2000-AL

P MATH HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY

PAPER 1
HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2000

FORMULAS FOR REFERENCE

PURE MATHEMATICS A-LEVEL PAPER 1
sin( A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos( A ± B ) = cos A cos B P sin A sin B
8.30 am – 11.30 am (3 hours)
This paper must be answered in English tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B) =
1 P tan A tan B

A+ B A− B
sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
2 2
A+ B A− B
1. This paper consists of Section A and Section B. sin A − sin B = 2 cos sin
2 2
2. Answer ALL questions in Section A and any FOUR questions in Section B. A+ B A− B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2
3. You are provided with one AL(E) answer book and four AL(D) answer books. A+ B A− B
cos A − cos B = −2 sin sin
Section A : Write your answers in the AL(E) answer book. 2 2
Section B : Use a separate AL(D) answer book for each question and put the
2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin( A − B)
question number on the front cover of each answer book.
2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B)
4. The four AL(D) answer books should be tied together with the green tag 2 sin A sin B = cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)
provided. The AL(E) answer book and the four AL(D) answer books must be
handed in separately at the end of the examination.

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2000-AL-P MATH 1–1 2000-AL-P MATH 1−2 −1−

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SECTION A (40 marks) 4. Consider the circle
Answer ALL questions in this section. zz = (2 + 3i ) z + (2 − 3i) z + 12 ( z ∈ C ) ..........(*).
Write your answers in the AL(E) answer book.
Rewrite (*) in the form of z − a = r where a ∈ C and r > 0 .

⎛1 0 0 ⎞ Hence or otherwise, find the shortest distance between the point −4 − 5i and
⎜ ⎟ the circle.
1. Let M = ⎜ λ b a ⎟ where b 2 + ac = 1 . Show by induction that (5 marks)
⎜ μ c − b⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 0 0⎞
⎜ ⎟ 5. Let f(x) = 2 x 4 − x 3 + 3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 and g(x) = x 2 − x + 1 .
M 2 n = ⎜ n[λ (1 + b) + μ a ] 1 0 ⎟ for all positive integers n .
⎜ n[λ c + μ (1 − b)] 0 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ (a) Show that f(x) and g(x) have no non-constant common factors.
2000
⎛ 1 0 0 ⎞ (b) Find a polynomial p(x) of the lowest degree such that f(x) + p(x) is
⎜ ⎟
Hence or otherwise, evaluate ⎜ − 2 3 2 ⎟ . divisible by g(x) .
⎜ 1 − 4 − 3⎟ (5 marks)
⎝ ⎠
(5 marks)
6. A transformation T in R2 transforms a vector x to another vector
⎛ cos π − sin π ⎞
2. (a) Let p and q be positive numbers. Using the fact that ln x is ⎜ 3 3 ⎟⎟ and b = ⎛⎜ − 3 ⎞⎟ .
y = Ax + b where A = ⎜ ⎜ 1 ⎟
increasing on (0, ∞) , show that ( p − q )(ln p − ln q ) ≥ 0 . ⎜ sin
π cos π ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
(b) Let a , b and c be positive numbers. Using (a) or otherwise, show that
⎛ 2⎞
a ln a + b ln b + c ln c ≥ a + b + c (ln a + ln b + ln c ) . (a) Find y when x = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
3 ⎝ 0⎠
(6 marks)
(b) Describe the geometric meaning of the transformation T .

3. Let n be a positive integer. (c) Find a vector c such that y = A(x + c) .

(7 marks)
n
(1 + x) − 1
(a) Expand in ascending powers of x .
x

(b) Using (a) or otherwise, show that

C n2 + 2C 3n + 3C n4 + / + (n − 1)C nn = (n − 2)2 n−1 + 1 .
(5 marks)

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7. Suppose the equation x 3 + px 2 + qx + 1 = 0 has three real roots. SECTION B (60 marks)
Answer any FOUR questions in this section. Each question carries 15 marks.
Use a separate AL(D) answer book for each question.
(a) If the roots of the equation can be written as a , a and ar , show that
r
p=q . 8. Consider the system of linear equations

(b) If p = q , show that −1 is a root of the equation and the three roots of ⎧ x − y − z = a
⎪
the equation can form a geometric sequence. (S) : ⎨2 x + λy − 2 z = b where λ ∈ R .
(7 marks) ⎪ x + (2λ + 3) y + λ2 z = c
⎩

(a) Show that (S) has a unique solution if and only if λ ≠ −2 .

Solve (S) for λ = −1 .
(7 marks)

(b) Let λ = −2 .

(i) Find the conditions on a , b and c so that (S) has infinitely

many solutions.

(ii) Solve (S) when a = −1 , b = −2 and c = 3 .

(4 marks)

(c) Consider the system of linear equations

⎧ x − y − z + 3μ − 5 = 0
⎪
(T) : ⎨2 x − 2 y − 2 z + 2 μ − 2 = 0 where μ ∈ R .
⎪ x − y + 4z − μ − 1 = 0
⎩
Using the results in (b), or otherwise, solve (T) .
(4 marks)

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9. (a) Show that C rn + C rn+1 = C rn++11 where n , r are positive integers and 10. A , B , C are the points (1, 1, 0) , (2, −1, 1) , (−1, −1, 1) respectively and O
n ≥ r +1 . is the origin. Let a = OA , b = OB and c = OC .
(2 marks)
(a) Show that a , b and c are linearly independent.
(b) Let A , B be two square matrices of the same order. If AB = BA , show (3 marks)
by induction that for any positive integer n ,

∑
n (b) Find
( A + B) n = C rn A n − r B r , …..(*)
r =0

where A 0
and B 0
are by definition the identity matrix I . (i) the area of ΔOAB , and
Would (*) still be valid if AB ≠ BA ? Justify your answer. (ii) the volume of tetrahedron OABC .
(6 marks) (3 marks)

⎛ cos θ − sin θ ⎞ (c) Find the Cartesian equation of the plane π 1 containing A , B and C .
(c) Let A = ⎜⎜ ⎟ where θ is real.
⎝ sin θ cos θ ⎟⎠ (3 marks)

⎛ cos nθ − sin nθ ⎞ (d) Let π 2 be the plane r ⋅a = 2 where r is any position vector in R3 . P
(i) Show that A n = ⎜⎜ ⎟ for all positive integers
⎝ sin nθ cos nθ ⎟⎠ is a point on π 2 such that OP × b = c .
n.
(i) Find the coordinates of P .
(ii) Using (*) and the substitution B = A −1 , show that

∑
n
C rn cos(n − 2r )θ = 2 n cos n θ and (ii) Find the length of the orthogonal projection of OP on the plane
r =0
π 1 in (c).
∑
n
Cn sin( n − 2r )θ = 0 . (6 marks)
r =0 r

Hence or otherwise, express cos 5 θ in terms of cos 5θ ,

cos 3θ and cos θ .
(7 marks)

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11. (a) By considering the derivative of f(x) = (1 + x)α − 1 − α x , show that 12. (a) Resolve x −2x − 3 x2+ 2 into partial fractions.
3 2

(1 + x) α > 1 + α x for α > 1 , x ≥ −1 and x ≠ 0 . x ( x − 1)

(4 marks) (3 marks)

(b) Let k and m be positive integers. Show that (b) Let P( x) = m( x − α 1 )( x − α 2 )( x − α 3 )( x − α 4 ) where
m, α1, α2, α3, α4 ∈ R and m ≠ 0 . Prove that
m +1 m +1

1 − ⎛⎜1 − 1 ⎞⎟ < m + 1 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ < ⎛⎜1 + 1 ⎞⎟

m m
(i) −1 , 1 = P ′( x) , and
∑
4
⎝ k⎠ m ⎝k⎠ ⎝ k⎠ (i)
i =1 x − αi P( x)
m +1 m +1 m +1 m +1
m ⎡k m − (k − 1) m ⎤ < k m ⎡(k + 1) m − k m ⎤ .
1
m <
(ii) ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ [P ′( x)] 2 − P( x) P ′ ′( x)
∑
4 1
m + 1 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ m + 1 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ (ii) = .
i =1
(x −α i ) 2 [P( x)] 2
(6 marks)
(3 marks)
(c) Using (b) or otherwise, show that
1 1 1 1
3
(c) Let f( x) = ax − bx + a where ab > 0 and b > 4a .
4 2 2 2

2 < 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + / + n 2 < 2 ⎛1 + 1 ⎞ 2 .
⎜ ⎟
3 3 3⎝ n⎠ (i) Show that the four roots of f(x) = 0 are real and none of them is
n2 equal to 0 or 1 .
1 1 1 1
12 + 2 2 +3 2 +/ + n 2 (ii) Denote the roots of f(x) = 0 by β1 , β2 , β3 and β4 . Find
Hence or otherwise, find lim .
n →∞ 3
β i 3 − β i 2 − 3β i + 2
∑
4
n 2 in terms of a and b .
i =1
(5 marks) β i 2 ( β i − 1) 2
(9 marks)

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 2000-AL
13. Let n = 2, 3, 4, Κ . P MATH HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY
PAPER 2
2n HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2000
(a) Evaluate lim x 2 − 1 .
x →1 x − 1

(2 marks)
PURE MATHEMATICS A-LEVEL PAPER 2
2n
(b) Find all the complex roots of x −1 = 0 .

Hence or otherwise, show that x 2 n − 1 can be factorized as 1.30 pm – 4.30 pm (3 hours)

π 2π (n − 1)π This paper must be answered in English
( x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 2 x cos + 1)( x 2 − 2 x cos + 1) / ( x 2 − 2 x cos + 1) .
n n n
(6 marks)

(c) Using (b) or otherwise, show that

2n (n − 1)π
lim x 2 − 1 = 2 2 n −2 sin 2 π sin 2 2π / sin 2 . 1. This paper consists of Section A and Section B.
x →1 x − 1 2n 2n 2n
(4 marks) 2. Answer ALL questions in Section A and any FOUR questions in Section B.

(d) Using (a) and (c), or otherwise, show that 3. You are provided with one AL(E) answer book and four AL(D) answer books.
1
⎧ ⎛ (n − 1)π ⎞⎫ n Section A : Write your answers in the AL(E) answer book.
lim ⎨ 1 sin ⎛⎜ π ⎞⎟ sin ⎛⎜ 2π ⎞⎟ / sin ⎜ ⎟⎬ =
1 .
n →∞
⎩ n ⎝ 2n ⎠ ⎝ 2n ⎠ ⎝ 2n ⎠⎭ 2 Section B : Use a separate AL(D) answer book for each question and put the
(3 marks) question number on the front cover of each answer book.

4. The four AL(D) answer books should be tied together with the green tag provided.
The AL(E) answer book and the four AL(D) answer books must be handed in
separately at the end of the examination.
END OF PAPER

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2000-AL-P MATH 1−11 − 10 − 2000-AL-P MATH 2–1

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 SECTION A (40 marks)
Answer ALL questions in this section.
Write your answers in the AL(E) answer book.

FORMULAS FOR REFERENCE

1. Evaluate ∫ x cos x dx .
sin( A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B 2π
cos( A ± B ) = cos A cos B P sin A sin B Hence evaluate ∫ 0
x | cos x | dx .
tan A ± tan B (4 marks)
tan( A ± B) =
1 P tan A tan B

A+ B A− B 2. Show that for x > 0 , x ≥ 1+ ln x .

sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
2 2 Find the necessary and sufficient condition for the equality to hold.
A+ B A− B (5 marks)
sin A − sin B = 2 cos sin
2 2
A+ B A− B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos 3. Figure 1 shows the graph of r = 4 sin 3θ where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π . Find the area of
2 2
the shaded region.
A+ B A− B
cos A − cos B = −2 sin sin θ=π
2 2 2

2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin( A − B)

2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B)
2 sin A sin B = cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)

Figure 1
(4 marks)

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4. Let f and g be differentiable functions defined on R satisfying the following 7. The curve in Figure 2 has parametric equations
conditions: ⎧ x = 2(t − sin t )
⎨ , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π .
A. f ′( x) = g( x) for x ∈ R ; ⎩ y = 2(1 − cos t )
B. g ′( x) = − f( x) for x ∈ R ;
C. f(0) = 0 and g(0) = 1 . y

By differentiating h(x) = [f( x) − sin x] 2 + [g( x) − cos x] 2 , or otherwise, show

that f( x) = sin x and g( x) = cos x for x ∈ R .
(5 marks)
O (4π, 0) x
Figure 2
5. Let k be a positive integer. Evaluate
(a) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where t = π .
x 2
∫
(a) d cos t 2 dt ,
dx 0
(b) Find the arc length of the curve.
y 2k
(6 marks)
∫
(b) d cos t dt ,
2
dy 0

⎧ x 2 + bx + c if x≥0,
y 2k ⎪
Let f(x) = ⎨ sin x
∫
1 8.
cos t 2 dt .
⎪⎩ x + 2 x if x < 0.
(c) lim
y →0 y 2k 0

(6 marks)
(a) If f is continuous at x = 0 , find c .

If f ′(0) exists, find b .

Use a suitable integral to evaluate lim ⎛⎜ 1 + 1 + ... + 1 ⎞⎟
(b)
6.
n →∞ ⎝ n + 1 n+2 n+n ⎠ (6 marks)
(4 marks)

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SECTION B (60 marks) 10. The equation of the parabola Γ is y 2 = 4ax .
Answer any FOUR questions in this section. Each question carries 15 marks.
Use a separate AL(D) answer book for each question.
(a) Find the equation of the normal to Γ at the point (at 2 , 2at ) .
Show that if this normal passes through the point (h, k) , then
Let f ( x) = x
9. . at 3 + (2a − h)t − k = 0 .
(1 + x 2 ) 2
(4 marks)
(a) Find f ' ( x) and f '' ( x) . 2
(b) Suppose the normals to Γ at three distinct points (at1 , 2at1 ) ,
(2 marks)
2 2
(at 2 , 2at 2 ) and (at 3 , 2at 3 ) are concurrent. Using the result of (a),
(b) Determine the values of x for each of the following cases: show that t1 + t 2 + t 3 = 0 .
(i) f ' ( x) > 0 , (2 marks)

(ii) f '' ( x) > 0 .

(c) If the circle x + y + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 intersects Γ at (as1 2 , 2as1 ) ,
2 2
(3 marks)
(as 2 2 , 2as 2 ) , (as 3 2 , 2as 3 ) and (as 4 2 , 2as 4 ) , show that
(c) Find all relative extreme points, points of inflexion and asymptotes of s1 + s 2 + s 3 + s 4 = 0 .
y = f(x) . (4 marks)
(4 marks)
(d) A circle intersects Γ at points A , B , C and D . Suppose A , B and
(d) Sketch the graph of f(x) .
C are distinct and the normals to Γ at these three points are concurrent.
(3 marks)
(i) Show that D is the origin.
(e) Let g(x) = |f(x)| . (ii) If A , B are symmetric about the x-axis, show that the circle
touches Γ at the origin.
(i) Does g' (0) exist? Why? (5 marks)

(ii) Sketch the graph of g(x) .

(3 marks)

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11. (a) In Figure 3, SR is tangent to the curve y = ln x at x = r , where 12. (a) Let f be a real-valued function defined on an open interval I , and
r ≥ 2 . By considering the area of PQRS , show that f ″(x) ≥ 0 for x ∈ I .
r + 12
∫ r − 12
ln x dx ≤ ln r . (i) Let a, b, c ∈ I with a < c < b . Using Mean Value Theorem or
f(c ) − f(a ) f(b) − f(c)
otherwise, show that ≤ .
n c−a b−c
Hence show that ∫ 3
2
ln x dx ≤ ln(n! ) − 1 ln n for any integer n ≥ 2 .
2
Hence show that f(c) ≤ b − c f(a ) + c − a f(b) .
b−a b−a
y
R
y = ln x (ii) Let a, b ∈ I with a < b and λ ∈ (0, 1) , show that
S a < λa + (1 − λ )b < b .

Hence show that f[λa + (1 − λ )b] ≤ λ f(a) + (1 − λ ) f(b) .

P Q (8 marks)
r x
O 1 r− 1
r+ 1
2 2
(b) Let 0 < a < b . Using (a)(ii) or otherwise, show that

Figure 3 (i) if p > 1 and 0 < λ < 1 , then

(5 marks) [λa + (1 − λ )b] p ≤ λa p + (1 − λ )b p ;
(b) By considering the graph of y = ln x and a suitable trapezium, show
r
(ii) if 0 < λ < 1 , then λa + (1 − λ )b ≥ a λ b1−λ .
that for r ≥ 2 , ∫ ln x dx ≥ 1 [ln(r − 1) + ln r ] . (7 marks)
r −1 2
n
Hence show that ∫ 1
ln x dx ≥ ln(n! ) − 1 ln n for any integer n ≥ 2 .
2
(4 marks)

(c) Using integration by parts, find ∫ ln x dx .

1
n+ 3
2 e− n
Using the results of (a) and (b), deduce that 1 ≤ n ≤ ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟
2
e n! ⎝ 2e ⎠
for any integer n ≥ 2 .
(6 marks)

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 x ⎧ x 1

13. Let n be a positive integer. Define f n ( x) =

∫
0
(1 − t 4 ) n dt
. 14.
x
⎪⎪⎛ a + b ⎞⎟
Let a > b > 0 and define f( x) = ⎨⎜⎜ ⎟
x
for x>0,
1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
∫ 0
(1 − t 4 ) n dt ⎪
⎪⎩ ab for x =0.

(a) (i) Show that f n ( x) is an odd function. (a) (i) Evaluate lim+ f( x) .
x→0

(ii) Find f n ′ ( x) and f n ″ ( x) . Hence show that f is continuous at x = 0 .

(iii) Sketch the graph of f n ( x) for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 . (ii) Show that lim f( x) = a .

x→∞
(7 marks)
(6 marks)
(b) Using the facts
(b) Let h(t ) = (1 + t ) ln(1 + t ) + (1 − t ) ln(1 − t ) for 0 ≤ t < 1 and
A. t 3 (1 − t 4 ) n ≤ (1 − t 4 ) n for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 and
g( x) = ln f( x) for x ≥ 0 .
(1 − t 4 ) n ≤ t 3 (1 − t 4 ) n for 0 < x ≤ t ≤ 1 ,
3
B.
x (i) Show that h(t) > h(0) for 0 < t < 1 .
(1 − x 4 ) n +1
or otherwise, show that 0 ≤ 1 − f n ( x) ≤ for 0 < x ≤ 1 . x x
x3 (ii) For x > 0 , let t = a x − b x . Show that 0 < t < 1 and
(5 marks) a +b
⎡ x x x x
⎛ ⎞⎤
(c) For each x ∈ [−1, 1] , let g( x) = lim f n ( x) . Evaluate g(x) when h(t) = 2 ⎢ a ln a x + b x ln b + ln⎜ x 2 x ⎟⎥ .
n →∞ ⎣ a +b ⎝ a + b ⎠⎦
0 < x ≤ 1 and when x = 0 respectively.
(iii) Show that for x > 0 ,
Sketch the graph of g(x) for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 . x x x x
⎛ ⎞
(3 marks) x 2 g ′( x) = a ln a x + b x ln b + ln⎜ x 2 x ⎟ .
a +b ⎝ a +b ⎠
Hence deduce that f(x) is strictly increasing on [0, ∞) .
(9 marks)

END OF PAPER

2000-AL-P MATH 2−10 −9− 2000-AL-P MATH 2−11 − 10 −

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