrieved from [Link]

• Mapúa University. (2020). Mapúa students develop flood monitoring system using IoT. Mapúa
Research News. Retrieved from [Link]

• DOST Advanced Science and Technology Institute (DOST-ASTI). (2016). Hydromet Project:
Enhancing flood monitoring and alert system. [Link]

• San Fernando LGU & Partners. (2020). Smart flood monitoring system project launched in
San Fernando, Pampanga. San Fernando LGU News Portal. [Link]

• Central Luzon State University (CLSU). (2021). Development of a Flood Detection and Alert
System for Agricultural Lands Using IoT. CLSU Research and Development Reports.

• Office of Civil Defense (OCD). (2018). Emergency Cell Broadcast System (ECBS). National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). [Link]

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