FACULTY OF COMPUTING & INFO SYSTEMS

WEEK ONE(1)

TOPIC :

Introduction to Operating Systems

 MY EXPECTATIONS
● Active Participation In Class.

● Mobile Phones on Silence or Off.

● Only one Conversation at a Time in Class.

● Ask very insightful questions.

● Have fun through learning.

CSIT 207: OPEATING SYSTEMS-LEVEL 200

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This lecture covers general introductory material on modern operating systems.

Specific Topics

➢ Overview of Software

➢ Definition Of Operating Systems(OS).

➢ Examples of Operating Systems(OS).

➢ Types of Operating Systems Interface.

➢ Functions of the Operating systems(OS).

➢ Types of Operating Systems(OS). 3-4

 OVERVIEW

Software: describe a set of

instructions usually called a program,
which control the operations of a
computer. (System and application)
Three categories of system software
1. Operating system
2. Programming languages
3. Utility programs 3-5
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
 Operating Systems
DEFINITION 1

❖ Software which manages the overall operation of the computer

system including:

Hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O), Application interface, Memory Management.

❖ DEFINITION 2

❖ An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between

the computer user and computer hardware, and controls the
execution of programs.
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 The Operating System’s Job

❖ The operating system (OS) manages all of the software and

hardware on the computer.

❖ It performs basic tasks such as file, memory and process

management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printer.

❖ Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System,

Windows Operating System
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 General Perspective of the OS
❖ There are two common perspectives of what an operating
system is.

1. An operating system act as a user interface.

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 General Perspective of OS
2. The other view is that an OS is a resource manager. That is, a program
designed to manage the computer’s resources such as [Link], Memory,
Input and Output Device.

N:B: These two views represent two of the primary functions of an operating system.
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 INTERFACE OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

● Operating systems normally have two types of interface,

1. Character User Interface (CUI)

2. A Graphical User Interface (GUI).

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CHARACTER USER INTERFACE (CUI

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF A CUI OPERATING SYSTEM

❖ Tedious and slow (all commands must be typed).

❖ Less ease of use (compared to point and click systems).

❖ The Disk Operating System (DOS) is an example of a CUI-based OS.

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A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI).

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 A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

● Windows: Multiple windows allow different information to be displayed simultaneously on the user’s

screen.

● Icons: Icons are symbols that represent different types of information. On some systems, icons

represent files; on others, icons represent processes.

● Menus: Commands are selected from a menu rather than typed in a command language.

● Pointing devices: A pointing device, such as a mouse, is used for selecting choices from a menu or

indicating items of interest in a window.

● Graphics: Graphical elements can be mixed with text on the same display.

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 The Functions of an Operating System

1. Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware.

2. Provides and Manages System Security.
3. Provides the System Interface.
4. Provides the Interface for Application Software.
5. Maintains a list of all resources in the system.
6. Creates processes.
7. Performs CPU scheduling.
8. Allocates resources to the processes.
Why study Operating Systems?.

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SYSTEMS TODAY

WetPC1

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Principles of Operating Systems - Lecture 1
 Why study Operating Systems?
1. Need to understand interaction between the hardware and

applications

New applications, new hardware..

Inherent aspect of society today

2. Need to understand basic principles in the design of computer

systems

efficient resource management, security, flexibility

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3. Increasing need for specialized operating systems
 Classifications/Type Of Operating
Systems

1. Batch Operating System.

2. Timesharing Operating Systems.

3. Distributed Operating System.

4. Network Operating System.

5. Real Time Operating System.

 BATCH SYSTEMS
● Batch Operating system groups jobs that perform similar type of
functions.

● A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the
instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without
intervention.

● There is an operator which takes similar jobs having same

requirement and group them into batches.

● The First operating system of the second-generation computer is

the batch operating system. 3-22
 CHARACTERISTICS/ FEATURES OF BATCH OS

❖ A job is defined as a single unit which is made up of a predefined

sequence of commands, data, and programs.

❖ These jobs are kept in a memory executing them without manual

information.

❖ Processing is done in the order in which they are submitted, i.e., first
come first serve.

❖ The operating system releases memory of a job as soon as it is executed

successfully.
 Examples of Batch

❖ Payroll system
❖ Bank Statement
❖ Each task is given some time to run/execute such that all tasks
are executed in orderly manner.
 ADVANTAGES

❖ Batch processing takes much of the work of the operator to the

computer.

❖ Increased performance as a new job get started as soon as the

previous job finished without any manual intervention.

❖ It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems

❖ Multiple users can share the batch systems

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 Disadvantages
❖ Difficult to debug program.

❖ The output is obtained only after all the jobs are executed.

❖ A job could enter an infinite loop.

❖ Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs.

❖ It is sometime costly.

❖ Priority can not be implemented if a certain job has to be executed on an urgent basis
 Time-sharing Operating Systems
❖ Time-sharing is a popular representative of multi-programmed,

multi-user systems.

❖ One of the primary objectives of multi-user systems in general, and

time-sharing in particular, is good terminal response time.

❖ Each task is given some time to execute, so that all the tasks

work smoothly. Each user gets time of CPU as they use single
Any
Questions
THANK YOU!

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