Chemical Reaction: The transformation of chemical substance into another

chemical substance is known as Chemical Reaction. For example: Rusting of

iron, the setting of milk into curd, digestion of food, respiration, etc.
In a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed which is completely different
in properties from the original substance, so in a chemical reaction, a chemical
change takes place.
Only a rearrangement of atoms takes place in a chemical reaction.
 The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called
reactants.
 The new substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction are
called products.

Example: The burning of magnesium in the air to form magnesium oxide is an

2Mg(s) + O2(g) △→ 2MgO(s)

example of a chemical reaction.

Before burning in air, the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by rubbing with

sandpaper.
This is done to remove the protective layer of basic magnesium carbonate from
the surface of the magnesium ribbon.

Reactant: Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called

reactants. Example: Mg and O2.
Product: New substance formed after a chemical reaction is called a product.
Example: MgO.

Characteristics of Chemical Reactions :

(i) Evolution of gas: The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric
acid is characterised by the evolution of hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑

(ii) Change in Colour: The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple
coloured potassium permanganate solution is characterised by a change in
colour from purple to colourless.
The chemical reaction between sulphur dioxide gas and acidified potassium
dichromate solution is characterized by a change in colour from orange to
green.

(iii) Change in state of substance: The combustion reaction of candle wax is

characterised by a change in state from solid to liquid and gas (because the wax
is a solid, water formed by the combustion of wax is a liquid at room
temperature whereas, carbon dioxide produced by the combustion of wax is a
gas). There are some chemical reactions which can show more than one
characteristics.
(iv) Change in temperature: The chemical reaction between quick lime water
to form slaked lime is characterized by a change in temperature (which is a rise
in temperature).
The chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute sulphuric acid is also
characterised by a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).

(v) Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid

and barium chloride solution is characterised by the formation of a white
precipitate of barium sulphate.
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (ppt) + 2HCl(aq

Chemical Equation: Representation of chemical reaction using symbols and

formulae of the substances is called Chemical Equation.
Example: A + B → C + D
In this equation, A and B are called reactants and C and D are called the
products. The arrow shows the direction of the chemical reaction. Condition, if
any, is written generally above the arrow.
When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it gives water. This reaction can be
represented by the following chemical equation:
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water
H2 + O2 → H2O
In the first equation, words are used and in second, symbols of substances are
used to write the chemical equation. For convenience, the symbol of substance
is used to represent chemical equations.
A chemical equation is a way to represent the chemical reaction in a concise and
informative way.
A chemical equation can be divided into two types: Balanced Chemical
Equation and Unbalanced Chemical Equation.

(a) Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical equation has the

number of atoms of each element equal on both sides.
Example: Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
In this equation, numbers of zinc, hydrogen and sulphate are equal on both
sides, so it is a Balanced Chemical Equation.
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction. To obey this law, the total mass of elements
present in reactants must be equal to the total mass of elements present in
products.

(b) Unbalanced Chemical Equation: If the number of atoms of each element

in reactants is not equal to the number of atoms of each element present in the
product, then the chemical equation is called Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
Example: Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
 In this example, a number of atoms of elements are not equal on two sides of
the reaction. For example; on the left-hand side only one iron atom is present,
while three iron atoms are present on the right-hand side. Therefore, it is an
unbalanced chemical equation.
Balancing a Chemical Equation: To balance the given or any chemical equation,
follow these steps:
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Write the number of atoms of elements present in reactants and in products in a
table as shown here.

No. of atoms in the No. of atoms in the

Name of atom
reactant product

Iron 1 3

Hydrogen 2 2

Oxygen 1 4

Balance the atom which is maximum in number on either side of a

chemical equation.
In this equation, the number of oxygen atom is the maximum on the RHS.

To balance the oxygen, one needs to multiply the oxygen on the LHS by 4,
so that, the number of oxygen atoms becomes equal on both sides.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + H2

Now, the
number of hydrogen atoms becomes 8 on the LHS, which is more than that
on the RHS. To balance it, one needs to multiply the hydrogen on the RHS
by 4.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
After that, the number of oxygen and hydrogen atoms becomes equal on
both sides. The numbe
r of iron is one on the LHS, while it is three on the RHS. To balance it,
multiply the iron on the LHS by 3.
3 × Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
Now the number of atoms of each element becomes equal on both sides.
Thus, this equation becomes a balanced equation.
 No. of atoms in the No. of atoms in the
Name of atom
reactant product

Iron 3 3

Hydrogen 8 8 After
balancing, the
above
Oxygen 4 4 equation can
be written as
follows:
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2.
To Make Equations More Informative:
Writing the symbols of physical states of substances in a chemical
equation:
By writing the physical states of substances, a chemical equation becomes
more informative.
Gaseous state is represented by symbol (g).
 Liquid state is represented by symbol (l).
 Solid state is written by symbol (s).
 Aqueous solution is written by symbol (aq).
 Writing the condition in which reaction takes place: The condition is
generally written above and/or below the arrow of a chemical
equation.
Thus, by writing the symbols of the physical state of substances and
condition under which reaction takes place, a chemical equation can be
made more informative.

Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination Reaction, Decomposition

Reaction, Displacement Reaction, Double Displacement Reaction,
Neutralization Reactions, Exothermic – Endothermic Reactions and
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Chemical reactions can be classified in following types:
(i) Combination Reaction: Reactions in which two or more reactants
combine to form one product are called Combination Reactions.
A general combination reaction can be represented by the chemical
equation given here:
A + B → AB
Examples:

When magnesium is burnt in the air (oxygen), magnesium oxide is formed.

In this reaction, magnesium is combined with oxygen.
Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
When carbon is burnt in oxygen (air), carbon dioxide is formed. In this
reaction, carbon is combined with oxygen.
C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide

(ii) Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which one compound

decomposes in two or more compounds or elements are known as
Decomposition Reaction. A decomposition reaction is just the opposite of
combination reaction.
A general decomposition reaction can be represented as follows :
AB → A + B
Examples:
When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) heat−→− CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide

2Fe(OH)3(s) △→ Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)

When ferric hydroxide is heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide and water

Thermal Decomposition: The decomposition of a substance on heating is

known as Thermal Decomposition.
Example: 2Pb(NO3)2(s) heat−→− 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Electrolytic Decomposition: Reactions in which compounds decompose

into simpler compounds because of passing of electricity, are known as
Electrolytic Decomposition. This is also known as Electrolysis.
Example: When electricity is passed in water, it decomposes into hydrogen
and oxygen.
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)

Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which a

compound decomposes because of sunlight are known as Photolysis or
Photo Decomposition Reaction.
Example: When silver chloride is put in sunlight, it decomposes into silver
metal and chlorine gas.
2AgCl(s) (white) Sunlight−→−−−−− 2Ag(s) (grey) + Cl2(g)
Photographic paper has a coat of silver chloride, which turns into grey
when exposed to sunlight. It happens because silver chloride is colourless
while silver is a grey metal.

(iii) Displacement Reaction: The chemical reactions in which a more

reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a compound is
known as Displacement Reactions. Displacement reactions are also known
as Substitution Reaction or Single Displacement/ replacement reactions.
A general displacement reaction can be represented by using a chemical
equation as follows :
A + BC → AC + B

Displacement reaction takes place only when ‘A’ is more reactive than B.
If ‘B’ is more reactive than ‘A’, then ‘A’ will not displace ‘C’ from ‘BC’
and reaction will not be taking place.
Examples:
When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it gives hydrogen gas and zinc
chloride.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
When zinc reacts with copper sulphate, it forms zinc sulphate and copper
metal.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

(iv) Double Displacement Reaction: Reactions in which ions are

exchanged between two reactants forming new compounds are called
Double Displacement Reactions.
AB + CD → AC + BD
Examples:
When the solution of barium chloride reacts with the solution of sodium
sulphate, white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed along with sodium
chloride.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (Precipitate) + 2NaCl(aq)
When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium
chloride and water are formed.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Note: Double Displacement Reaction, in which precipitate is formed, is
also known as precipitation reaction. Neutralisation reactions are also
examples of double displacement reaction.

Precipitation Reaction: The reaction in which precipitate is formed by

the mixing of the aqueous solution of two salts is called Precipitation
Reaction.
Example:

Neutralization Reaction: The reaction in which an acid reacts with a base

to form salt and water by an exchange of ions is called Neutralization
Reaction.
Example:

(v) Oxidation and Reduction Reactions:

Oxidation: Addition of oxygen or non-metallic element or removal of
hydrogen or metallic element from a compound is known as Oxidation.
Elements or compounds in which oxygen or non-metallic element is added
or hydrogen or metallic element is removed are called to be Oxidized.
Reduction: Addition of hydrogen or metallic element or removal of
oxygen or non-metallic element from a compound is called Reduction.
The compound or element which goes under reduction in called to be
Reduced.
Oxidation and Reduction take place together.
Oxidizing agent:
 The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an
Oxidizing agent.
 The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an Oxidizing
agent.
Reducing agent:
 The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called a
Reducing agent.
 The substance which removes oxygen is also called a Reducing
agent.
The reaction in which oxidation and reduction both take place
simultaneously is called Redox reaction.
When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and
hydrogen are formed.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(i) In this reaction, CuO is changing into Cu. Oxygen is being removed
from copper oxide. Removal of oxygen from a substance is called
Reduction, so copper oxide is being reduced to copper.
(ii) In this reaction, H2 is changing to H2O. Oxygen is being added to
hydrogen. Addition of oxygen to a substance is called Oxidation, so
hydrogen is being oxidised to water.
 The substance which gets oxidised is the reducing agent.
 The substance which gets reduced is the oxidizing agent.

(vi) Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions:

Exothermic Reaction: Reaction which produces energy is called
Exothermic Reaction. Most of the decomposition reactions are exothermic.
Example:
Respiration is a decomposition reaction in which energy is released.
When quick lime (CaO) is added to water, it releases energy.

Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is

absorbed is called Endothermic Reaction.
Example: Decomposition of calcium carbonate.

Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday life: Corrosion and

Rancidity.
Corrosion: The process of slow conversion of metals into their
undesirable compounds due to their reaction with oxygen, water, acids,
gases etc. present in the atmosphere is called Corrosion.
Example: Rusting of iron.

Rusting: Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance
which is called Rust.

The rusting of iron is a redox reaction.

Corrosion (rusting) weakens the iron and steel objects and structures such
as railings, car bodies, bridges and ships etc. and cuts short their life.
Methods to Prevent Rusting
 By painting.
 By greasing and oiling.
 By galvanisation.

Corrosion of Copper: Copper objects lose their lustre and shine after
some time because the surface of these objects acquires a green coating of
basic copper carbonate, [Link](OH)2 when exposed to air.
Corrosion of Silver Metal: The surface of silver metal gets tarnished
(becomes dull) on exposure to air, due to the formation of a coating of
black silver sulphide(Ag2S) on its surface by the action of H2S gas present
in the air.

Rancidity: The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil
changes when they are left exposed to air for a long time. This is called
Rancidity. It is caused due to the oxidation of fat and oil present in food
materials.
Methods to prevent rancidity:
 By adding anti-oxidant.
 Vacuum packing.
 Replacing air by nitrogen.
 Refrigeration of foodstuff.

1. Chemical Reaction: During chemical reactions, the chemical

composition of substances changes or new substances are formed.

2. Chemical Equation: Chemical reactions can be written in chemical

equation form which should always be balanced.

3. Types of Chemical Reactions:

Combination reaction: A single product is formed from two or more

reactants.
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Decomposition reaction: A single reactant breaks down to yield two or

more products.
 Thermal decomposition: 2Pb(NO2)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
 Electrolysis: 2H20 → 2H2 + O2
 Photochemical reaction: 2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2
 Displacement reaction: One element is displaced by another
element.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

Double displacement reaction: Exchange of ions between reactants.

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
Redox reaction: Both oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O

Exothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is

evolved.
C + O2 → CO2 (g) + heat

Endothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is

absorbed.
ZnCO3 + Heat → ZnO + CO2

Redox reaction: Chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction

take place simultaneously.

4. Oxidation: Reaction that involves the gain of oxygen or loss of

hydrogen.

5. Reduction: Reaction that shows the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.

ZnO + C → Zn + CO
ZnO is reduced to Zn—reduction. C is oxidized to CO—Oxidation.

6. Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Our Daily Life:

 Corrosion: It is an undesirable change that occurs in metals when
they are attacked by moisture, air, acids and bases.
Example, Corrosion (rusting) of Iron: Fe2O3. nH2O (Hydrated iron
oxide)
 Rancidity: Undesirable change that takes place in oil containing
food items due to the oxidation of fatty acids.
Preventive methods of rancidity: Adding antioxidants to the food
materials, storing food in the airtight container, flushing out air with
nitrogen gas and refrigeration.
Question 1
Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular
organisms like humans ?
In multicellular organisms like humans, all the body cells are not in direct contact with the
surrounding environment. Therefore, every cell of the body will not get oxygen as per need
by the process of diffusion from the environment. Therefore diffusion is insufficient to meet
the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms.

What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive ?

The main criteria used to decide whether something is alive are breathing and respiration.
However, living beings also show growth and movement.

What are outside raw materials used by an organism ?

Any organism uses organic molecules as raw material. Heteroptrophs use food and
autotrophs use carbon dioxide, minerals, water and all organisms use oxygen (for respiration)
as raw materials.

What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life ?

Processes essential for maintaining life are :
(i) Nutrition (ii) Respiration (iii) Transportation (iv) Excretion

What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition ?
Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
(i) In this mode of nutrition an organism (i) In this mode of nutrition an organism
makes or synthesizes its own food. cannot make or synthesize its own food
Organisms use simple inorganic materials
(ii) Organisms cannot make their own food
like cabon dioxide and water and
from simple inorganic matter and depend on
synthesise their food in presence of
other organisms for their food.
sunlight.
(iii) All green plants and some algae (iii) All the animals, most bacteria and fungi
undergo this mode of nutrition. undergo this mode of nutrition.

Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis ?
(i) Carbon dioxide : Plants get carbon dioxide from the environment/atmosphere through
stomata.
(ii) Water : Plants absorb water from the soil through roots and transport to leaves.
(iii) Sunlight : Plants get sunlight from the sun.
(iv) Chlorophyll : It is present in chloroplast found in green leaves and green parts of plants.

What is the role of the acid in our stomach ?

Role of acid in our stomach is :
(i) To make acidic medium which is necessary for the activation of the enzyme pepsin.
(ii) To kill bacteria which the food may contain.

What is the function of digestive enzymes ?

The food we eat is complex in nature, i.e., it contains complex molecules. Digestive enzymes
break down these complex molecules into smaller simpler molecules so that they can be
absorbed by the walls of the intestine.

How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food ?

The small intestine is designed to provide maximum area for absorption of digested food and
its transfer into the blood for its circulation into the body. For this the inner lining of the
small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi. The villi are richly supplied
with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body.

What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard
to obtaining oxygen for respiration ?
Aquatic organisms use oxygen dissolved in surrounding water. Since air dissolved in water
has fairly low concentration of oxygen, the aquatic organisms have much faster rate of
breathing.
Terrestrial organisms take oxygen from the oxygen-rich atmosphere through respiratory
organs. Hence, they have much less breathing rate than aquatic organisms.

What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various
organisms ?
First step of breakdown of glucose (6 carbon molecules) takes place in the cytoplasm of cells
of all organisms. This process yields a three carbon molecule compound called pyruvate.
Further break down of pyruvate takes place in different ways in different organisms.
(i) Anaerobic respiration : The anaerobic respiration in plants (like yeast) produces
ethanol and carbon dioxide as end products.
(ii) Aerobic respiration : In aerobic respiration break down of pyruvate takes place
in presence of oxygen to give rise three molecules of carbon dioxide and water.
The release of energy in aerobic respiration is much more than in anaerobic
respiration.
(iii) Lack of oxygen : Sometimes, when there is lack of oxygen especially during
physical exercise, in our muscles, pyruvate is converted into lactic acid (3 carbon
molecule compound). Formation of lactic acid in muscles causes cramp.

How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings ?

(i) Transport of oxygen : Haemoglobin present in the blood takes up the oxygen from the air
in the lungs. It carries the oxygen to tissues which are deficient in oxygen before releasing it.
(ii) Transport of carbon dioxide : Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water. Therefore, it is
mostly transported from body tissues in the dissolved form in our blood plasma to lungs.
Here it diffuses from blood to air in the lungs.

How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases ?
Within the lungs, the air passage divides into smaller and smaller tubes, called bronchi which
in turn form bronchioles. The bronchioles terminate in balloon-like structures, called alveoli.
The alveoli present in the lungs provide maximum surface for exchange of gases. The alveoli
have very thin walls and contain an extensive network of blood vessels to facilitate exchange
of gases

What are the components of the transport system in human beings ? What are the
functions of these components ?
The transport system (circulatory system) in human beings mainly consists of heart, blood
and blood vessels.
(i) Function of heart : The heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body parts and pumps
it to lungs for enriching with oxygen. It receives purified blood from lungs and pumps it
around the body.
(ii) Function of blood : Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, hormones
and nitrogeneous waste like urea. It also protects the body from diseases and regulates the
body temperature.
(iii) Function of blood vessels : The blood pushed by the heart flows through the blood
vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and also comes back to the heart through them.

Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and

birds ?
Separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood allows good supply of oxygen to the body.
This system is useful in animals that have high energy requirement. Mammals and birds
constantly need oxygen to get energy to maintain their body temperature constant.

What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?
In highly organised plants there are two conducting tissues xylem and phloem.
Xylem consists of vessels, tracheids and other xylem tissues. The interconnected vessels and
tracheids form a continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all parts of the
plant. Xylem carries water and minerals.
Phloem conducts soluble products of photosynthesis from leaves to different parts of the
plant body.

How are water and minerals transport in plants ? [AICBSE 2015]

The roots of a plant have hair called root hair.
The root hair are directly in contact with the film of water in between the soil particles. Water
and dissolved minerals get into the root hair by the process of diffusion. The water and
minerals absorbed by the root hair from the soil pass from cell to cell by osmosis through the
epidermis, root cortex, endodermis and reach the root xylem.
The xylem vessels of the root of the plant are connected to the xylem vessels of its stem.
Therefore the water containing dissolved minerals enters the root xylem vessels into stem
xylem vessels. The xylem vessels of the stem branch into the leaves of the plants. So, the
water and minerals carried by the xylem vessels in the stem reach the leaves through the
branched xylem vessels which enter from the petiole (stalk of the leaf) into each and every
part of the leaf. Thus the water and minerals from the soil reach through the root and stem to
the leaves of the plants. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a
suction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots. The loss of water in the form of
vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.

How is food transported in plants ?

The movement of food in phloem (or translocation) takes place by utilizing energy. The sugar
(food) made in leaves is loaded into the sieve tubes of phloem tissue by using energy from
ATR Water now enters the sieve tubes containing sugar by the process of osmosis due to
which the pressure in the phloem tissue rises. This high pressure produced in the phloem
tissue moves the food to all parts of the plant having less pressure in their tissues. This allows
the phloem to transport food according to the needs of the plant.

Describe the structure and functions of nephrons.

Structure of nephron : Each nephron is composed of two parts. First one is a cup-shaped bag
at its upper end which is called Bowman’s capsule.
The Bowman’s capsule contains a bundle of blood capillaries which is called glomerulus.
One end of the glomerulus is attached to the renal artery which brings the impure blood
containing the urea waste into it. These impurities are filtered. The other part of the nephron
is coiled. In this part, the substances like sugar (glucose), amino acid, ions and excess water
which are required by the body, are reabsorbed. The substance remained in the nephron is
mainly urine containing dissolved urea in water which is expelled from the body through
urethra from time to time.
Functions of nephron : Filtration of blood takes place in Bowman’s capsule from the
capillaries of glomerulus. The filtrate passes into the tubular part of the nephron. This filtrate
contains glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, salts and water.
Reabsorption : As the filtrate flows along the tubule, useful substances such as glucose,
amino acids, salts and water are selectively reabsorbed into the blood by capillaries
surrounding the nephron tubule.
Urine : The filtrate which remained after reabsorption is called urine. Urine contains
dissolved nitrogenous waste like urea and uric acid, excess salts and water. Urine is collected
from nephrons to carry it to the ureter from where it passes into urinary bladder.

What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products ?
(i) The plants get rid of gaseous products-through stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems.
(ii) The plants get rid of stored solid and liquid waste by the shedding off leaves, peeling off
bark and felling off fruits.
(iii) The plants get rid of wastes by secreting them in the form of gums and resins.
(iv) Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

How is the amount of urine produced regulated ?

The amount of urine is regulated by kidney. It depends on the quantity of excess water and
wastes dissolved in water.
(i) Quantity of water : When water is abundant in the body tissues, large quantities of dilute
urine is excreted out. When water is less in quantity in the body tissues, a small quantity of
concentrate urine is excreted.
(ii) Quantity of dissolved wastes : Dissolved wastes, especially nitrogenous wastes, like urea
and uric acid and salts are excreted from the body. When there is more quantity of dissolved
wastes in the body, more quantity of water is required to excrete them. Therefore, the amount
of urine produced increases.
(iii) Hormones : The amount of urine produced is also regulated by certain hormones which
control the movement of water and Na+ ions in and out of the nephrons.

Question 1
The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for
(i) nutrition (ii) respiration (iii) excretion (iv) transportation

The xylem in plants are responsible for

(i) transport of water (ii) transport of food (iii) transport of amino acids
(iv) transport of oxygen

The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires

(i) carbon dioxide and water (ii) chlorophyll (iii) sunlight
(iv) all of the above Answer:(iv) All of the above

The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(i) cytoplasm (ii) mitochondria (iii) chloroplast (iv) nucleus

How are fats digested in our bodies ? Where does this process take place ?
Digestion of fats takes place in the small intestine.
Bile juice secreted by the liver poured in the intestine along with pancreatic juice. The bile
 salts present in the bile juice emulsify the large globules of fats. Therefore, by
emulsification large globules break down into fine globules to provide larger surface area to
act upon by the enzymes.
Lipase enzyme present in the pancreatic juice causes break down of emulsified fats. Glands
present in the wall of small intestine secrete intestinal juice which contains lipase enzyme that
converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Question 6
What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food ?
Answer:
Saliva contains salivary amylase enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars like maltose.

Saliva keeps the mouth cavity clean and moistens the food that help in chewing and breaking

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

1. It takes place in the presence of oxygen. 1. It takes place in the absence of oxygen.
2. Complete breakdown of food occurs in aerobic
2. Partial breakdown of food occurs in anaerobic respiration.
respiration.
3. The end products in anaerobic respiration may be ethanol
3. The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon
and carbon dioxide (as in yeast plants) or lactic acid (as in
dioxide and water.
animal muscles).
4. Aerobic respiration produces a considerable
4. Much less energy is produced in anaerobic respiration.
amount of energy.
down the big pieces of food into smaller ones.
Question 7

Question 8
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration ? Name some organisms
that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
Answer:
Some organisms which use anaerobic respiration are yeast, bacteria etc.
Question 9
How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange of gases ?
Answer:
(i) The alveoli are thin walled and richly supplied with a network of blood vessels to facilitate
exchange of gases between blood and the air filled in alveoli.
(ii) Alveoli have balloon-like structure. Hence, provide maximum surface for exchange of
gases.
Question 10
What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
Answer:
Due to the deficiency of haemoglobin in blood, its oxygen carrying capacity decreases. As a
result the production of energy by oxidation will become slower. Therefore, one would fall
sick and would feel fatigue most of the time.
Question 11
Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary ?
Answer:
In our heart blood enters twice and also pumped out twice from the heart. The deoxygenated
blood from the body is brought to the right atrium through vena cava from where it is sent to
right ventricle. From right ventricle, the blood is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation
through pulmonary artery. The oxygenated blood from lungs again enters the left atrium of
the heart through pulmonary veins. From left atrium it is send to left ventricle, from where
this oxygenated blood is pumped to different parts of body through the arteries. In this way
the blood flows through the heart twice, that’s why it is called ‘double circulation’.
Necessity of double circulation: The right side and the left side of the human heart are
useful to keep deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from mixing. This type of separation of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ensures a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
This is useful in case of humans who constantly need energy to maintain their body
temperature.
Question 12
What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem ?
Answer:
Xylem Phloem
1. Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals from 1. Phloem conducts prepared food material from lea
roots to leaves and other parts. other parts of plant in dissolved form.
2. In phloem, transport of material takes place throu
2. In xylem, the transport of material takes place through
sieve tubes with the help of companion cells, which
vessels and tracheids which are dead tissues.
living cells.
3. In xylem upward movement of water and dissolved 3. In translocation, material is transferred into phloe
minerals is mainly achieved by transpiration pull. It is tissue using energy from ATP. This increases the o
caused due to suction created by evaporation of water pressure that moves the material in the phloem to ti
molecules from the cells of a leaf. which have less pressure
Question 13
Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to
their structure and functioning.
Answer:
Alveoli Nephron
1. Alveoli are functional unit of lungs. 1. Nephrons are functional unit of kidney.
2. A mature lung has about 30 crore alveoli. 2. A kidney has about 10 lakh nephrons.
3. Alveoli provide a wide surface for gaseous exchange. 3. The surface area of a nephron is not much more.
4. The exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place through the 4. The Bowman’s capsule in nephron regulates the
network of capillaries in alveoli. concentration of water and salts.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]

Question 1.
Yeast respires anaerobically using sugar as a substrate. Out of the options given below,
choose the correct combination of condition and product?
Condition Product
(a) Aerobic Alcohol
 (b) Aerobic Lactic acid
(c) Anaerobic Alcohol
(d) Anaerobic Lactic acid
Answer:
(c) Under an aerobic condition, yeast respires and converts glucose to alcohol and CO2.
Question 2.
The table shows the percentage composition of four samples of air. Which sample could have
been breathed out by a person after vigorous exercise?
Samples Oxygen Carbondioxide Water Vapour
(a) 16 0.3 Saturated
(b) 16 4 Saturated
(c) 21 0.03 Trace
(d) 21 3 Trace
Answer:
(b) This is because rapid aerobic respiration occurs – during vigorous exercise in order to
obtain more energy.
Question 3.
Cramps caused during sudden activities are due to the formation of
(a) lactic acid
(b) acetic acid
(c) excess of water
(d) ethanol
Answer:
(a) Lactic acid is formed by the breakdown of pyruvate when oxygen is insufficient in
muscles instead of forming C02 and water. Accumulation of excess lactic acid in the muscles
causes cramps.
Question 4.
Which of the following plays nose like function in plants?
(a) Flower (b) Phloem (c) Stomata (d) Chlorophyll
Answer:
(c) Stomata are pores which help in the passage of air in the plants.
Question 5.
Which changes occur when a person breathe in deeply?
Diaphragm Muscle External Intercostal Muscles
(a) Contracts Contract
(b) Contracts No change
(c) Relaxes Contract
(d) Relaxes Relax
Answer:
(a) When a person breathes deeply the external intercostal muscles contract causing the rib
cage to swing up and out. Also, the diaphragm contracts and flattens causing the thoracic
cavity to increase in volume and decrease in pressure.
Question 6.

The diagram given above shows part of the lining of the human trachea. What is the function
of X?
(a) Gaseous exchange
(b) Mucus removal
(c) Phagocytosis
(d) Secretion of mucus
Answer:
(b) The cilia (X) of the cells lining the air passages move in a sweeping motion to keep the air
passages clean. The constant action of these cilia carry mucus and debris upward into the
pharynx where they are swallowed.
Question 7.
The table given below shows the percentage composition of a gas in inspired and in expired
air.
%Composition
Inspired Air Expired Air
21.0 16.0
What is the gas?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Oxygen
(d) Water vapour
Answer:
(c) The gas is oxygen as atmospheric air has approximately 21% of oxygen
Question 1.
Most of the digestion and absorption of the food takes place in the
(Answer: (a) small intestine

Question 2.
Mention the raw materials required for photosynthesis. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
Raw materials required for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2), water, light and
chloroplast.

Question 3.
State the location and function of gastric glands. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Gastrifc glands are present in the wall of the stomach. They secrete gastric juices
containing mucus, protein digesting enzymes pepsin, rennin and hydrochloric acid
(HCl).

Question 4.
Name the glands present in the wall of the stomach that release secretions for
digestion of food. Write the three components of secretion that are released by these
glands. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Stomach’s muscular wall contains gastric glands. These glands secrete gastric
juices which contain dilute hydrochloric acid, mucus and two protein digesting
enzymes rennin and pepsin.

Question 5.
Complete the following flow chart as per the given instructions.

Answer:

a – Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

b – Protein digesting enzyme pepsin
c – Mucus
d – HCl makes medium acidic for the activation of an enzyme pepsin.
e – Pepsin acts in acidic medium which breaks down proteins into peptones.
f – Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from corroding action of HCl.

Question 6.
(a) State the role played by the following in the process of digestion :
(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase-
(b) List two functions of finger-like projections present in the small intestine. (2020)
Answer:
(a) (i) Enzyme trypsin : This enzyme is produced by the pancreas in an inactive form
called trypsinogen. Trypsin converts remaining proteins into peptones and the
peptones into peptides and amino acids.
(ii) Enzyme lipase : It is secreted by pancreas and small intestine. Lipase converts
fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

(b) Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like
projections called villi. Two functions of villi are :
(i) The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner lining of small
intestine.
(ii) The large surface area of small intestine helps in rapid absorption of digested
food.

Question 7.
Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Writd the balanced chemical equation
involved in the process. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
Photosynthesis is important for a number of reasons:
(i) Food : By photosynthesis, green plants synthesise food from simple raw materials
like CO2 and H2O. Thus, it sustains life on earth.

(ii) Oxygen : Oxygen released during the process of photosynthesis is needed by animals and
humans for respiration. It is also required for respiration of microbes. Oxygen also supports
combustion of fuels.
(iii) Fuels : Fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are forms of stored solar energy
synthesised millions of years ago through photosynthesis. Balanced chemical equation
involved in the process of photosynthesis is given as :

Question 8.
Differentiate between autotrophs and hetero- trophs and give one example of each.
(Board Term 1,2017)
Answer:
Differences between autotrophs and hetero- trophs are as follows:

Autotrophs Heterotrophs
(i) These organisms are able to form organic They cannot produce organic compounds from

substances from simple inorganic substances inorganic sources and therefore completely rely o

such as CO2 and H2S and water. consuming other organisms for its food requireme

(ii) They have chlorophyll to trap solar energy. Chlorophyll is absent, so they cannot trap solar e

(iii) They can be chemoautotroph and They can be saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic in

photoautotroph. mode of nutrition.

(iv) Autotrophs are placed at the bottom of the Heterotrophs are placed above autotrophs in the

food chain as producers. chain as consumers.

(v) Green plants, some bacteria and some Mushrooms, Euglena, cow, goat, etc., are examp

protists like Euglena are examples of autotrophs. heterotrophs.

Question 9.
Explain with the help of neat and well labelled diagrams the different steps involved
in nutrition in Amoeba. (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The process of obtaining food by
Amoeba is called phagocytosis.

1. Amoeba ingests food by using its finger-like projections called pseudopodia.

2. The food is engulfed with a little surrounding water to form a food vacuole
inside the Amoeba. The food is digested inside food vacuole by digestive
enzymes.
3. Food is absorbed directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba by diffusion.
4. Food is used to obtain energy and growth of Amoeba.
 5. When considerable amount of undigested food collects inside Amoeba then its
cell membrane ruptures at any place to throw out this undigested food.

Diagrammatic representation of different stages in the holozoic nutrition (feeding) of

Amoeba is as follows:

Question 10.
(a) What is peristaltic movement?
(b) ‘Stomata remain closed in desert plants during daytime’. How do they do
photosynthesis? (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) The relaxation of gut muscles to move the partially digested food downwards
throughout the alimentary canal is called peristaltic movement.
(b) In desert plants, stomata open at night and take in carbon dioxide (CO 2). Stomata
remain closed during daytime to prevent the loss of water by transpiration. They
store the CO2 in their cells until the sun comes out so that they can carry on with
photosynthesis during the daytime.

Question 11.
(a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?
(b) What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal?
(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores?
(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands? (2020)
Answer:
(a) Human body continuously require energy for their life activities like respiration,
circulation, excretion, etc. Energy is required even we are sleeping because a
number of biological processes keep on occurring. All these processes require
energy and this energy is obtained from nutrition. Nutrition is also needed for growth
and repair of human body.

(b) The wall of alimentary tract contains muscles which can contract and expand
alternately. The contraction and expansion movement of the walls of foodpipe is
called peristaltic movement. The peristaltic movement moves the partially digested
food in all the digestive organs throughout the alimentary canal.

(c) Herbivores eat plants which is rich in cellulose. Cellulose takes longer time for
complete digestion by the enzymes present in symbiotic bacteria. Therefore, they
have longer small intestine. Carnivores, feed on flesh which is easier to digest and
do not contain cellulose also. Therefore, they have shorter intestine for digestion of
food eaten by them.

(d) Gastric glands secrete HCl, mucus, rennin and pepsin enzymes. Mucus protects
the inner lining of stomach from the action of HCl and enzymes. In the absence of
mucus, there would be erosion of inner lining of stomach leading to acidity and
ulcers.

Question 12.
(a) State the form in which the following are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in humans,
(b) Describe the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of diagram. (Board
Term I, 2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) Unused carbohydrates in plants are stored in the form of complex sugar known
as starch. They are later broken down into simple sugars (glucose) when energy is
needed.
(ii) The assimilated food molecules hold energy in their chemical bonds. Their bond
energy is released by oxidation in the cell. This energy is trapped by forming bonds
between ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) to synthesise
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) molecules. These bonds are later broken by
enzymatic hydrolysis and the energy released is utilised for cellular processes.

(b) Amoeba is a unicellular animal. Amoeba eats tiny (microscopic) plants and
animals which float in water. The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic. The
process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called phagocytosis. When a food particle
comes close to Amoeba, it ingests the food particle by forming temporary finger-like
projections called pseudopodia around it. The food is engulfed with a little
surrounding water to form a food vacuole inside the Amoeba. The food is digested
inside food vacuole by digestive enzymes and absorbed directly into the cytoplasm
of Amoeba cell by diffusion. A part of absorbed food is used to obtain energy and the
remaining part is utilised for growth of Amoeba. When considerable amount of
undigested food collects inside Amoeba then its cell membrane ruptures at any place
to throw out this undigested food. This process is called egestion.

Refer to answer 9 for figure.

Question 13.
Anaerobic process
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
(b) takes place in the presence of oxygen
(c) produces only energy in the muscles of human beings
(d) produces ethanol, oxygen and energy. (2020)
Answer:
(a) takes place in yeast during fermentation
Question 14.
Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of multicellular organisms
like human. State reason. (Board Term 1,2017)
Answer:
Due to higher metabolic rate and the volume of human body is so large that oxygen
cannot diffuse into all cells of the body quickly as oxygen will have to travel large
distances to reach each and every cell. So diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen
demand of multicellular organisms.

Question 15.
Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in human
body. Write the products formed in each case. (Delhi 2019)
Answer:
The two different ways by which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in human
body are:
(i) Aerobic respiration : The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide,
water and energy.

Question 16.
(a) In the process of respiration, state the function of alveoli.
(b) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in terrestrial
organisms. Give reasons.
(c) Complete the following pathway showing the breakdown of glucose.

Answer:
(a) Functions of alveoli are :
(i) They increase the surface area for exchange of gases.
(ii) The thin walls of alveoli facilitate rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between alveolar air and blood.

(b) Aquatic animals like fishes obtain oxygen from water present in the dissolved
form through their gills. The amount of dissolved oxygen is quite small as compared
to the amount of oxygen in the air. Therefore, to obtain required oxygen from water,
aquatic animals have to breathe much faster than the terrestrial organisms.

Question 17.
Write three points of difference between breathing and respiration. (Board Term I,
2016)
Answer:
Differences between breathing and respiration are as follows:

Breathing Respiration

(i) It is a physical process. It involves inhalation of It is a biochemical process. It involves exchang

fresh air and exhalation of foul air. respiratory gases and also oxidation of food.

It is both an extracellular as well as intracellula

(ii) It is an extracellular process.
process.

(iii) It does not involve enzyme action rather two It involves a number of enzymes required for

types of muscles are involved in this process. oxidation of food.

(iv) It does not release energy, infact it consumes

It releases energy.
energy.

(v) It is confined to certain organs only. It occurs in all the cells of the body.
Question 18.
Draw a flow chart to show the breakdown of glucose by various pathways. (Board
Term I, 2016)
Answer:
Breakdown of glucose by various pathways:

Question 19.
Write three points of difference between respiration in plants and respiration in
animals. (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Differences between respiration in plants and animals are as follows:

Plant respiration Animal respiration

(i) All parts of plants, like roots, stem and leaves,

Animal performs respiration as a single unit
perform respiration individually.

(ii) There is little transport of respiratory gases from Respiratory gases are usually transported o

one part to the other during respiration. long distance inside an animal during respir

(iii) Respiration occurs at a very slow rate. It is a fast process in animals.

(iv) There is no special gas transport system. Gases are transported by specialised blood
 vascular system.

(v) Respiratory organ in plants are generally stomata in Respiratory organ in animals are generally

leaves, lenticels in stem and general surface of roots. and gills.

Question 20.
(a) Why is there a difference in the rate of breathing between aquatic organisms and
terrestrial organisms? Explain
(b) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label – pharynx, trachea, lungs,
diaphragm and alveolar sac on it. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Terrestrial organisms inspire atmospheric oxygen, while aquatic organisms thrive
on the dissolved oxygen present in water. Air contains about 21% of oxygen while
water has less than 1% oxygen in dissolved state. Oxygen diffuses through water at
a much slower rate as compared to air. A terrestrial organism has the advantage of
utilising greater amount of oxygen at a faster rate with lesser effort whereas, aquatic
organisms have to put more effort to obtain the same amount of oxygen, therefore
breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than the terrestrial organisms.

(b) The labelled diagram of human respiratory system is a follows :

Question 21.
(a) State reasons for the following:
(i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter small
intestine.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of
gases.
(b) The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms’is much faster than that seen in
terrestrial organisms. (Board Term 1,2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) Herbivores need a longer small intestine than that of carnivores because their
diet is mostly grass and plants, that contains more fibres and cellulose which are
hard to digest. Longer small intestine also hosts many small bacteria that process
and break down cellulose into glucose which is a source of energy. Carnivores diet is
not rich in cellulose so, they do not need to harbour bacteria for cellulose digestion.

(ii) Human lungs have a highly branched network of respiratory tubes. A primary
bronchus divides into secondary bronchus, which in turn forms tertiary bronchus.
Tertiary bronchus divides repeatedly into bronchioles which finally terminate into
alveoli. Alveoli are small, rounded polyhedral pouches which are extremely thin-
walled and possess a network of capillaries, for the exchange of gases. Due to vast
surface area of alveoli, exchange of gases becomes a fast and effective process.
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary blood capillaries and CO2 diffuses out
from capillaries into alveoli.

(b) Refer to answer 20(a).

Question 22.
Draw a flow chart showing the three different pathways involved in the breakdown of
glucose in different organisms. Name the respiratory pigment present in human
beings. State the function of rings of cartilage present in our throat. (Board Term I,
2015)
Answer:
Refer to answer 18.
Respiratory pigment present in human beings is haemoglobin.
Rings of cartilage are C in shape, stacked one on top of the other. These
cartilaginous rings prevent the trachea from collapsing and blocking the airway.

Question 23.
(a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label: Trachea, Bronchi and
Diaphragm.
(b) Give reasons for the following:
(i) Lungs always contain residual volume.
(ii) Nostrils are lined with mucus. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 20(b).

(b) (i) Lungs always contain residual volume so that during the breathing cycle, when
air is inhaled and exhaled, there must be sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed
and for the carbon dioxide to be released. It is also important as it prevents the lungs
from collapsing.
(ii) Mucus and hair present in nostrils help in filtration of inhaled air. It traps harmful
substances and germs present in air.

Question 24.
Which one of the following statements is correct about the human circulatory
system?
(a) Blood transports only oxygen and not carbon dioxide.
(b) Human heart has five chambers.
(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.
(d) Both oxygen – rich and oxygen – deficient blood gets mixed in the heart. (2020)
Answer:
(c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards.

Question 25.
Name the vein which brings blood to left atrium from lungs. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart.

Question 26.
Define translocation in reference to plants. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
The transport of food prepared in the leaves, by the process of photosynthesis, to
various parts (roots, stem, branches, etc.) of the plant is called translocation.

Question 27.
Write three types of blood vessels. Give one important feature of each. (Delhi 2019)
Answer:
The three types of blood vessels in human body are: (i) arteries, (ii) veins and (iii)
capillaries.
(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood from heart to various parts of the
body. The walls of arteries are thick, elastic and muscular that enables them to dilate
but not rupture when the heart contracts and forces blood into them.

(ii) Veins are thin walled blood vessels which bring blood from the body back to the
heart. They are larger and hold more blood than the arteries. The lumen of veins are
provided with valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

(iii) Capillaries are thin walled and extremely narrow blood vessels which occur at the
terminals of artery and vein. The wall of capillaries are permeable to water and
dissolved substances so that the exchange of materials between the blood and body
cells can take place.

Question 28.
(a) Write two water conducting tissues present in plants. How does water enter
continuously into the root xylem?
(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared to animals. (AI 2019)
Answer:
(a) Xylem tracheids and vessels are two water conducting tissues present in plants
that help in rapid movement of water. In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the
roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water
conducting channels reaching all parts of the plant.

Minerals and water needed by the plants are absorbed by root hairs from the soil by
the process of osmosis and take in minerals by the process of diffusion. Thus, a
difference in concentration of ions is created between the roots and the soil which
enables the water to enter into roots to compensate the difference in concentration.
The water, alongwith dissolved minerals from root hairs, passes into xylem vessels
through cells of the cortex, endodermis and pericycle and then ascent of sap (i.e.,
upward movement of water and mineral salts from roots to the aerial parts of the
plant against the gravitational force) takes place from xylem of the roots to the xylem
of stem and leaves through vessels and tracheids. Evaporation of water molecules
from the cells of leaves creates a suction pressure which pulls the water from xylem
cells.

(b) Plants are autotrophic and do not have to move from one place to another in
search of their food. Movements in a plant are usually at the cellular level and hence
they required less amount of energy. Whereas animals are heterotrophic and
locomote in search of food and other activities, hence require higher amount of
energy than of plants.

Question 29.
Explain how the translocation of materials in phloem tissue in plants is achieved by
utilising energy. (Board Term I, 2017)
Answer:
The phloem cells transport the soluble food materials to all parts of plant. The
transport of food from leaves to different parts of plant is termed as translocation.
Components of phloem are sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and
phloem fibres. The food is manufactured in the mesophyll cells (or photosynthetic
cells) of a leaf. The manufactured food enters into sieve tubes of the phloem and is
transported as a dilute aqueous solution either in upward or downward direction.
Food is transported to all non-green parts of the plant for their growth and metabolic
activities. Besides food molecules, phloem also transports amino acids, hormones
synthesised in the shoot tips and root tips and other metabolites.

In this process, glucose is transferred to phloem tissue using energy from ATP. This
increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing the water to move into it
(endosmosis). Soluble material is then transferred from phloem tissue to other
tissues which have less pressure than in the phloem. Thus, according to plants
requirement, the material is translocated from higher osmotic pressure areas to
lower osmotic pressure areas.

Question 30.
What do the following transport?
(i) Xylem
(ii) Phloem
(iii) Pulmonary vein
(iv) Vena cava
(v) Pulmonary artery
(vi) Aorta (Board Term I, 2014)
Answer:
(i) Xylem is a specialised plant conducting tissue that transports water and minerals
from roots to all aerial parts of plants which occurs against gravitational force with
the help of ascent of sap.
(ii) Phloem transports food that is prepared in the leaves, through photosynthesis, to
various parts of plant. This process is called translocation. Phloem also transports
amino acids, hormones synthesised in the shoot tips and root tips and other
metabolites.
(iii) Pulmonary vein present in human circulatory system brings oxygenated blood
from lungs to the left atrium of heart.
(iv) Vena cava transport deoxygenated blood collected by all veins of body except
pulmonary vein and pass it to the right atrium of heart.
(v) Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from right atrium of heart to
lungs for oxygenation.
(vi) Aorta transports oxygenated blood from left atrium to systemic arteries which
further take the blood to various body parts and organs.

Question 31.
Explain giving any three reasons the significance of transpiration in plants. (Board
Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Significance of transpiration in plants:
(i) The absorbed water is transported from roots to leaves through xylem vessels
which is greatly influenced by transpiration pull.
(ii) The water stream moving upwards carries dissolved minerals with it.
Transpiration also helps in distributing these minerals throughout the plant.
(iii) The evaporation of water during transpiration provide cooling effect to the leaves.

Question 32.
List in tabular form three differences between arteries and veins. (Board Term I,
2013)
Answer:
Differences between arteries and veins are as follows:

Arteries Veins

(i) Arteries are the blood vessels which carry

Veins are blood vessels which bring blood from
blood away from the heart for distribution to the
body back to the heart.
body.

Their walls are thin and valves are present to pre

(ii) Arteriei walls are thick and valves are absent.
back flow of blood.
(iii) Blood passing through narrow lumen of The blood passing through wide lumen of veins

arteries is mostly oxygenated and has a deoxygenated (except in pulmonary veins) and h

considerable pressure. low pressure.

(iv) More elastic and placed deeply. Less elastic and superficially placed.

Question 33.
Give reasons:
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow.
(c) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that in terrestrial
vertebrates.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared
to the night.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs with high pressure, they
have thicker walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is less elaborate than in animals, as plants are less
active, so their cells do not need to be supplied with materials so quickly.
(c) The aquatic vertebrates like fish have gills to oxygenate blood. The flow of blood
in a fish is single circulation because the blood passes through the heart only once in
one complete cycle of body. The terrestrial vertebrates like birds and humans have
double circulation as the blood travels heart twice in one complete cycle of blood and
they have lungs for oxygenation of blood.
(d) It is because during daytime rate of transpiration is higher.
(e) The lumen of veins have valves, which allow the blood in them to flow in only one
direction. Thus prevent back flow of blood.

Question 34.
(a) “Blood circulation in fishes is different from the blood circulation in human
beings”. Justify the statement.
(b) Describe “blood circulation” in human beings. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Fishes have only two chambers in their heart, the blood is pumped to the gills to
get oxygenated blood and from there it passes directly to rest of the body. Thus, the
blood goes only once through the heart during one cycle of passage through the
body. This type of circulation is termed as single circulation.

In human beings, during circulation blood travels twice through the heart in one
complete cycle of the body and is called double circulation. The pathway of blood
from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation and
the pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to heart is called
systemic circulation.

(b) Deoxygenated blood from the body tissues is poured into right atrium.
Contraction of heart forces it into right ventricle. From right ventricle, deoxygenated
blood flows to the lungs through pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood from lungs is
returned into left atrium and then into left ventricle. The left ventricle forces the
oxygenated blood to the whole body. Thus, for making one complete round or
circulation circuit around all body parts, the blood passes through the heart twice.
This is known as double circulation of blood.

Question 35.
(a) Mention any two components of blood.
(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present in between atria and ventricles.
(d) Write one structural difference between the composition of artery and veins.
(2018)
Answer:
(a) Two components of blood are blood plasma and blood corpuscles.
(b) Deoxygenated blood gets oxygenated in the lungs, from there it moves to heart
and pumped to different parts of the body. Its path can be traced out as
Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium of heart → Aorta → Arteries → Body parts
(c) When blood is pumped, valves prevent back flow of blood between ventricles and
atria. They open and allow the right amount of blood to flow from one chamber to the
other.
(d) Structural difference between veins and arteries is as follows:
Veins:
Veins have thin, less elastic and less muscular walls. They have valves to prevent
back flow of blood.

Arteries:
Arteries have thick, elastic and muscular walls with no valves.

Question 36.
Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label kidneys, ureters on it. (Board
Term I, 2017)
Answer:
Diagram of human excretory system is as follows:

Question 37.
Draw a neat diagram of excretory system of human beings and label on it:
(i) Left kidney
(ii) Urinary bladder. (Board Term I, 2016)
Answer:
Refer to answer 36.

Question 38.
Describe the structure and function of nephron with the help of diagram. (Board
Term I, 2014)
Answer:
Structure of nephron is as follows:

The function of nephron is filtration of blood and elimination of waste material from it.
Blood is filtered from the blood capillaries into Bowmans capsule and pour the filtrate
into the renal tubule. In this part, large amount of water and useful substances like
glucose, amino acid, minerals ions, etc., are reabsorbed. Nitrogenous waste along
with little amount of water is sent to the urinary bladder, which later expels the urine
to the outside through urethra.

Question 39.
(a) Name four types of metabolic wastes produced by humans.
(b) Name any two human excretory organs other than kidney. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Four types of metabolic wastes produced by human are urea, carbon dioxide,
water and salts.

(b) Two human excretory organs other than kidneys are:

(i) Lungs : They help to eliminate carbon dioxide.
(ii) Liver : It is an excretory organ as it converts harmful amino acids to harmless
urea and haemoglobin of worn out RBCs to bilirubin and biliverdin that can be
excreted out of the body.

Question 40.
(a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body. (2020)
Answer:
(a) Excretory system (Urinary system) in human beings consists of a pair of kidneys,
a pair of ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

(b) In the kidney, the wastes are converted to urine by three processes :
(i) Ultrafiltration : In it, large amount of water along with certain harmful substances
like urea, uric acid, K+, ammonium salts, creatinine, etc., and certain useful
substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc., pass through glomerular capillaries
and glomerular membrane into cavity of Bowman’s capsule of nephrons under
pressure. The filtrate so formed is called nephric filtrate which is moved towards
ureter.

(ii) Selective reabsorption : In it, large amount of water and sodium, whole of glucose
and amino acids and small amount of urea are passed back from nephric filtrate into
blood capillaries. It occurs either by back diffusion (i.e., water and urea) or active
transport (i.e., Na+, glucose and amino acids). It generally occurs in PCT (Proximal
convoluted tubule) of nephrons.

(iii) Tubular secretion : In this, certain harmful chemicals like uric acid, creatinine, K +,
etc., are passed from blood capillaries surrounding the nephron into nephric filtrate
by active transport. It generally occurs in DCT (Distal convoluted tubule) of
nephrons. Now, the fluid is termed as urine and is excreted out of the excretory
organs.

Question 41.
(a) Define excretion.
(b) Name the basic filtration unit present in the kidney.
(c) Draw excretory system in human beings and label the following organs of
excretory system which perform following functions:
(i) form urine
(ii) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney
(iii) store urine until it is passed out. (2018)
Answer:
(a) The biological process involved in the removal of wastes, produced during
various metabolic activities in the body from the body of an organism is called
excretion. The wastes are non-gaseous nitrogenous wastes like ammonia, urea, uric
acid, etc., along with excess of water, salts and pigments.

(b) Basic filtration unit present in kidney is nephron.

(c) Refer to answer 36.

(i) Kidney
(ii) Ureter
(iii) Urinary bladder

Question 42.
(a) Draw a neat diagram of the human excretory system and label following parts:
(i) Urethra
(ii) Kidney
(iii) Ureter
(iv) Urinary bladder
(b) What are nephrons ? How is a nephron involved in the filtration of blood and
formation of urine? (Board Term I, 2015)
Answer:
(a) Refer to answer 36 for figure.

(b) Nephrons are the functional unit of kidney. Each kidney has about one million
nephrons. Each nephron consists of a cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s
capsule containing a bunch of capillaries called glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule leads
into tubular structure which ultimately joins the transverse collecting tubule.
Filtration of blood and formation of urine in nephron involves the following steps:
(i) The blood along with waste and excess water is brought to kidney by renal
arteries. Blood is filtered from the blood capillaries into Bowmans capsule.
(ii) As the nephric filtrate passes through the tubular part of nephron, useful
substances like glucose, amino acid, mineral ions, water, etc., are reabsorbed by
blood capillaries surrounding the nephron.
(iii) Tubular secretion occurs mainly in the renal tubule and the collecting duct of the
nephron where additional wastes are excreted from the blood stream into the filtrate.
(iv) The fluid that flows through collecting tubule is urine which consists of water,
urea, uric acid, mineral ions like sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphates, etc.

Question 43.
(a) Draw a well-labelled diagram of structural and functional unit of kidney.
(b) Explain the mechanism of the urine formation. (Board Term I, 2013)
Answer:
(a) Structural and functional unit of kidney is nephron. Its structure is as follows:

(b) Main function of nephron is to form urine. The three main processes involved in
the urine formation are:
(i) Ultrafiltration: It is the filtration of body fluids and solutes from the blood, out of the
glomerular capillaries into the Bowmans capsule due to the pressure of the
glomerulus. All substances from the blood are filtered out except the large protein
molecules and blood corpuscles. This fluid in the glomerular capsule is called
glomerular filtrate. It consists of water, urea, salts, glucose and other plasma solutes.

(ii) Selective reabsorption : Glomerular filtrate contains a lot of useful materials like
water, glucose and salts such as sodium. These substances are reabsorbed by
blood capillaries surrounding the nephron from the renal tubule at various levels and
to various extents.

(iii) Tubular secretion : This occurs mainly in the renal tubule and the collecting duct
of the nephron. It is a process performed by the cells of the cuboidal epithelium lining
the tubules which excrete additional wastes from the blood stream into the filtrate by
active transport. In this process substances like potassium, hydrogen, creatinine and
certain drugs like phenol, penicillin, etc., are directly excreted by the tubular cells
from the blood. The fluid which now flows through collecting tubule is urine which
consists of water, urea, uric acid, mineral ions like sodium, potassium, chloride,
phosphates, etc.
CBSE Class 10 Biology Chapter 6 Life Processes Important Questions and Answers for
2023
The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(b) mitochondria.

In which of the following groups of organisms, food materials are broken down outside
the body and absorbed?
(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould

Which of the following statements about the autotrophs is incorrect?

(a) They synthesise carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight
and chlorophyll
(b) They store carbohydrates in the form of starch
(c) They convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the absence of sunlight
(d) They constitute the first trophic level in food chains

The opening and closing of the stomatal pore depends upon

(c) water in the guard cells

Choose the correct path of urine in our body

(b) kidney →urinary bladder →urethra →ureter

Which of the equations show correct conversion of CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates in
plants?

In normal expiration, the diaphragm is

(a) Arched

How is food transported from phloem to the tissues according to plants’ needs?
(d)food is transported from a region where it is produced to other parts of the plants.

The correct pathway of blood in circulatory system is

(a) atria → ventricles → arteries → veins

Which of the following events in the mouth cavity will be affected if salivary amylase is
lacking in the saliva?
(a) Starch breaking down into sugars.

Full form of ATP?

Adenosine Triphosphate
Name the substances whose build up in the muscles during vigorous physical exercise
may cause cramps?
(b) Lactic acid + Energy

[Link] blood is red?

(b) due to presence of haemoglobin

Single circulation, i.e., blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of
passage through the body, is exhibited by which of the following:
(d) hippocampus, exocoetus, anabas

15. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires

(a) carbon dioxide and water. (b) chlorophyll. (c) sunlight.
(d) all of the above

16. Identify the correct path of urine in the human body.

(d) Kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

17. Chyme is ____.

(c) food which enters into the intestine from the stomach.

18. Water absorption in plants can be increased by keeping the potted plants:
(c) under the fan

19. Which is the correct sequence of parts in the human alimentary canal?
(d) Mouth →oesophagus →stomach →small intestine →large intestine

20. Coagulation of blood in a cut or wound is brought about by:

(b) platelets

ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these
questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
1 Assertion (A): Diffusion does not meet high energy requirements of multi-cellular
organisms
Reason (R) : Diffusion is a fast process but occurs at the surface of the body.
(c) A is true but R is false

2 Assertion (A): Kidneys perform a dual function in our body.

Reason (R): Selective reabsorption occurs in the glomerulus.
(c) A is true but R is false

3 Assertion (A): Mammals has double circulation.

Reason: Higher energy need due to endothermy (warm blooded).
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
4 Assertion (A): The purpose of making urine is to filter out undigested food from intestine
Reason (R): Kidneys filter the waste and produce urine
(d) A is false but R is true.

5 Assertion (A): Arteries always carry oxygenated blood.

Reason (R): Arteries transport blood from the heart to different parts of the body.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

6 Assertion (A): The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections
called villi.
Reason (R) : The villi increase the surface area for absorption.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

7 Assertion (A) : Photosynthesis takes place in green parts of the plants.

Reason (R) : Photosynthesis always takes place in leaves.
(c) A is true but R is false

8 Assertion (A) : Ureters are the tubes which carry urine from kidneys to the bladder.
Reason (R): Urine is stored in the urethra.
(c) A is true but R is false

9 Assertion (A): Tracheal cartilage is present in the throat.

Reason (R): The larynx plays an important role in human speech.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

10 Assertion (A): During transpiration the evaporating water carries away heat energy.
Reason (R): Due to water loss the osmotic pressure inside leaves increases.
(c) A is true but R is false

11 Assertion (A): In a healthy adult, the initial filtrate in the kidneys is about 180 L daily, but
the actual volume excreted is only a litre a day.
Reason (R): Most of the filtrate is lost from the body in the form of sweat.
(c) A is true but R is false

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

1 There is a range of strategies by which the food is taken in and used by the organisms
in heterotrophic nutrition. Some organism breakdown the food material outside the
body and then absorb it. Others take in whole material and break it down inside their
bodies. What can be taken in and broken down depends on the body design and
functioning. Some others derive nutrition from plants and animals without killing them.
1. Organisms which derive nutrition from plants and animals without killing them.
Parasites Saprophytes Heterotrophs Autotrophs
2. In which part of amoeba complex food particles are broken down into simpler ones.
1. Cytoplasm Pseudopodia Nucleus Food vacuole

3. Which of the following is an example of saprotroph.

1. Cuscuta Sugarcane Bread mould Amoeba
4. Taking in whole material and breaking it down inside the body is
 1. Parasitic nutrition Holozoic nutrition Saprophytic nutrition Symbiosis
5. Heterotrophic nutrition involves
1. Production of simple sugar from inorganic compounds
2. Utilisation of chemical energy to prepare food
3. Utilisation of energy obtained by plants

2 Rishi experienced muscular cramps during the training session for his upcoming
football match. Mr. Sen, his coach advised him on a schedule of some aerobic exercises
to overcome his problem of muscular cramps. Rishi followed his coach’s advice and did
not face the problem of muscular cramps again during his match.

1. Which life process is depicted by the above passage?

(a) Respiration (b) Digestion (c) Nutrition (d) Excretion

2. Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps due to

(a) Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol (b) Conversion of glucose to pyruvate
(c) Conversion of pyruvate to glucose
(d) Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

3. Lactic acid is produced by ________ respiration in yeast.

(a) aerobic (b) anaerobic (c) oxidative (d) none of these

4. Why there is an increase in lactic acid concentration in the blood at the

beginning of the exercise?
(a) Lack of oxygen (b) Excess of oxygen (c) Lack of carbon dioxide
(d) Excess of carbon dioxide
5. What else can be done for quick relief from muscular cramps ?
(a) Massage (b) by applying heating pad or an ice pack (c) painkillers
(d) all of these

3 Blood transport food and waste materials in our bodies. It consists of plasma as a fuid
medium. A pumping organ is required to push the blood [Link] blood fows
through the chambers of the organ in a specific manner and direction. While flowing
throughout the body, blood exert a pressure against the wall or a vessel.

1. Which life process is depicted by the above passage?

(a) Respiration (b) Digestion (c) Transportation (d) Excretion

2. Name the blood pumping organ.

(a) Lungs (b) Heart (c) Kidney (d) Liver
3. Oxygenated blood from lungs enters the left atrium through ...........
(a) Vena cava (b) Pulmonary artery (c) kPulmonary vein (d) Aorta
4. Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through ..........
(a) Vena cava (b) Pulmonary artery (c) Pulmonary vein (d) Aorta
5. Which of the following statements is true about the heart?
(i) It is a hollow muscular organ.
(ii) It is a four chambered having three atria and one ventricle.
(iii) It has different chambers to prevent the oxygen - rich blood from mixing with the
blood containing carbon dioxide.
(iv) Arteries always carry blood away from the heart.
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
4 Amoeba is an animal having no fixed shape ingests food particles by formation of
temporary finger-like projections. The food vacoule inside amoeba breaks down the
food into small and soluble molecules. The digested food is thrown out by the amoeba
by the rupture of cell membrane and it goes on for the search of next food particle.
1. Which type of organism is Amoeba?
(a) Unicellular (b) Microscopic (c) Multicellular
(d) Both a and b
2. What are the temporary projections made in amoeba called ?
(a) walking legs (b) limbs (c) Pseudopodia (d) None of the above
3. What type of nutrition is followed by amoeba?
(a) Parasitic (b) Holozoic (c) Saprotrophic (d) Autotrophic
4. The process of throwing out of undigested food in Amoeba is called
(a) Egestion (b) Digestion (c) Nutrition (d) None of the above
5. Give an example of an organism which follows the same mode of nutrition in
amoeba.
(a) Vertebrates (b) Fungi (c) Tapeworm (d) Cuscata plants

5 Our body needs to remove the wastes that build up from cell activities and from
digestion. If these wastes are not removed, then our cells can stop working and we can
get very sick. The organs of excretory system consist of a pair of kidneys, a pair of
ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra. Each kidney is made up of nearly one million
complex tubular structures called nephrons. The formation of urine involves various
processes that take place in the different parts of the nephrons. Each nephron consists
of a cup- shaped upper end called Bowman’s capsule containing a bunch of capillaries
called glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule leads to tubular structure, proximal convoluted
tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule which ultimately join the collecting
tubule.
1. The following substances are the excretory products in animals. Choose the least
toxic form.
1. Urea Uric acid Ammonia All of these

2. Glomerular filtrate is first collected by

Distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule
Bowman’s capsule space loop of Henle
3. The outline of principal events of urination is given below in random order.
I) stretch receptors on the wall of urinary bladder send signals to the CNS.
II) The bladder fills with urine and become distended.
III) Micturition (voiding out urine)
IV) CNS passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of bladder
and simultaneous relaxation of urethral sphincter.
The correct sequence of the events is
1. II → I→ IV → III

Urine formation occurs through

1. Ultrafiltration, reabsorption, secretion.
2. Secretion, osmosis, ultrafiltration and reabsorption.
3. Only filtration and absorption.
4. Only osmosis and secretion.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Name one accessory pigment and one essential pigment in photosynthetic plants.

What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with
regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
2. Name the intermediate and the end products of glucose breakdown in aerobic
respiration.
3. What is villi? What are its functions?
4. (i) Write the balanced chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis,
(ii) When do the desert plants take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis ?
6. Give one reason why multicellular organisms require special organs for
exchange of gases between their body and their environment.
7. State two differences between arteries and veins.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the structure of a chloroplast.
2. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.
3. Draw a diagram of human excretory system
4. (a) “The breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous
process”. Justify this statement.
(b) What happens if the conducting tubes of the circulatory system develop a leak?
State in brief, how could this be avoided?
c) How does the opening and closing of stomata take place?
5. Name the respiratory organs of (i) fish (ii) mosquito (iii) earthworm.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. State the role of the following in human digestive system :
(I) Digestive enzymes (II) Hydrochloric acid (III) villi
2. List the three steps in photosynthesis.
3. What is the significance of Small Intestine in our body? (Any 3 points)
4. (a) Explain how does the exchange of gases occur in plants across the surface of
stems, roots and leaves.
(b) How are water and minerals transported in plants?
(c) Mechanism of Transport of Water and Minerals in a Plant
5. List any 3 functions of the major circulatory fluid of our body.
ANSWER KEY
S
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
No
1 B

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Name one accessory pigment and one essential pigment in photosynthetic plants.

Ans. Accessory pigment – Carotene/Xanthophyll

Essential pigment – Chlorophyll

 2. What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with
regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?

Ans. Adaptation of terrestrial organism over aquatic organism for efficient uptake of oxygen
from air –

(i) Increased respiratory surface area.

(ii) Very fine and delicate surface for easy exchange of oxygen and carbon – dioxide.

(iii) Placement of respiratory surface within the body for protection

(iv) Mechanism for moving the air in and out of respiratory surface where the oxygen is
absorbed.

3. Name the intermediate and the end products of glucose breakdown in aerobic
respiration.

Ans. Glucose —> Pyruvate — In presence of O2—> 6CO2 + 6H2O +38 ATP

4. What is villi? What are its functions?

Ans. Finger-like projections present in the inner lining of the small intestine are called villi.
They increase the surface area for the absorption of digested food in the small intestine.

5. (i) Write the balanced chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis,

(ii) When do the desert plants take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis ?

Ans.(i) Photosynthesis can be represented using a chemical equation. The overall balanced
equation is

6CO2 + 12H2O — Sunlight & Chlorophyll —> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

(ii) Desert plants open up their stomata during night and take in CO2. Stomata remains close
during the day time to prevent the loss of water by i transpiration. They store the CO2 in their
cells until the sun comes out and they can carry on with photosynthesis during the day time.

6. Give one reason why multicellular organisms require special organs for exchange of
gases between their body and their environment.

Ans. In unicellular organisms the entire body of the organism is in contact with the
environment\ hence exchange of materials can take place but, in multicellular organisms the
entire body of the organism is not in contact with the environment and hence simple diffusion
is not helpful.

7. State two differences between arteries and veins.

Ans. Arteries: Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except pulmonary artery.
These are thick-walled, highly muscular except arteries of cranium and vertebral column.
Valves are absent. Blood in arteries moves with pressure.

Veins: Veins carry deoxygenated blood, towards the heart except pulmonary veins. These are
thin-walled. Valves are present which provide unidirectional flow of blood. Blood in veins
moves under very low pressure.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the structure of a chloroplast.

2. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.

Answer: Amoeba ingests food particles with the help of its pseudopodia. The ingested food
particle or phagosome fuses with lysosome to form food vacuole. The digested food passes
out of the vacuole into cytoplasm. The undigested matter is thrown out.

3. Draw a diagram of human urinary system

4. (a) “The breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous
process”. Justify this statement.

(b) What happens if the conducting tubes of the circulatory system develop a leak?
State in brief, how could this be avoided?

c) How does the opening and closing of stomata take place?

Answer: (a) The breathing cycle involves inhalation and exhalation of air due to alternate
expansion and contraction of thoracic cavity. Thus it is a rhythmic process. But exchange of
gases is a continuous process as it takes place between the blood and each and every cell, by
diffusion.

(b)The circulatory system will become inefficient if it develops a leak. This could be avoided
by maintaining a normal blood pressure.

(c) When water flows into the guard cells, the guard cells swell and the stomatal pore opens
up. When water moves out the guard cells shrinks and the stomatal pore closes.

5. Name the respiratory organs of (i) fish (ii) mosquito (iii) earthworm.

Answer: Fish – gills, Mosquito – Trachea (air tubes), Earthworm – moist skin

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. State the role of the following in human digestive system :

(I) Digestive enzymes (II) Hydrochloric acid (III) villi

Answer: Digestive enzymes – Foods need to be broken into their small or simpler molecules
so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream. However, the physical breakdown of food
is not enough. Enzymes are hence needed for the chemical breakdown of food and speeding
up the digestive process. The products of digestion can hence be small enough to be
absorbed.

Hydrochloric acid – Hydro chloric acid helps to kill the germs which might have entered in to
the system through food. It creates acidic medium for the pepsin to act on food to breakdown
proteins.

Villi – Villi are finger like projections in the small intestine. They help to increase the surface
area for absorption of the digested food. Villi are richly supplied with blood vessel which
help to absorb digested food in to the blood stream.

2. List the three steps in photosynthesis.

Answer: (i) Absorption of sun’s energy by Chlorophyll

(ii)Conversion of light energy into chemical energy; and, splitting of water into hydrogen and
oxygen using the light energy.

(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose using the chemical energy.

3. What is the significance of Small Intestine in our body? (Any 3 points)

Answer: Significance of SI:

(i) The secretions of liver and pancreas are brought to the duodenum of SI. The hepatic duct
from liver and the pancreatic duct from pancreas join forming hepato- pancreatic duct bring
the secretions of both glands to duodenum where these help in digestion of food.

(ii)There are some intestinal glands also in the first part of SI, which also secrete enzymes.
The process of digestion of food is completed here.

(iii) The fine finger-like structures called “Intestinal Villi” increase the surface area for
absorption of digestive end products.

(iv) The length of the SI ensures that food remains in it for a long time as it travels through
SI, thereby making it possible for maximum amount of nutrients to be absorbed.

4. (a) Explain how does the exchange of gases occur in plants across the surface of
stems, roots and leaves.

(b) How are water and minerals transported in plants?

Answer. (a) In plants, there are tiny pores called stomata on leaves and lenticels in stem
which facilitate the exchange of gases. CO2 is taken in and O2 given out (during
photosynthesis) and vice- versa during respiration.

(b) Mechanism of Transport of Water and Minerals in a Plant

The vessels and tracheids of roots, stems and leaves in xylem tissue are interconnected to
form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching all parts of theplant. The
cells of the roots in contact with the soil actively take up ions which creates a difference in
the ion concentration between the root and the [Link], there is steady movement of water
into root xylem from the soil, creating a column of water that is pushed upwards. Plant uses
another strategy to move water in the xylem upwards to the highest points of the plant body.
The water which is lost through the stomata is replaced by water from the xylem vessels in
the leaf. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction which pulls
water from the xylem cells of roots. This loss of water is transpiration which helps in the
absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the
leaves. Transpiration becomes the major driving force in movement of water in the xylem
during the day when the stomata are open. This mechanism is also known as cohesion of
water theory or transpiration pull.

5. List any 3 functions of the major circulatory fluid of our body.

Answer: (i) Transport of O2 (from lungs to different parts of the body) and CO2 (from
tissues/ organs, back to lungs).

(ii)Transport of digested food (glucose, amino acids, etc.) from Small Intestine to various
parts of the body.

(iii) Transport hormones from their site of production (endocrine organs) to the site of action
(target organs or tissues in different parts of the body).

(iv) Carry nitrogenous wastes of metabolism from various tissues/ organs, to kidneys, to be
removed as urine.

(v)Harmful substances or toxins are transported to the liver for detoxification.

(vi) Antibodies produced by the leucocytes provide immunity to the body.

(vii)Help maintain body temperature (thermoregulation) by the process of sweating

(perspiration)

lass 10 Science Chemical Reactions and Equations

Mind Map
Chemical Equation
The representation of chemical reaction by means of symbols of substances in the

For example N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

form of formulae is called chemical equation.

Balanced Chemical Equation

A balanced chemical equation has equal number of atom of each element

participating in the reaction on both left and right hand sides of the reaction.
According to Law of Conservation of Mass, total mass of the elements present in the
products of a chemical reaction has to be equal to the total mass of the element
present in the reactants.

Balancing Of A Chemical Equation

Total No of Atoms on R.H.S = Total no of Atoms on L.H.S.
Fe3O4 T H2 → Fe + H20
[Fe] Fe3O2 + H2 → 3Fe + H20
[0] Fe3O4 + H2 → 3Fe + 4H20
[H] Fe3O4 + 4H2 → 3Fe + 4H20

Oxidation In Everyday Life

Rusting
When iron reacts with oxygen and moisture it forms a red substance called rust.

Corrosion
Metals on coming in contact with oxygen, water, acids or gases presents in air
changes its surface. This is called corrosion for e.g. black coating on silver and
green coating on copper.
Prevention – painting, galvanization, oiling, greasing

Rancidity
Oil and fats on exposure to air show a change in taste and smell. This property is
known as rancidity.
Prevention – adding antioxidants, Vacuum packing, refrigeration, flushing food with
nitrogen

Types Of Chemical Reactions

The transformation of chemical substance into a new chemical substance by making
and breaking of bonds between different atom is known a chemical reaction.

Combination Reaction
When two elements or one compound and one element or two compounds combine
to form a new product.
Foi example
• H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
• Zn + CuS04 → ZnS04 + Cu
• NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O

Exothermic Reactions
Reactions producing energy are called exothermic reactions.
Most of the combination reactions are exothermic in nature.
For example : CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat
Oxidation
Gain of oxygen or removal of hydrogen is called oxidation eg.
• Zn + O2 → ZnO
• Mn + HCl → MnCl2 + H2

Reduction
Gain of hydrogen or removal of oxygen is called reduction.
e.g. CuO + H2 → Cu + H20

Redox Reactions
A chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction takes place
simultaneously are called redox reactions.
For example
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O

Decomposition Reaction
When a compound-split into two or more simple products for example

Decomposition reaction require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity
for decomposing the reactions

Endothermic Reactions
Reactions which require energy to occur are known as endothermic reactions.
For example:

Displacement Reactions
It takes place when a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal. For
Example:
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

Double Displacement Reactions

In this reactions ions are exchanged between two reactants and forming new
compounds.

Precipitation Reaction :
In some reactions, an insoluble mass is formed which is known as precipitate and
such reactions are called precipitation reaction.
For Example
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2NaCl + BaSO4 Precipitate
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1 Intext
Questions
;Page Number: 6

Question 1
Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air ?
Answer:
Magnesium gets covered with a layer of magnesium oxide when kept in air for a long
time. This layer hinders the burning of magnesium. Hence, it is to be cleaned before
burning.

Question 2
Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Answer:
(i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
(ii) 3 BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → BaSO4 + 2 AlCl3
(iii) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2↑

Question 3
Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions :
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble
barium sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in
water) to produce sodium chloride solution and water.
Answer:
(i) BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl (aq)
(ii) NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Page Number: 10

Question 1
A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing.
(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water.
Answer:
(i) The substance whose solution in water is used for white washing is calcium oxide
(or quick lime). Its formula is CaO.
Question 2
Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in text book Activity 1.7
(i.e., electrolysis of water) double of the amount collected in the other? Name this
gas. [CBSE 2015 (Delhi)]
Answer:
In Activity 1.7, water is electrolysed to give H2 gas at one electrode and O2 gas at the
other electrode.
2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Thus two molecules of water on electrolysis give two molecules of hydrogen gas and
one molecule of oxygen gas or in other words the amount of hydrogen gas collected
would be double than that of oxygen gas.

Page Number: 13

Question 1
Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped
in it ?
OR
An iron nail is dipped in the solution of copper sulphate for about 30 minutes. State
the change in colour observed. Give reason for the change. [CBSE 2015 (Delhi)]
Answer:
When an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution, the displacement reaction
takes place. The colour of copper sulphate solution fades due to the formation of
light green solution of iron sulphate.

Question 2
Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in
Activity 1.10 (NCERT Text Book).
Answer:
Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react to form sodium chloride and water.

Question 3
Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances which are reduced in
the following reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
(ii) CuO (s) + H2(g) → Cu (s) + H2O(l)
Answer:
(i) Substances oxidised is Na as it gains oxygen and oxygen is reduced.
(ii) Substances reduced is Cu as hydrogen is oxidised as it gains oxygen.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1

Textbook Chapter End Questions
Question 1
Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect ?
2 PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb (s) + CO2(g)
(a) Lead is getting reduced.
(b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.
(c) Carbon is getting oxidised.
(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.

(i) (a) and (b)

(ii) (a) and (c)
(iii) (a), (b) and (c)
(iv) All
Answer:
(i) (a) and (b)

Question 2
Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe
The above reaction is an example of a
(a) combination reaction
(b) double displacement reaction
(c) decomposition reaction
(d) displacement reaction
Answer:
(d) Displacement reaction.

Question 3
What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron filings ? Tick the correct
answer :
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced.
(c) No reaction takes place.
(d) Iron salt and water are produced.
Answer:
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.

Question 4
What is a balanced chemical equation ? Why should chemical equations be
balanced ?
Answer:
A balanced chemical equation has an equal number of atoms of different elements in
the reactants and products.
The chemical equations should be balanced to satisfy the law of conservation of
mass.

Question 5
Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a
precipitate of barium sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen
gas.
Answer:
(a) 3H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
(b) H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) → SO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) 3BaCl2 (aq) + Al2(SO4)3 (aq) → 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3BaSO4 ↓(s)
(d) 2K (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g)

Question 6
Balance the following chemical equations :
(a) HNO3 + Ca (OH)2 → Ca (NO3)2 + H2O
(b) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
Answer:
(a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl

Question 7
Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :
(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver
(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aluminium chloride + Copper
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
Answer:
(a) Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(b) Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2 Ag
(c) 2Al + 3 CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3 Cu
(d) BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl

Question 8
Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of
reaction in each case :
(a) Potassium bromide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq) → Potassium iodide (aq) + Barium
(b) Zinc carbonate(s) → Zinc oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g) bromide(s)
(c) Hydrogen (g) + Chloride (g) → Hydrogen chloride (g)
(d) Magnesium (s) + Hydrochloric acid (aq) → Magnesium chloride (aq) + Hydrogen
(g)
Answer:
(a) 2KBr (aq) + Bal2(aq) → 2Kl(aq) + BaBr2(s)
Type : Double displacement reaction

(b) ZnCO3 (s) → ZnO (s) + CO2 (g)

Type : Decomposition reaction
(c) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl(g)
Type : Combination reaction

(d) Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Type : Displacement reaction

Question 9
What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions ? Give examples.
Answer:
Exothermic reactions : Those reactions in which heat is evolved are known as
exothermic reactions. An exothermic reaction is indicated by writing “+ Heat”on the
products side of an equation.
Example :
(i) C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + Heat
(ii) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g) + Heat

Endothermic reactions : Those reactions in which heat is absorbed are known as

endothermic reactions. An endothermic reaction is usually indicated by writing “Heat”
on the product side of a chemical equation.
Examples :
(i) C (s) + 2S (s) → CS2 (l) – Heat
(ii) N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2NO(g) – Heat

Question 10
Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction ? Explain.
Answer:
Respiration is an exothermic process because during respiration glucose combines
with oxygen in the cells of our body to form carbon dioxide and water along with the
production of energy.

Question 11
Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions?
Write equations for these reactions.
Answer:
In a decomposition reaction, a single compound breaks down to produce two or
more simpler substances.
For example:

While, in a combination reaction, two or more substances simply combine to form a

new substance.
For example:

Question 12
Write one equation each for the decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in
the form of heat, light or electricity.
OR
Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light or
electricity for breaking down the reactants. Write one equation each for
decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light and
electricity. [CBSE 2015 (Delhi)]
Answer:

What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions?

Write equations for these reactions.

In displacement reactions, a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal

from its solution. For example,
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
This is a displacement reaction where iron displaces copper from its solution.
In double displacement reactions, two reactants in solution exchange their ions. For
example,
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)
This is a double displacement reaction where silver nitrate and sodium chloride
exchange Cl– and NO3– ions between them.

In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved
displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.

Question 15
What do you mean by a precipitation reaction ? Explain by giving examples.
Answer:
A reaction in which an insoluble solid called precipitate is formed that separates from
the solution is called a precipitation reaction.
Example : When a solution of iron (III) chloride and ammonium hydroxide are mixed,
a brown precipitate of iron (III) hydroxide is formed.

Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each:
(a) Oxidation and (b) Reduction.

(a) Oxidation : The addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation.

Example :
(i) S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g) (Addition of oxygen to sulphur)
(ii) 2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s) (Addition of oxygen to magnesium)

(b) Reduction : The removal of oxygen from a substance is called reduction.

Example: (i) CuO + H2 Heat−→−− Cu + H2O
Here, copper oxide is being reduced to copper because oxygen gets removed from
copper oxide.
(ii) ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Here, zinc oxide is being reduced to zinc because oxygen gets removed from zinc
oxide.

A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in air becomes black in colour.
Name the element ‘X’ and the black coloured compound formed.

Element ‘X’ is copper (Cu).

The black coloured compound is copper oxide (CuO). The reaction involved is

Why do we apply paint on iron articles ?

Paint does not allow iron articles to come in contact with air, water and saves iron
articles from damage due to rusting.

Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why
To keep food items fresh and save from getting oxidised, food items are flushed with
nQuestion 18
Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Solution:
Packaging fat and oil containing foods in nitrogen gas can prevent rancidity. When
the fat and oil present in food materials gets oxidised (in air), their oxidation products
have an unpleasant smell and taste. When it is surrounded by unreactive gas,
nitrogen, there is no oxygen (of air) to cause its oxidation and make it rancid.
Question 19
Explain the following terms with one example each.
a. Corrosion
b. Rancidity
Solution:
a. Corrosion is the process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the action of
air, moisture or a chemical on their surface. Corrosion is caused mainly by the
oxidation of metals by the oxygen of air.
Example: Rusting of iron is the most common form of corrosion. When an iron object
is left in damp air for a considerable period of time, it gets covered with a red-brown
flaky substance called ‘rust’. This is called rusting of iron.

b. The condition produced by aerial oxidation of fat and oil in food which is marked
by an unpleasant smell and taste is called rancidity.
Example: Rancidity can be retarded by keeping food in a refrigerator.
The refrigerator has a low temperature inside it. When the food is kept in a
refrigerator, the oxidation of fat and oil in it is slowed down due to low temperature.
So, the development of rancidity due to oxidation is retarded.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1

(MCQs) [1 Mark each]
Question 1.
When crystals of lead nitrate are heated strongly in a dry test tube
(a) crystals immediately melt
(b) a brown residue is left
(c) white fumes appear in the test tube
(d) a yellow residue is left
Answer:
(b)Pungent smelling, brown fumes are evolved due to NO2 gas and brown coloured
residue of lead oxide (PbO) is left.

Question 2.
A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually added to the beaker containing
acidified permanganate solution. The light purple colour of the solution fades and
finally disappears. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the
observation? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) KMnO4 is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeSO4
(b) FeSO4 acts as an oxidising agent and oxidises KMnO4
(c) The colour disappears due to dilution, no reaction is involved
(d) KMnO4 is an unstable compound and decomposes in the presence of FeSO4 to a
colourless compound
Answer:
(a)Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in the presence of dil. H2SO4, i.e. in acidic
medium, acts as a strong oxidising agent. In acidic medium, KMnO4 oxidises ferrous
sulphate to ferric sulphate.

Question 3.
Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to granulated zinc taken in a test tube. The
following observations are recorded. Point out the correct observation.
(a) The surface of metal becomes shining
(b) The reaction mixture turns milky
(c) Odour of a pungent smelling gas is recorded
(d) A colourless and odourless gas is evolved
Answer:
(d)Zinc metal reacts with dil. HCl to form zinc chloride and bubbles of colourless and
odourless hydrogen gas is evolved.

Question 4.
When a magnesium ribbon is burnt in air, the ash formed is
(a) black
(b) white
(c) yellow
(d) pink
Answer:
(b)When a Mg ribbon is burnt in air, the ash formed is of magnesium oxide which is
white in colour.
2Mg(r) + O2(g) → 2MgO(f)

Question 5.
Three beakers labelled as A, B and C each containing 25 mL of water were taken. A
small amount of NaOH, anhyd. CuSO4 and NaCl were added to the beakers A, B and
C, respectively. It was observed that there was an increase in the temperature of the
solutions contained in beakers A and B whereas, in case of beaker C, the
temperature of the solution falls. Which one of the following statements is/are
correct?
I. In beakers A and B, exothermic process has occurred.
II. In beakers A and B, endothermic process has occurred.
III. In beaker C, the exothermic process has occurred.
IV. In beaker C, endothermic process has occurred. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) I and IV
(d) II and III
Answer:
(c)As in case of beakers A and B, heat is given out, so temperature became high,
hence it is an exothermic reaction while in beaker C, heat is absorbed from water, so
temperature falls, hence it is an endothermic process.

Question 6.
Which of the following will be required to identify the gas evolved when dilute
hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc metal?
(a) Red litmus paper
(b) pH paper
(c) Lime water
(d) A burning splinter
Answer:
(d)On reacting with dil. HCl, zinc metal forms zinc chloride and hydrogen gas is
evolved. Presence of hydrogen gas can be checked by a burning splinter because
H4 gas burnt in a splinter with a pop sound.

Question 7.
On immersing an iron nail in CuSO4 solution for few minutes, you will observe that
(a) no reaction takes place
(b) the colour of solution fades away
(c) the surface of iron nails acquire a black coating
(d) the colour of solution changes to green
Answer:
(b)Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
Fe is present above in the reactivity series of metals. Hence, Fe displaces Cu from
CuSO4 solution. And the colour of the solution fades away. This is an example of
displacement reaction.

Question 8.
What happens when ferrous sulphate crystals are heated? [CCE 2014]
(a) A gas having the smell of burning sulphur is evolved
(b) No gas is evolved
(c) Brown coloured gas is evolved
(d) Colourless and odourless gas is evolved
Answer:
(a)The green colour of ferrous sulphate crystals changes to brownish black ferric
oxide and smell of burning sulphur is evolved due to SO2 and SO3.
Question 9.
The colour of the precipitate formed when barium chloride solution is mixed with
sodium sulphate solution is [CCE 2014]
(a) blue
(b) black
(c) white
(d) green
Answer:
(c)This is an example of a double displacement reaction and a white precipitate of
barium sulphate is formed.

Question 10.
How the colour changes when the gases after thermal decomposition of ferrous
sulphate come in contact with an acidified solution of potassium dichromate?
(a) Green to orange
(b) Red to colorless
(c) Orange to green
(d) Blue to green

Answer:
(c) The color changes from orange to green due to the formation of iron (III) sulphate
i

ass 10 Science Chapter 1 MCQs

Q1- Reaction of ‘magnesium’ with air is
A) Exothermic reaction
B) Endothermic reaction C) Reversible reaction D) Substitution reaction

Q2- What chemicals are used in fireworks?

A) Copper chloride B) Calcium chloride C) Barium chloride
D) All of above

Q3- When a magnesium ribbon is burnt in air, the ash formed is

A) Black B) White C) Yellow D) Pink

Q4- Color of magnesium oxide is

A) White B) Blue C) Grey D) Pink

Q5- If magnesium is gently heated, it forms

A) Magnesium oxide B) Magnesium sulphide C) Magnesium nitrite
D) Magnesium carbonate

Q6- When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water,

A) Calcium hydroxide is formed B) White precipitate of CaO is formed
C) Lime water turns milky D) Color of lime water disappears.
Q7- When crystals of lead nitrate are heated strongly in a dry test tube
A) Crystals immediately melt B) A brown residue is left
C) White fumes appear in the tube D) A yellow residue is left

Q8- Color of Solid magnesium is

A) Dark grey
B) Silver grey
C) Black
D) Whitish silver

Q9- Consider equations: Ca⁺²(aq) + 2OH‾(aq)→Ca(OH)₂ (s). Precipitate of calcium hydroxide will
be of
A) Green color
B) Blue color
C) Brown color
D) White color

Q10- In writing chemical equations, inclusion of state symbols shall be done while
A) Correct chemical formulae of reactants and products are written
B) The equation is being balanced to fulfill the law of conservation of mass
C) The equation has been balanced
D) The chemical formulae of products and reactants have been changed to bring about quick balancing

Q11- Consider equation: Pb⁺² (aq) + 2OH⁻ (aq) → Pb(OH)₂ (s). precipitate of lead (II) hydroxide
will be of
A) Green color
B) Blue color
C) Brown color
D) White color

Q12- Consider equation: Cu⁺² (aq) + 2OH⁻(aq) → Cu(OH)₂ (s). precipitate of Copper Hydroxide
(Cu(OH)₂) will be of
A) Green color
B) Blue color
C) Brown color
D) White color

Q13- Consider reaction: Na(s) + O₂(g) → Na₂O(s). Moles of sodium needed to balance equation
would be
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Q14- Consider reaction: S(s) + O₂(g) → SO₂. state of SO₂ in this reaction is
A) Liquid
B) Solid
C) Gaseous
D) All Three

Q15- Consider reaction: P(s) + O₂(g) → P₄O₁₀(s). Moles of O₂(g) needed to balance equation will be
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
Q16- Consider reaction: Na(s) + O₂(g) → Na₂O. Moles of oxygen needed to balance equation are
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Q17- Consider reaction: Al(s) + O₂ (g) → Al₂O₃. Moles of Al(s) needed to balance equation are
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Q18- Which one of the given processes involves chemical reactions?

A) Storing of oxygen gas under pressure in a gas cylinder
B) Keeping petrol in a China dish in the open
C) Liquefaction of air
D) Heating copper wire in the presence of air at high temperature

Q19- In which of the given chemical equations, the abbreviations represent the correct states of the
reactants and products involved at reaction temperature?
A) 2H₂ (l) + O₂ (l) → 2H₂O (g)
B) 2H₂ (g) + O₂ (l) → 2H₂O (g)
C) 2H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) → 2H₂O (l)
D) 2H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) → 2H₂O (g)

Q20- The reaction in which two compounds exchange their ions to form two new compounds is
called
A) Displacement reaction
B) Combination reaction
C) Double displacement reaction
D) Redox reaction
Important Videos Links

Q21- On immersing an iron nail in CuSO₄ solution for a few minutes, you will observe
A) No reaction takes place
B) The color of solution fades away
C) The surface of iron nails acquire a black coating
D) The color of solution changes to green

Q22- Which of the given statements is not a physical change?

A) Boiling of water to give water vapour
B) Melting of ice to give water
C) Dissolution of salt in water
D) Combustion of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Q23- An element X on exposure to moist air turns reddish-brown and a new compound Y is formed.
The substances X and Y are
A) X = Fe, Y = Fe₂O₃
B) X = Ag, Y = Ag₂S
C) X = Cu, Y = CuO
D) X = Al, Y = Al₂O₃

Q24- The reaction of H₂ gas with oxygen gas to form water is an example of
A) Combination reaction
B) Redox reaction
C) Exothermic reaction
D) All of these reactions.

Q25- Rancidity can be prevented by

A) Adding antioxidants
B) Storing food away from light
C) Keeping food in refrigerator
D) All of these

Q26- In which of the given, heat energy will be evolved?

A) Electrolysis of water
B) Dissolution of NH₄Cl in water
C) Burning of L.P.G.
D) Decomposition of AgBr in the presence of sunlight

Q27- Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to granulated zinc taken in a test tube. The following
observations are recorded. Point out the correct observation.
A) The surface of metal becomes shining
B) The reaction mixture turns milky
C) Odour of a pungent smelling gas is recorded
D) A colorless and odourless gas is evolved

Q28- Consider reaction is an example of

(a) 4NH₃ (g) + 5O₂ (g) → 4NO (g) + 6H₂O (g)
(a). Displacement reaction,
(b) Combination reaction
(c) Redox reaction
(d) Neutralization reaction.
A) (A) & (D)
B) (B) & (C)
C) (A) & (C)
D) (C) & (D)

Q29- Which of the following statements about the given reaction are correct? 3Fe(s) + 4H₂O(g) →
Fe₃O₄ (s) + 4H₂ (g)
(a) Iron metal is getting oxidized.
(b) Water is getting reduced.
(c) Water is acting as reducing agent.
(d)Water is acting as oxidizing agent.
A) (A), (B) & (C)
B) (C) & (D)
C) (A), (B) & (D)
D) (B) & (D)

Q30- Which of the following are exothermic processes?

(a) Reaction of water with quick lime
(b) Dilution of an acid
(c) Evaporation of water
(d) Sublimation of camphor (crystals)
A) (A) & (B)
B) (B) & (C)
C) (A) & (D)
D) (C) & (D)

Q31- A dilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually added to the beaker containing acidified
permanganate solution. The light purple color of the solution fades and finally disappears. Which of
the given equation is the correct explanation for the observation?
A) KMnO₄ is an oxidizing agent, it oxidizes FeSO₄
B) FeSO₄ acts as an oxidizing agent and oxidizes KMnO₄
C) The color disappears due to dilution, no reaction is involved
D) KMnO₄ is an unstable compound and decomposes in the presence of FeSO₄ to a colourless compound

Q32- Which among the following statement(s) is /are true? Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for
a long duration turns grey due to-
(a) The formation of silver by decomposition of silver chloride.
(b) Sublimation of silver chloride.
(c) Decomposition of chlorine gas from silver chloride.
(d) Oxidation of silver chloride.
A) Only (A)
B) (A) & (C)
C) (B) & (C)
D) Only (D)

Q33- Solid calcium Oxide reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide accompanied by
liberation of heat. This process is called slaking of lime. Calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to
form its solution called lime water. Which among the following is are true about slaking of lime and
the solution formed?
(a) It is an endothermic reaction.
(b) It is exothermic reaction.
(c) The pH of the resulting solution will be more than seven.
(d) The pH of the resulting solution will be less than seven.
A) (A) & (B)
B) (B) & (C)
C) (A) & (D)
D) (C) & (D)

Q34- Barium chloride on reacting with ammonium sulphate forms barium sulphate and ammonium
chloride. Which of the following correctly represents the type of the reaction involved?
(a) Displacement reaction
(b) Precipitation reaction
(c) Combination reaction
(d) Double displacement reaction
A) Only (A)
B) Only (B)
C) Only (D)
D) (B) & (D)

Q35- Which of the following is (are) an endothermic process(es)?

(a) Dilution of sulphuric acid
(b) Sublimation of dry ice
(c) Condensation of water vapours
(d) Evaporation of water
A) Both (A) & (C)
B) Only (B)
C) Only (C)
D) Both (B) & (D)

Q36- In the double displacement reaction between aqueous potassium iodide and aqueous lead
nitrate, a yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed. While performing the activity if lead nitrate is
not available, which of the given can be used in place of lead nitrate?
A) Lead sulphate (insoluble)
B) Lead acetate
C) Ammonium nitrate
D) Potassium sulphate
Q37- Which of the given gases can be used for storage of fresh sample of an oil for a long time?
A) Carbon dioxide or oxygen
B) Nitrogen or oxygen
C) Carbon dioxide or helium
D) Helium or nitrogen

Q38- Fatty foods become rancid due to the process of ________

A) Oxidation
B) Corrosion
C) Reduction
D) Hydrogenation

Q39- Which information is not conveyed by a balanced chemical equation?

A) Physical states of reactants and products
B) Symbols and formulae of all the substances involved in a particular reaction
C) Number of atoms/molecules of the reactants and products formed
D) Whether a particular reaction is actually feasible or not

Q40- The chemical formula of lead sulphate is

A) Pb₂SO₄
B) Pb(SO₄)₂
C) PbSO₄
D) Pb₂(SO₄)₃

Q41- Chemically, rust is

A) Hydrated ferrous
B) Only ferric oxide
C) Hydrated ferric oxide
D) None of these

Q42- Both CO₂ and H₂ gases are

A) Heavier than air
B) Colourless
C) Acidic in nature
D) Soluble in water

Q43- Which of the given gases can be used for storage of fresh samples of an oil for a long time?
A) Carbon dioxide or oxygen
B) Nitrogen or helium
C) Helium or oxygen
D) Nitrogen or oxygen

Q44- In the decomposition of lead (II) nitrate to give lead (II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen
gas, the coefficient of nitrogen dioxide (in the balanced equation) is
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Q45- We store silver chloride in a dark coloured bottle because it is

A) A white solid
B) Undergoes redox reaction
C) To avoid action by sunlight
D) None of the above
Q46- Silver article turns black when kept in the open for a few days due to formation of
A) H₂S
B) AgS
C) AgSO₄
D) Ag₂S

Q47- When crystals of lead nitrate are heated strongly in a dry test tube
A) Crystals immediately melt
B) A brown residue is left
C) White fumes appear in the tube
D) A yellow residue is left

Q48- Which of the given products is formed when calcium oxide reacts with water?
A) Slaked lime
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Calcium oxide
D) Oxygen gas

Q49- What is the other name for quick lime?

A) Calcium hydroxide
B) Calcium oxide
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Sodium oxide

Q50- What is the chemical name for slaked lime?

A) Calcium carbonate
B) Calcium oxide
C) Calcium hydroxide
D) Carbon monoxide