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Understanding Basic Word Structure

The document provides answers to various exercises related to basic word structure in medical terminology, including definitions of prefixes, suffixes, and root words. It covers terms related to anatomy, pathology, and medical procedures, along with their meanings and applications. Additionally, it includes practical applications of medical specialties and their respective areas of focus.

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24 views3 pages

Understanding Basic Word Structure

The document provides answers to various exercises related to basic word structure in medical terminology, including definitions of prefixes, suffixes, and root words. It covers terms related to anatomy, pathology, and medical procedures, along with their meanings and applications. Additionally, it includes practical applications of medical specialties and their respective areas of focus.

Uploaded by

shimeyonmelkias
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

24 BASIC WORD STRUCTURE

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
A
1. prefixes 4. combining vowel
2. suffixes 5. combining form
3. root

B
1. heart 5. head 9. cell
2. gland 6. joint 10. skin
3. life 7. cancer, cancerous 11. brain
4. cerebrum, largest part of the brain 8. urinary bladder 12. electricity

C
1. tumor, mass, swelling 4. process of study 7. record (image)
2. pertaining to 5. process of visual examination 8. process of viewing
3. inflammation 6. pertaining to

D
1. cerebr/al—pertaining to the 5. carcin/oma—tumor that is 9. electr/o/encephal/o/gram—record
cerebrum, or largest part of the cancerous (cancerous tumor) of the electricity in the brain
brain 6. cyst/o/scopy—process of visually 10. dermat/itis—inflammation of the
2. bi/opsy—process of viewing life examining the urinary bladder skin
(removal of living tissue and 7. electr/o/cardi/o/gram—record of 11. arthr/o/scopy—process of visual
viewing it under a microscope) the electricity in the heart examination of a joint
3. aden/itis—inflammation of a gland 8. cardi/o/logy—process of study of 12. cyt/o/logy—process of study of cells
4. cephal/ic—pertaining to the head the heart

E
1 1. red 5. blood 9. treatment, physician
2. intestines (usually small intestine) 6. to cut 10. liver
3. stomach 7. kidney 11. nerve
4. knowledge 8. white 12. woman, female

F
1. leukocyte 5. erythrocyte 8. neuralgia
2. gastritis 6. hematoma 9. ophthalmoscopy
3. iatrogenic 7. biopsy 10. enteritis
4. nephrology

G
1. ren/o 5. rhin/o 9. oste/o
2. path/o 6. sarc/o 10. radi/o
3. ophthalm/o 7. psych/o 11. thromb/o
4. sect/o 8. ur/o 12. onc/o

H
1. ophthalmoscopypy—process of visual 6. thrombocytey —clotting cell 10. resection—process of cutting back
examination of the eye (platelet) (in the sense of “cutting out” or
2. ophthalmoscopep —instrument to 7. renal—pertaining to the kidney removal)
visually examine the eye 8. nephrectomyy—removal (excision 11. carcinogenic
g —pertaining to
3. oncologygy—study of tumors or resection) of the kidney producing cancer
4. osteitis—inflammation of bone 9. osteotomyy—incision of (process of 12. sarcoma—tumor of flesh
5. psychosis—abnormal condition of cutting into) a bone (cancerous tumor of flesh tissue,
the mind such as bone, fat, and muscle)
BASIC WORD STRUCTURE 25

I
1. pain 6. condition, usually abnormal 9. disease condition
2. process 7. excision, removal (resection) 10. process of cutting, incision
3. blood condition 8. pertaining to producing, produced 11. inflammation
4. record (image) by, or produced in 12. cell
5. instrument to visually examine

J
1. carcinogenic 4. arthralgia 8. leukemia
2. leukocytosis 5. endocrine 9. iatrogenic
3. hepatoma (hepatocellular 6. cystitis 10. enteropathy
carcinoma) 7. hematoma

K
1. complete, through 6. deficient, below, less than normal 11. surrounding
2. before 7. above, upon 12. out
3. self, own 8. within 13. below, under
4. no, not, without 9. behind 14. back
5. excessive, above, more than normal 10. across, through

L
1. diagnosis—complete knowledge; a 4. pericardium—the membrane 9. hypoglycemia—condition of
decision about the nature of the surrounding the heart deficient (low) sugar in the blood
patient’s condition after the 5. hyperglycemia—condition of 10. anemia—condition of low numbers
appropriate tests are done excessive sugar in the blood of erythrocytes (red blood cells) or
2. prognosis—before knowledge; a 6. hypodermic—pertaining to under deficient hemoglobin in these cells.
prediction about the outcome of the skin Notice that the root in this term is
treatment, given after the diagnosis 7. epigastric—pertaining to above the em, which is shortened from hem,
3. subhepatic—pertaining to below stomach meaning blood.
the liver. A combining vowel is not
needed between the prefix and the
8. resection—process of cutting back
(in the sense of cutting out)
1
root.

M
1. urology 6. neurology 10. gastroenterology
2. gynecology 7. pediatrics (combining vowel o has 11. endocrinology
3. hematology been dropped between ped and iatr) 12. psychiatry
4. oncology 8. radiology 13. pathology
5. nephrology 9. ophthalmology 14. cardiology

N
1. cerebrum (largest part of the 4. across, through. Transhepatic 7. within. Endocrine glands secrete
brain). A cerebrovascular accident, means pertaining to across or hormones within the body.
or stroke, is damage to the blood through the liver. Examples of these are the pituitary,
vessels of the cerebrum, leading to 5. treatment. Iatrogenic means thyroid, and adrenal glands.
death of brain cells. pertaining to an adverse side effect 8. excision or resection. Nephrectomy
2. brain. Encephalitis is inflammation produced by treatment. is the removal of a kidney.
of the brain. 6. under, below, deficient. Hypogastric 9. outside. Exocrine glands secrete
3. urinary bladder. A cystoscope is means pertaining to below the chemicals to the outside of the
an instrument used to visually stomach. body. Examples are the sweat,
examine the urinary bladder. The lacrimal or tear-producing,
cystoscope is inserted into the prostate, and salivary glands.
urethra and urinary bladder. 10. pain. Neuralgia is nerve pain.
26 BASIC WORD STRUCTURE

O
1. osteoarthritis 4. neuropathy 9. prognosis
2. biopsy 5. pathogenic 10. psychiatrist (a psychologist can
3. urologist (a nephrologist is a 6. anemia treat mentally ill patients but is
medical doctor who treats kidney 7. oncologist not a medical doctor and cannot
disorders but does not operate on 8. thrombocyte prescribe medications)
patients)

P
1. radiology 4. cardiologist
2. urologist 5. arthroscopy
3. anemia

Answers to Practical Applications


1. D A cardiologist is an internal 5. B A hematologist is an internal 8. C A nephrologist is an internal
medicine specialist who takes medicine specialist who takes medicine specialist who takes
additional (fellowship) training in fellowship training in the diagnosis fellowship training in the diagnosis
the diagnosis and treatment of and treatment of blood disorders and medical treatment of kidney
heart disease. such as anemia and clotting disease. A nephrologist does not
2. F A gynecologist specializes in diseases. perform surgery on the urinary
surgery and internal medicine to 6. H An ophthalmologist trains in tract, but treats kidney disease with
diagnose and treat disorders of both surgery and internal medicine drugs.
the female reproductive system. in order to diagnose and treat 9. A A gastroenterologist is an
Ovarian cysts are sacs of fluid that disorders of the eye. The retina is a internal medicine specialist who
form on and in the ovaries (female sensitive layer of light receptor cells takes fellowship training in the
organs that produce eggs and in the back of the eye. Retinopathy diagnosis and treatment of
hormones). can occur as a secondary disorders of the gastrointestinal
3. J A psychiatrist is a specialist in complication of chronic diabetes tract. Examples of inflammatory
diagnosing and treating mental (from hyperglycemia). bowel disease are ulcerative colitis
1 illness. In bipolar disorder (manic-
depressive illness), the mood
7. I A neurologist is an internal
medicine specialist who takes
(inflammation of the large
intestine) and Crohn disease
switches periodically from excessive fellowship training in the diagnosis (inflammation of the last part of the
mania (excitability) to deep and treatment of disorders of small intestine).
depression (sadness, despair, and nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord, 10. G A urologist is a surgical specialist
discouragement). and nerves). A CVA causes damage who operates on organs of the
4. E An oncologist is an internal to areas of the brain, resulting in urinary tract (such as the urinary
medicine specialist who takes loss of function. bladder) and treats the male
fellowship training in the diagnosis reproductive system.
and medical (drug) treatment of
cancer.

Common questions

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An oncologist is a medical specialist who is trained in internal medicine with a focus on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This includes being involved in the medical (drug) management of cancer patients, taking fellowship training to gain expertise in treating various types of tumors .

In a clinical context, 'iatrogenic' refers to an adverse condition or complication that arises as a direct result of medical treatment or intervention. This could involve side effects from drugs, complications from surgical procedures, or other negative outcomes directly linked to medical care .

Prefixes and suffixes in medical terminology modify the meaning of root words. A prefix appears at the beginning of a word and can alter its meaning by indicating a number, time, position, or negation. A suffix, on the other hand, appears at the end of a word and can modify the word by indicating a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech .

Combining forms consist of a root and a combining vowel that aids in the pronunciation and structural linkage of a root to another word part. This is crucial in forming complex medical terms such as 'osteotomy' or 'cystoscopy,' where the combining form links the root to suffixes or other roots, preserving the meaning across components .

The suffix '-ectomy' in medical terminology denotes the surgical removal or excision of a specific body part. For example, 'nephrectomy' is the surgical removal of a kidney, and 'appendectomy' is the removal of the appendix. This suffix informs healthcare providers and patients about the nature of the procedure being discussed .

The suffix '-osis' is used in medical terminology to denote an abnormal or pathological condition. For example, 'leukocytosis' refers to an abnormal increase in white blood cells, and 'neurosis' indicates a functional disorder of the mind. Thus, the suffix '-osis' is typically linked to various diseases or conditions, emphasizing deviation from normal function .

A gastroenterologist is specially trained in internal medicine with additional fellowship training focused on the gastrointestinal tract. This prepares them to diagnose and manage conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Expertise is developed in both medical treatment and in procedures like endoscopy, enabling comprehensive management of gastrointestinal disorders .

Distinguishing between 'diagnosis' and 'prognosis' is critical as these terms guide patient management. 'Diagnosis' involves identifying the nature of a patient's condition through tests, which is essential for effective treatment. 'Prognosis' refers to predicting the course or outcome of a disease, guiding expectations and treatment adjustments. Misunderstanding these terms can lead to inadequate management of patient conditions .

The process of visual examination in medical procedures is denoted by terms that often contain the suffix '-scopy.' For instance, 'ophthalmoscopy' refers to the visual examination of the eye, and 'cystoscopy' refers to the examination of the urinary bladder. These procedures involve using specific instruments known as scopes for visual examination .

The study of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) is fundamental to neurology, as neurologists specialize in disorders of the nervous system, comprising the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Strokes, characterized by blood supply disruption to the brain, fall squarely into the scope of neurology, requiring a deep understanding of cerebral anatomy and vascular pathology to manage and treat such conditions effectively .

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