1.
Physical scarcity occurs when the demand of the population exceeds the available water
resources of a region.
Economic water scarcity occurs when water is adequate, but is unavailable due to a lack of
significant investment in water infrastructure
2. Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a
certain period or when poor quality restricts its use. Water stress causes deterioration of fresh
water resources in terms of quantity (aquifer over-exploitation, dry rivers, etc.) and quality
(eutrophication, organic matter pollution, saline intrusion, etc.).
The northern and northeastern
regions, including Beijing, Tianjin, and
Inner Mongolia, show extreme water
stress, while the southern regions such
as Guangdong and Yunnan experience
lower stress levels due to more
abundant rainfall and water resources.
map categorizes areas based on the
ratio of total water withdrawals to
available renewable surface water.
3.
5,they are able to collect water,also can control the water discharge,as well as helpful for water
control and provide HEP.
6.95,296
7. The SNWTP attempts to deliver water from the Yangtze River's lower, middle, and upper
reaches to the northern region by constructing three water transfer routes: eastern, middle, and
western.
8. The South–North Water Transfer Project is intended to alleviate chronic water shortages in
northern China, support economic development, and curb over-extraction of groundwater.
9.
Benefits drawbacks
economic 1. Increased Water Supply: Provides water 1. High Construction Costs:
for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use The initial cost of building the
in central and northern China. dam and its infrastructure was
2. Hydroelectric Power: Generates massive.
significant energy, contributing to the 2. Environmental Costs: Large-
3. Economic Growth in Surrounding scale flooding and
Areas: The dam has spurred local environmental degradation
industries, such as construction, can disrupt local economies
manufacturing, and services. dependent on natural
4. Improved Agriculture: Supports resources.
irrigation for large areas of farmland, 3. Potential Reduced Fisheries:
boosting crop yields. Altered water flow can
negatively affect local
social 1. Water for Urban Areas: Ensures a 1. Displacement of: Thousands
stable water supply to of people were relocated due
2. Improved Public Health: Reliable access to the flooding caused by the
to clean water reduces the dam’s construction.
3. Job Creation: The dam construction 2. Loss of Cultural Sites: Some
and its associated projects created historical and cultural sites
thousands of jobs. <br were submerged, causing a
4. Disaster Relief: Helps mitigate drought loss of heritage.
conditions and flood risks in downstream 3. Social Inequality: The
areas. benefits may not be evenly
distributed, with marginalized
communities sometimes not
receiving adequate
compensation or assistance.
12.
LEVEL1 LEVEL2 LEVEL3
dams and These are created when dams are built Examples include The Hoover
Reservoirs are across rivers in order to collect water - Dam and Lake Mead built
built and at the same time they control the across the Colorado River in
river discharge, helpful for flood control, Nevada, outside of Las Vegas
and can provide HEP and China’s Three Gorges Dam
on the Yangtze River in Hubei.
ground water The water which is stored in permeable or More than 50% of the world’s
extraction porous rocks called aquifers can be water supply comes from
extracted and used by digging wells and underground.
boreholes down to the water table.
Boreholes that are drilled at locations
above the water table will allow water to
come to the surface by hydrostatic
pressure.
Reclaimed Water This water is a sustainable source and
reduces stress on primary resources.
The water we use at home or in industry
that ends up in the sewer system can
usually be cleaned and re-used, or
recycled.
It must be separated, treated and
processed depending on its application (