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Add Random Element to Array

Q: Explain the process and significance of opening and closing files in FORTRAN, using the provided input as a scenario.

In FORTRAN, files are opened using the open statement, which specifies the unit number, file name, and status (e.g., 'new' for creating a new file). Closing files is done using the close statement. The process ensures data is written explicitly to an output file and resources are freed once the file operations are completed. In the provided scenario, a matrix is written to a PDF file using the open command; after data entry and processing, the close command finalizes the file operation to save the contents securely .

Q: Describe how a subroutine is utilized to swap two numbers in FORTRAN, and what this implies about the use of subroutines in modular programming.

A subroutine in FORTRAN is used to perform the specific task of swapping two numbers by passing their references and using a temporary variable to hold one of the values during the swap. This illustrates the use of subroutines in modular programming to encapsulate specific functionality, making the main program simpler and more organized by isolating specific tasks .

Q: What is the purpose of implicit typing in FORTRAN, and how is it beneficial when defining arrays?

Implicit typing in FORTRAN allows the compiler to infer variable types based on naming conventions or other implicit rules. This can simplify the code by reducing the need for explicit type declarations. In the context of defining arrays, this can make the code cleaner and easier to write, although it may lead to potential type-mismatch errors if not used carefully. Explicitly declaring types is often seen as good practice to avoid such errors and ensure code readability and correctness .

Q: What challenges might a programmer face when using continuation lines in FORTRAN, and how is this usually addressed?

A programmer might face challenges with continuation lines in FORTRAN due to the rigid format requirements, which could lead to syntax errors if not correctly followed. Correct indentation and appropriate continuation markers are essential for proper code interpretation. This issue is typically addressed by thoroughly understanding the line length limits and proper use of ampersands (&) or similar continuation indicators, ensuring clean and readable code that adheres to FORTRAN's formatting rules .

Q: Evaluate the implications of using implicit NONE in ensuring code reliability in FORTRAN.

Using implicit NONE enhances code reliability by forcing explicit declaration of all variables, reducing the risk of errors due to misinterpretation of variable types based on naming conventions. This practice is a safeguard against subtle bugs that may arise from unintended type assumptions, promoting transparency and robustness in code development. It ensures intentionality in programming and maintains discipline within a team by enforcing uniform standards .

Q: How does the FORTRAN program perform matrix addition, and what is the resulting matrix from the given inputs?

The FORTRAN program performs matrix addition by reading the elements of two matrices A and B using nested do loops. It then adds corresponding elements of these matrices and stores the results in matrix C. For the provided inputs, matrix A consists of elements entered by the user and matrix B likewise. The program calculates the resulting matrix C by adding each corresponding element, which outputs as a new matrix with summed values. For example, if specific values given were A= [6,3,2;4,6,7;8,6,4] and B= [1,2,3;5,6,4;3,2,3], matrix C would result in [7,5,5;9,12,11;11,8,7].

Q: Describe how a 2-D array can be initialized with user input and printed in FORTRAN.

In FORTRAN, a 2-D array can be initialized with user input using nested do loops. The outer loop iterates over the rows, and the inner loop iterates over the columns. For each element, the program reads the user's input and stores it in the respective position of the array. After filling the array, another set of loops is used to print each element row by row .

Q: What role do formatting specifications play in the output of arrays in FORTRAN, especially when using formats like F and E?

Formatting specifications in FORTRAN are crucial for controlling the presentation of numerical output. The F specifier formats numbers in fixed-point decimal, allowing control over decimal places, while the E specifier handles scientific notation with a defined exponent range. This level of control is vital for ensuring precision and readability in output, such as when printing arrays or variables with specific desired formats, enhancing the interpretability of numerical data .

Q: How does the FORTRAN program determine the pass or fail status of an exam based on a given mark?

The FORTRAN program uses a series of if-else statements to determine the pass or fail status. If the mark is less than or equal to 30, the program outputs 'You have failed the exam'. If the mark is equal to or greater than 60, it outputs 'You have passed the exam with good marks'. For marks between these two values, the program outputs 'You have just passed the exam' .

Q: How does FORTRAN handle conditional execution within functions, particularly for function definitions like s(x)?

FORTRAN handles conditional execution within functions using if-else structures. For the function s(x), the program checks for the condition of x being greater than 3, less than -3, or within the range of -3 to 3. Depending on these conditions, it assigns specific values to s(x): 3 for x>3, -3 for x<-3, and x itself for -3 ≤ x ≤ 3. This conditional logic is embedded directly within the function to determine output based on varying inputs .

The document provides a series of Fortran programs demonstrating various programming concepts including addition of numbers, creation of 1-D and 2-D arrays, matrix operations, decision-making statements, function definitions, file handling, and factorial calculations. Each program includes input and output examples to illustrate its functionality. The document serves as a practical guide for learning Fortran programming.

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Add Random Element to Array

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bikramorigaon

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1.

Write a program to add two numbers

Input :

program addition
implicit none
integer:: a, b, s
print*, "Enter the first number: "
read*,a
print*, "Enter the second number: "
read*,b
s =a+ b
print*, "The sum of the two number is ", s
end program

Output:

Enter the first number

56
Enter the second number:
78
The sum of the two number is 134

2. Creation of 1-D array

Input:

program new
implicit none
integer, dimension (10) newarray
integer:: i
do i =1,10
newarray(i)=i
end do
print*, "The array is ", newarray
end program

Output:
2 3 4 5
The array is 1
6 7 8 9 10

3. Creation of 2-D array

Input:
program new
implicit none
: ; matrix
inte ger, d1'mension(2,2)
.
integer :: i,J
do i=1,2
do j=l, 2 . . .
matrix(i,J)=1*J
end do
end do
print*, "The matrix is
do i=l,2
print*,matrix(i,:)
end do
end program

Output:

The matrix is
1 2
2 4

4. Creation of 2-D array of Random Number

Input :

program matrix
implicit none
integer,dimension (3,3) :: a
integer :: i, j
print*, "Enter the elements of matrix A
do i = 1,3
do j = 1,3
read*, a(i,j)
end do
end do
print*, "The matrix A is
do i =1,3
print*, a (i,:)
end do
end program matrix
Output :

Enter the elements of matrix A

5
3
1
6
8
2
6
3
2
The matrix A is
s 3
6 1
8 2
6
3 2

S. Addition of two matrixes

Input:
program matrix
implicit none
integer,dimension (3 3 ) : : a, b, c
.
integer:: i, j ,
print*, "Enter the elements of matrix A
do i = 1,3
do j = 1,3
read*, a(i,j)
end do
end do
print*, "The matrix A is
do i =1,3
print*, a (i,:)
end do
print*, "Enter the elements of matrix B
do i = 1,3
do j = 1,3
read*, b(i,j)
end do
end do
print*, "The matrix Bis
do i = 1,3
print*,b(i,: )
end do
print*, "The Sum of the two matrix is
do i = 1,3
do j = 1,3
c(i,:) = a(i,:)+b(i,:)
end do
end do
print*, "The matrix C is
do i = 1,3
. *,c (.1,: )
print
end do
end program matrix

Output:

Enter the elements of matrix A

6
3
2
4
6
7
8
6
4
The matrix A is
6 3 2
4 6 7
8 6 4
Enter the elements of matrix B
1
2
3
5
6
4
3
2
3
The matrix Bis
1 2 3
5 6 4
3 2 3
The Sum of the two matrix is
The matrix C is:
7 5 5
9 12 11
11 8 7

6. Decission making statement in Fortran

Input :
program logic
impli cit none
intege r :: i
print* , "Enter the mark" ; read* ,i
if (1 .le, 30) then
print• , "You have failed the exam"
else if (i .ge, 60) then
print* , "You have passed the exam with good marks"
else
print* , "You have just passed the exam"
end if
end program logic
Output:

Enter the mark

S7
You have just passed the exam

7 , Write a FORTRAN to define the function s(x) such that

s(x) = 3 X>3
s(x) = x 3>= x >= -3
s(x) = - 3 X< -3

Input:

program function
.implicit none
integer : : x
print*, "Enter the value of x: "; read*, x
if (x .gt. 3) then
print*, "The value of S{x) 3"
else if (x .lt. -3) then
print*, "The value of S{x) -3"
else
print*, "S(x) = ", x
end if
end program function
output:
Enter the value of x
1
S(x) = 1.00000000

8. Write a FORTRAN to define the function s(x) such that

s(x) = 3 x>3
s(x) = x 3>= x >= -3
s(x) = - 3 x< -3
and Evaluate ((S(a) + S(b))/S(a+b)]

Input:

9. Factorial of a number

Input:
The roots are imaginary

11 . swaping of two numbers

Input :
program swap2
implicit none
real :: x, y, temp
print*, "enter the value of x
read*, x
print*, "enter the value of y
read*, y
print*, "before swaping: "
print*, "Value of x ", x
print*, "Value of y ", Y
call swap (x,y,temp) -temp = Ct
contains
subroutine swap(x,y,c) a. ~ b
implicit none
real :: x, y, c '6~ 1~
C = X
X = y
y = C
print*, "after swaping
print*, " Value of x , x
print*, "Value of y: ", y
end subroutine
end program swap2

Output:
enter the value of x
6
,. enter the value of y
8
before swaping
Value of x: 6.00000000
Value of y: 8.00000000
after swaping
Value of x 8.00000000
Value of y: 6.00000000

12. Opening and closing of a file

Input:

program addition
implicit none
integer, dimension (3,3) :: a, b, c
integer:: i, j
print*, "Enter the value of elemnts of the matrix - A
do i = 1, 3
do j = 1, 3
read*, a(i,j)
end do
end do
print*, "Enter the value of elemnts of the matrix - B
do i = 1, 3
do j = 1, 3
read*, b(i,j)
end do
end do
do i = 1,3
do j =1, 3
c(i,j) = a(i,j) + b(f,j) t111 1 1
end do
end do ,
l )
open(1,file='[Link]',status='new')
p
open (2, file= 'file. png', status=' new 1·, / l ,

open(3,file='[Link]',status='new)
write(1,*)'matrix a is'
do i= 1,3
write(l,*)(a(i,j), j =1,3)
end do
write(l,*)'matrix bis'
do i= 1,3
write(1,*)(b(i,j), j =1,3)
end do
write(1,*)'matrix c is'
do i= 1,3
write(l,*)(c(i,j), j =1,3)
end do
close(l)
end program addition
Output:

The file in pdf is

matrix a is
5 7 2
4 1 8
2 7 3
matrix bis
7 1 3
9 4 2
5 7 3
matrix c is
12 8 5
.,
13 s
14
10
6

13. Write a function to find the factorial. Hence evaluate p**2*(1 -q)/nl
Input:

program factorial
implicit none
real (kind= 16):: n, i, f, p, q, x, y
real : : z
print*, "Enter then number
read*, n
f = 1
do i = 1, n
f = f*i
end do
print*, "Factorial of", n, "is : ", f
print*, "Enter the value of p : \"
read*,p c 11 r
print*, "Enter the value of q: '\'
read*,q
X = p**2
y1-q=
z (x*y)/f
=
print*, "The value of the equation is•.z : : ", z ·
end program factorial
Output:

Enter then number:

s
Factorial of s.00000000000000000000000000000000000 is
120.000000000000000000000000000000000
Enter the value of p
4
Enter the value of q
6
The value of the equation is z ·: -0.666666687

14. Evaluate the above equation having Summation

Input:

program summation
implicit none
real (kind= 16)::s, a
r i nt eger :: p , q, n , i, f
---
print*, "Enter the value of P
read*,P "
print*, "Enter the value of q is: ..
read*,q upper limit for n of the denominator of the equation
print•, "Enter the
read•, n
do i = 0, n
f =1
if (i > 0) then
f = f*i
end if
a= (p**2 * (1 - q)) / f
s = 0.0
s = s + a
end do "
print*, "The result of the equation is: , s
end program summation

Output:
Enter the value of p
4
Enter the value of q
8
Enter the upper limit for n of the denominator , of the equation is :
6
The result of the equation is: -18.0000000000000000000000000000000000

15. Format Specification (1-D array formation)

Input:
program array
implicit none
real :: a, b, c, d, e
read*,a, b, c, d, e
print*, "The array is II

print 7,a, b, c, d, e
7 Format (F 5.2)
end program array

Output

1.234
34.123
67.233
23.67
12.34
The array is
-- .... -_,.. l/1'[Link]
. d d'.peaJ
II •
:JO an;e" a4~ .ia~u3,, '.[Link]
:J. f 'u 'b 'd :: Jaaaiu1

1.23
34.12
67.23
23.67
12.34

16. Format specification in exponential form

Input:
program array
implicit none
real :: a
read*,a
print*, "The array is
print 7,a
7 Format (E 9.3)
end program array

Output:

0.23E-10
The array is
0.230E-10
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