Modeling & Simulation of Multiphase Interleaved Boost

Converter for PV Application

Rahul Kumar
PG Scholar, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Corporate Institute of
Science & Technology, Bhopal.

Abstract
A Multiphase Interleaved boost converter with photovoltaic module using Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT) technique is the primary objective of this project. Hence at the
beginning, the PV module is analyzed in MATLAB using SIMULINK software. Single-diode
Photovoltaic model is used here. The surrounding conditions, which really affect the
characteristics of PV cells are listed as; Solar Irradiation & Temperature. Generally three
boost converters are used in parallel manner to form a three-phase interleaved boost
converter. Controlling pulses are coming from the three maximum power point trackers. The
MPPT indicates the maximum possible power from the photovoltaic module and supply it to
the load via the multiphase interleaved boost converter which boosts up the voltage in high
ratio to required magnitude. Then the generated dc output voltage is given back to grid
through universal inverter. Before connecting to grid it should be properly synchronized. In
this project, simulation& design of a close loop three phase inverter in MATLAB
SIMULINK platform is also presented. That is also a part of PV grid connected systems. The
inverter utilized here is controlled by the synchronous d-q reference frame. It injects a
current into the grid so that both can be synchronized. Phase lock loop technique is used here
to lock the grid frequency and phase with inverter ones. Filter is especially designed here at
the inverter output terminal to eliminate the high frequency ripple. It’s of low pass type.
There are many MPPT methods given by the researchers. Among them P&O method and
INC method are mostly used. Here P&O algorithm is used because of its advantages over
INC method. P&O MPPT algorithm having faster dynamic response and well-regulated PV
output voltage than hill climbing algorithm. Since the working procedure of INC algorithm is
more complicated than the other two algorithms and also the simulation time spent by INC
algorithm is little longer than the other two algorithms.
The overall ripple and Total harmonics distortions are reduced in this technique without
sacrificing the performance and efficiency of the converter. Auxiliary circuit acts as support
circuit to both main switches (two conditions) and reduce the total losses and improve
efficiency& power factor for large loads. The operational principle, theoretical analysis, and
design method of the proposed converter are presented. The entire proposed system will be
tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulation results are also present.

INTRODUCTION

This paper gives the view on DC–DC converter. It explains the types of the converter with
circuit diagram. Mode of operation of Boost converter and proposed interleaved boost
converter is manifested here. It also presents theoretical waveforms of the multiphase boost
converter according the operation intervals. Basically the conversion efficiency of the PV array
is very small, so as to increase the efficiency, high energy processors are required. This
processor mainly adopts DC-DC converter. Here in my project I have used Boost converter to
boost up magnitude of the input voltage to a desired level without any use of transformer. The
prime parameters of the boost converter are: an inductor, a diode, and a high-frequency
MOSFET switch. The control mechanism lies in the manipulation of the duty pulse given to
the MOSFET, depending upon which voltage will change.

Boost Converter

Modes of Operation of Boost Converter

There are two modes of operation. They depend upon the closing and opening of the switch.
In the 1stmode of operation switch is closed; this is called as charging mode of operation. In
the 2ndmode the switch is open; this is called as discharging mode of operation.
I. Charging Mode
In this mode of operation; 1st the MOSFET is closed, then inductor is charged by the supply
through the switch. That current flowing through the inductor is exponentially charging but for
the convenience purpose we are considering as linearly varying. At this mode diode is in off
state, so the current can’t flow through this. Hence the load demand is met by the discharging
of the capacitor.
II. Discharging Mode
In this mode; when the MOSFET is OFF, the diode is forward biased. Now the inductor
gradually discharges. Furthermore, it charges the capacitor and meets the load demands. The
load current changes in a slow manner, hence assumed to be constant.

Interleaving Technique
Generally to boost up the voltage level or else we can say to get the output voltage higher than
the input, boost converters are used. However when these boost converters are operated for
high ratios leading to some difficulties like higher voltage and current stress on the MOSFET
& higher voltage. .Hence as a solution for this, an interleaving technique for boost converter
have been adopted. This approach can be used for higher power applications to produce high
voltage gain compared to the simple boost converter. Output of the PV module is acting as
input to these converters. For the switches pulses are generated from the MPPT controller
circuit so that they can be used in an efficient manner. However at the high power application,
the vast reverse-recovery current from the diode cause again a problem. The problems may be
extra switching losses & rigorous electromagnetic interference noise. When the MOSFET is
switched on, the diode cannot be immediately switched off. Consequently, the output side
capacitor is connected to ground; at that instant of time very large current spikes arise both at
the switch& at the rectifier, which will cause EMI noise & extra switching losses. Reverse-
recovery problem of diode is affected by its forward current, reverse voltage, temperature &
slew rate of the current etc. One efficient way to remove this problem is to switch off the diode
smoothly so that the di/dt can be controlled during that period.
Equivalent circuit and Operating Principle

Circuital representation of three phase interleaved boost converter

The equivalent circuit of interleaved boost converter is shown in Fig.

Where,
𝐿𝑚 = inductor of main boost converter.
𝑖𝐿𝑚 = current flowing through 𝐿𝑚.
The current is flowing continuously and has very small ripple. This given converter has mainly
three phases:
𝐿1 ,1, 𝐷1 represents phase 1
𝐿2 ,2, 𝐷2 represents phase 2
𝐿3 ,3, 𝐷3 represents phase 3
Hence it is called as three-phase Interleaved Boost Converter.
𝐿1, 𝐿2, and 𝐿3, are not used as three separate inductors, they just tied on a single core of
magnetic material. 𝑇1, 𝑇2, &𝑇3 are ideal transformers.
To analyze the working procedure, certain assumptions are taken for the simplicity,
1) Initially converter is in steady-state condition and the inductor current 𝑖𝐿𝑚 is continuous in
nature.
2) The given integrated inductors have no leakage inductance.
3) 𝐿1, 𝐿2,3 all are equal to L.
4) The magnitude of output side capacitor 𝐶𝑂 is sufficiently high to smooth out the output
voltage ripples and 𝑉𝑂 is assumed to be constant within a cycle period.
METHODOLOGY

Modes of operation

Operation of multiphase interleaved boost converter comprises of 3 modes. Mode 1 from time
duration 𝑡0to 𝑡1, mode 2 from time duration 𝑡1to 𝑡2 and the final mode that is mode 3 from
𝑡2to 𝑡3 . Three modes with circuit diagram and relevant equation are described below.
Mode-01

Circuit diagram for mode 1 operation

This stage has time duration 𝑡0 to 𝑡1 .

Before 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡0, diode current 𝑖𝐷1 falls to zero.

At time t = 𝑡0 instant, switch 𝑆1 is turned on. Because of the inductive currents 𝑖2and𝑖3,

diodes D2 and D3 are forward biased.

The primary voltage of the transformer, 𝑇1is 𝑉A.

Similarly, primary voltage of the transformer𝑇2&𝑇3is (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝑂).

𝑉𝐷𝑆of both the switches S2 and S3 is𝑉𝑂.

Mode-02

Circuit diagram for mode -2 operation.

This mode starts with the time duration (𝑡1 𝑡𝑜 𝑡2). In mode 1 ,2 falls to zero, 𝐷2 achieves its
turn OFF state naturally. 𝑉𝐴at this mode is given as,

Mode-3

Circuit diagram for mode-03 operation.

This mode has the time duration, (𝑡2 𝑡𝑜 𝑡3).

At the instant𝑡2, switch 𝑆1 is turned off; then the capacitor is getting charged up by the
inductor current across switch𝑆1.
Consequently 𝐷1 is forward-biased and starts conducting.
At this mode, VA is expressed as,

The voltage of switch 𝑆2 at this mode is found to be;

Compared with the simple boost converter, voltage across the switch before its turning on,
the voltage across the switch is suppressed using interleaved boost converter by the mutual
coupling between opposite polarity of the integrated inductors. Such a technique would
encourage to reduce the switching losses.

In the next mode of operation, the switch 𝑆2 got turned on. With this, new switching cycle
begins. As the mode of operation in 𝑡3–𝑡6 and 𝑡6–𝑡9 are same as that of 𝑡0–𝑡3, hence only
the working of the first 3 modes is analyzed here.
Theoretical Waveforms

Theoretical waveforms according to operation intervals

Modeling of PV Cell

Rs

RL

ID
Rp

Equivalent circuital representation of PV cell

A solar PV cell is mainly represented by a current source connected with a diode in
parallel fashion. Furthermore a shunt resistance and an intrinsic series resistance are
added to the model as shown in figure.

Variation of solar irradiation at const. Temperature

The P-V and I-V characteristics of a PV cell are highly sensitive to solar irradiation. The
solar irradiation keeps on fluctuating, due to the fact that environmental conditions
changing continuously. However control mechanisms are available which can trace this
change and can help the PV cell to meet the desired load demands. Solar irradiation
affects the PV input, the more is the irradiation, and consequently more will be the input
to the PV cell. As result power value will be increased to the same voltage value. It also
affects the open circuit voltage; it varies proportionally with the solar irradiation. This is
due to the fact that, when more sunlight incidents on to the surface of PV cell, the
electrons are assigned with higher excitation energy, thereby increasing the electron
mobility hence more power is gene

: Variation of I-V curve with solar irradiation

 Variation of P-V curve with solar irradiation

Variation of temperature has a negative impact on PV cell i.e. it affects the power generation
capacity. With an increase in temperature, open circuital voltage decreases. Because with the
hike in temperature band gap energy of the material increases. Thus more and more energy
is required to jump the energy barrier. Hence the efficiency of the solar PV cell decreases.
The following two figure show how the P-V & I-V curve changing with the Temp.

Variation of I-V curve with Temp.

 Variation of Temperature at const. Solar irradiation

Variation of P-V curve with temp.

Summary
In this paper a brief introduction on solar PV cell is illustrated. PV cell is successfully
modeled along with all the proposed equation. One equivalent single diode PV cell model
also considered for good understanding. Many environmental conditions like
temperature and irradiation affect the system. So the effect of varying temp on PV
module is explained here with P-V and I-V characteristics. Similarly effect of varying solar
irradiation on PV module also properly stated.
SIMULATION OF BOOST CONVERTER:

Boost converter is a DC-to-DC converter that steps up voltage from its input to its output. This unique
capability is achieved by storing energy in an inductor and releasing it to the load at a higher voltage

Circuit diagram of boost converter

Based on the proposed design, Matlab /simulink software is used to simulate the boost converter’s performance.

The simulation results of the boost converter with different values of input voltage and duty cycle are shown

with respect to both mode of operation without feedback and with feedback. From the simulation results, the

proposed converter is capable of providing a constant DC output voltage. The transient response does exists for

a few milliseconds before settles to a steady state.

Parameters Considered:

The value of the parameters considered in the simulation is shown in Table.

[Link] PARAMETERS VALUE

1 Input voltage 20 volt

2 Inductor 38 micro henry

3 Capacitor 330 micro

farad

4 Resistance 3 ohm

5 Pulse amplitude 5 volt

6 Pulse frequency 1/10000 hertz

7 Pulse width 50%

GRAPH OF BOOST CONVERTER OBTAINED AFTER SIMULATION ON MATLAB:-

SIMULATION OF INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER:

The two phase interleaved boost converter is shown here. The phase
difference between these two power stages will be 180 degree.
 Circuit design of interleaved boost converter

To find the phase difference between the power stages we have the formula
360/n . Where ‘n’ is the number of power stages. Since we are dealing with
two stages therefore the phase difference between them will be 180 degree.
Parameters Considered:

The value of the parameters considered in the simulation is shown in Table.

[Link] PARAMETERS VALUE

1 Input voltage 20 volt

2 Inductor 38 micro henry

3 Capacitor 330 micro

farad

4 Resistance 3 ohm

5 Pulse amplitude 5 volt

6 Pulse frequency 1/10000 hertz

7 Pulse width 50%

GRAPH OF INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER OBTAINED AFTER SIMULATION

ON MATLAB:-

Simulation graph of interleaved boost converter.

First graph represents the sum of current coming out from the two power
stages. Second graph represents the voltage.
Here we can see that the ripple in voltage is present and it vary from 38.9 to
39.4.
It means ripple present in voltage is, 0.5 which is very less.

SIMULATION:-

Using MATLAB/SIMULINK the simulation of interleaved boost converter is

performed. The waveforms of the input voltage, output voltage, inductor
currents, and voltage ripple are shown. An interleaved boost dc-dc
converter system has been modeled using MATLAB SIMULINK. A
comprehensive simulation was conducted to verify the performance of
interleaved boost dc-dc converter system. The model parameters are listed
in Table T-2. The simulation waveform of interleaved boost dc-dc converter
are also obtained in MATLAB.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MULTI PHASE INTERLEAVED BOOST

Circuit design of multi phase interleaved boost converter

Parameters Considered:

The value of the parameters considered in the simulation is shown in Table.

[Link] PARAMETERS VALUE

1 Input voltage 20 volt

2 Inductor 38 micro henry

3 Capacitor 330 micro

farad

4 Resistance 3 ohm

5 Pulse amplitude 5 volt

6 Pulse frequency 1/10000 hertz

7 Pulse width 50%

GRAPH OF MULTI PHASE INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER OBTAINED AFTER

SIMULATION ON MATLAB:-

Simulation graph of multi phase interleaved boost converter.

In case of multiphase interleaved boost converter the ripple present in voltage is given by;

=117.225-117

=.225

We know, in multiphase interleaved boost converter three different boost converters

represents three individual phases.

In multiphase boost converter three switches are there & their operating phase difference is
120°.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MULTI STAGE MULTI PHASE INTERLEAVED BOOST

The multiphase multistage interleaved boost converter reduces most of the ripple present
in voltage. It smoothen the operation very much in comparision to other boost converter .
as we increase the stages and phases in its circuit diagram its performance become more
efficient for us.

Circuit design of multi stage multi phase interleaved boost converter

GRAPH OF MULTI STAGE MULTI PHASE INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER OBTAINED AFTER
SIMULATION ON MATLAB:-

Simulation graph of multi stage multi phase interleaved boost converter

This is the simulation graph of multi stage multi phase interleaved boost converter . here we
can see that the amount of ripple present in voltage is of negligible amount.

RESULT:-
After doing all this simulation we come to the following coclusion;
1] BOOST CONVERTER

In case of boost converter the ripple present in voltage is given by;

=39.8-37.8
=2
2] INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER

In case of interleaved boost converter the ripple present in voltage is given by;
=39.4-38.9
=0.5
3] MULTI PHASE INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER

In case of multiphase interleaved boost converter the ripple present in voltage is given by;
=117.225-117
=.225

So from all this simulation we conclude that in case of multiphase interleaved boost
converter the ripple in voltage has been reduced very much in comparision to simple boost
converter and interleaved boost converter.

Also if we increase the more stages in this multiphase interleaved boost converter than the
ripple present in voltage can be reduced more.
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion

 Multiphase interleaved boost converter for PV application with all the

simulation results and equivalent circuit has been presented here. As
seen one PV cell gives a very low voltage, which is insufficient for
further work, hence more PV cells are connected together to form one
PV array.

 However the characteristics of the PV array are nonlinear, it contains

lot of harmonics. So to avoid this problem we have used here one
maximum power point tracker, known as MPPT. MPPT algorithms are
straightforward and simple enough. Here MPPT uses P&O algorithm
because of its ease of implementation and simple algorithm. It also
does not require any current sensor.

 To boost up the voltage level boost converter is adopted with

interleaving technique. It has added some advantages like, can be used
for high ratios, also for high power application. Three boost converters
are connected in parallel manner, they are studied and simulated
properly and presented here with all the required results.

Since the generated voltage from the above mentioned entire system is DC,
hence we need one inverter for converting it to AC. So that it can be given back
to the grid. Before connected it to the grid, the frequency and phase of the
inverter should be properly synchronized with the grid. So that things also
presented here using PLL circuit and synchronous rotating d-q frame. And all
the required 3 phase results are listed all together.
Future Scope

Further work in this area may be possible like, there are many MPPT methods
are available till date. Hence they can also be implemented here for increasing
efficiency in fast changing environmental conditions. One shunt active power
filter also can be added after grid current to reduce the harmonic content
hence making it smooth. It can also be done considering the partial shading
effect into the PV cell.

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