SOIL DESIGN PARAMETERS ak iat = we heel courses [Schaal foo | 52 [SP feo sa othe] St] St 2 S| & ean SSS she Pigiciaenoaby Pa Da fe bay Parmmeees —E ER eee eee tee be fctreeracentmren st] Taso Joasf oso] — | 02 | es SS eae i oe aston | 2 | Coeticiet of panesility ane 10°10" 10° to 10"Table 2. Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate “Mixtures Cereal Conaiicaion ‘ranar aioals qOay Waters (25% orless passing 0.075 mm) (More than 25% passing 0.075 mm) i a Er (Geep Clasiaton Ria] ATE] as PREZ] ASET ADS] RT] aa | as | as [ATE AIG. ‘Seve Rahs, PereantPareng 200mm (No 18) fsomae (0.428 mm No 40) ‘max | somay cima) - | - | ee eee ‘sim No 200] fismar | sma tome | 36max | a5mar | semae | 35 ma fsSmin | 36min | 36min | 25min ‘Charactersies of Facion Passing 0425 mm (Nos) Lagi Lima omar | atmin | 0max| Atmin | 40max | 41min | 40 max | et min Pisteny Index max np [toma | imax | Timm | Timm | iomax | t0max | s3mm | ea Vaal Typos of Sigifeart ‘Conastt Mens Stone Fragments, | Fine | Sity orClayey Gravel and Sane ‘Sity Soile clayey Sate Jewel andSand "| Sano ea Rare Scbgade Excslt o Good Fair to Poor * plasty Index of AT-5 Subgroups Equal oor Less Than LL Mirus 30 Pasty Index of A7-6 Sbroup i Greater ‘Than LL Minus 30 (See Figure 2)62, MODULUS OF ELASTICATY €) “The inanaditecetemct of foondstion depends upon the elsisproparie ofthe Ld bening stint, charctrized by Modus of Elastity(E.). Tae Modus of Eastcity of ois is daecdy ‘Proponional to Neves conde ia SPT, The constaot of proportionality depends upon the ‘ype of cous sn whch the tests ae cased out. For the suataenccuatered i ths pacular ‘estgation, dhe elatinstip berweea F,and N-valos canbe used Bowles) E,= 500015) for saad -E,= 300 0048) fora, candy i, clayey alt E,= 7000 NN for somd with silt = 32000215) Where: = Modulus of Blast &N'= SPTN Value Foe wttlement computations, however, the telatcasip adopted by NAVFAC as detailed in their ‘Section 74s aeo wed in the analyse 63. MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION ‘The vane of modu of sxbarade reaction alo a tation ofthe allowable besiag pres ‘aad the following equations con be sede estimate ts vale K.= 1204. Ain’ > Spread Footings = 9045 0m} Mat Foundation582° PILEDESIGNCRITERLA Alpe sottrare wes wed to ven the dasion ofthe ils submitted by AE. This program moos | rocedines descnbed ia the Fousasons & Far Stucnses, Design Manual 702, published by Departaent of Navy, Navel Facies Enpiocenag Cons oe flows 8 ‘Vertical Analysis ‘Ue down ward capacity an be determined by the flowing equations Qee= Ory Os ‘were Qe Ultimate dowmward capacity Qy = Tikit ip resistance Que Ultimate side resistance CnnareTp Retrce Oy Ag gem Ay SNC)vetcl stress in si (overburden presse) beng fcc fr eobesonles sis Iisa fnction of angle of internal ction (8) bean factor for cobeive aie, Iie a faction cf 2/8 (dept) = se eabesoa a tp onze ‘rma ide reitances Qu-DSRaI-E (e+ C)Ral Where S¢-sileresstnce {= shin Scion of eobetonlts cil G~edesionofechesve sil P.~Pesneter of pe section Al-sepmet ofple Stn icin of cohesion ol in(8) =KaneS.-i( Wire Kine 6¢S,~ Kien S vec sesin sl ‘y~boczeaal resin sod Ree tatio ofS, whichis defined in he te of emp 3 ~skin Gctonbetucensoilandpile isa. faction of pie sin ota, Foc ste ple 1 30 For once ple, (Reis ction factor ranging fom 1. Recam be defined in te able of Ser, 824 Zero Side Resistance a some cass, «portion of the pie docs aot have contact with sols. For example sods have ‘ops, c the pil pases though an underground basemen: or Tuapel, Side sescance cannot be ‘Seveloped i ths porioa. Taerefore the concep f sao fiction can be ed.8.24.2 Maximum Sentemont Caleletion ot Cinate Vora Reine Based on Vesic’s recommendation (1977), the sttlemest atthe top of the pile consis of the following tues component: Settement det xiel deformation oft shaft Xe at NE KA Dy Hua ncduis ofeach ofthe ple ‘The equation is dfn fom what town ix DM7. This quion ves uaerel neraon, (whchte ore acetate he the exp exation ix DME? Settenentof ie pint couse by lad ransmitd tthe pot Nop 62. Ba ‘Where C, cape! coecint depending oa soil ype and method of ‘omsraction Its defined in Table 63 below Where 2/B = dept pie win (ote: NAVY DMT as typo mistake inthe equation)otal setement ofa singe pil total Row ™ Bet ytNed 822. Uplift Lond Capt Coletation Utz pli capaci caa be determined by the flowing equations: y= Ot ‘WaereQz =weightofpile (Qside ~ timate side resistence Qa= EW Al ‘Where Wi = weigh of pile ectoa nwa lenge BL ~sepment of pile Qside-ESEPIDI“S G+ CH PLAL ‘Wns f= sie resitace {£7 in Bion of cohesioness coil Cam adhesion of cohesive sil _at= segment of ple i> Perinete of pile section 2a Kup Srund ‘Se vertical stress i ol ‘So horizon inst Kop =stiocfshse ~ san fiction between soll and pk Iti fuaction of ple side ‘ates For sea pile, d=20"-30" For concsete pile d=Ky_ ‘Kfise faction factor mgias from 0. to 1 KFean be doisediasa te tbe of Sen,(arKe Ka C ‘Where C= shear strength of cohasve col coescs) Ke~ adhesion factor anging fou 01101 a= Adhesion at, CC, which finetin of C shown ia Figae 3 Allowable Uplift Capacity ca be detersned by flloriag equations: FFS_w = factor of fry fr pla weight FS up ~ factor of salty for side resistance fo pliSCHMERTMANN'S METHOD FOR SETTLEMENT COMPUTATIONS Settement under fotings on sand are estimated adopting Schmertman's Method with modified stain infuanee factors, wed wre Heo APE Cp assey © tor square toting Ebene! corwctin factor yeas (P51 a>) 1+ 02 Log (108) vendor preeeut 3 fundton lee Eupeed tne i yoor Modus of asic of sot Vercal tse induenoe factor "hotness ofeach of the sa ayers wo «© w i Fg Voted Se Meme Fe * oy 2 as_o4 os 06 : easy oan Vt I me at Z 4 , 8 = LEAST MOTH OF FOUNDATION toe 8 | Mae sti (L+ LENGE OF FoRNDATION : ec i) f a f t (eres suet rma (>) EXPUANATIN OF PRESSURE TERNS W EO. 16.52 Pile Analysis ~ Basie Equations In accordance with general prac. the design loads for ples shal not exceed the vale which the ile able fo support as a stucirel member ‘he capacty ofl suppor the taad delwere to by the pes, hae to be notes that the permite load onthe plea algo governed oy the alowable setement for the siuctre under consideration. Capacity af the piles to support vertienl loads as influenced by the sil propetin (supporting stength of si) fs bry uscusse below. In accordance with API RP 2A, the ultimate load capacity of ple (0) consists of the upward essiance oferd by the skin tcten slong the shat (4) and te reistance oered by the bose of te pie (Gk) and is oven by. a = Gra, 0 ‘These two componenis that make up the total capaci ofthe pls we further cicussed below Skin Fiction Computation of skin fiction for ples embedded in granular soils is goverally and based on the equaton as o kp tana ay o WhereeS Unitrin along to pile chat As = Surface tea of he pie shat K Co-ficont of lateral eat pressure fete overburden pressure and 6 = Angle ot waltcton votwaon cot ar pila In case of cohesve sta, computston of skin fcton i based on the equation QA @ eo.m o Where, a = advesion vue ° _adresion Factor and G = Undeained Contin Value Equations (2) 8 (5) #8 sated shove can be plied cimcty in case of ‘unorm sol eanaone. However, to obtain the actual capsety, the eh length is spi into various lyers (bosed on the aoplied borehole loa): ‘equation (2) oF (8) be then applied for each such layer ace the results asec Aecondingy, Skin feton, Q, = E., 4, (0) nate) © End Bearing ‘This component for granular sis is given by: a = oh o a) wher, Ay = Cross section aren f ple base = fective overburden prassute 2 pe ip Ne = Dimensionleee bearing capacity fector which is @ function of internal ange of rietion of si), In cate cohesive strats, and basting components gon by B= wR o euNeAy (10) Where Ne = Dimensionless bearing capacity factor Factor of Safety (FOS) For pile foundations, generally factor of safety in the range of 1 510 38 adopted. Recording o Tomlinson (1889), the alowable lsd (Qo pile is ‘venty te folowing. ay rr) The lesser of the two O, values is usually used inthe design. This, we befave, should ensure thal the sellement ofthe pile at the woking kad not exa2ed a tolerable valueTablets IDEALIZED SOIL PROFILE Lay [FO [Te [layer [sen cu ye er) fam Gm) Thick | Type Nn) |" |g |g the) um tio} fm _°™ | pbs t Saece] ipeed alba es [sea = [x 2a ac o8 slo TE SarH000) athe Sp seet = (sioc0 ep pas ao San S00 sp fa0 3a) We | ely | tas [os F000 “pu grace modules for fara ad analystsLIST_OF REFERENCES United States Geological Survey (USGS), “Geologic Map GM-210A” Winterkorn H.F and Fang, H.¥, “Foundation Engincering Handbook”, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. USA. Schmertmann_et_al_(1978), “Improved Strain Influence Factor Diagrams", Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE Vol. 104, No, GT 8, 1978. Bowles JE, “Foundation Analysis and Design” Sth Edition, MeGraw-Hill Book Company, USA. Hunt,_R.E, “Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Manual” McGraw-Hill Book Company - USA. Department of Navy, USA (1982), “Design Maawals NAVFAC DM-7.1, DM-7.2” Bjerrum _L (1963), “Allowable Settlement of Structures” Proceedings of European Conference on Soil Mechanics of Foundation Engineering (Wiesbaden). Vol. IL Spangler M.G and Handy R.L, “Soil Engineering”, Fourth Edition, Harper and Row Publishers,11.1 SOIL PARAMETERS FOR DESIGN PURPOSES Soll properties anc parameters raquired for foundation cesign of differant soll layers ereourtcred in the concuctod boreholes are estimated ans calculsted depencing mainiy on mascured SPT N-valuos ueina the following coretations. Coofilonts of cartn prossuca Can be calculated using the following formulas (1) Coctretent of Active Pressure (K) 1 SinB (2) Coaticient of Passive Earth Pressure (Ky) Lsing 1-Sind (3) Coorictent of Eratn Prossura at Rest (K) 1-8ing (4) Cootictont of ttora earth pressure (K)Whee Fe: Weighing factor for Ke ranging from 10 upuerd (was taken F=20 In this report. Where: Ke» Coofcient of active earth pressure e+ Coeficent of passive arth avessure Bammar ~ Costiclotefeerth pressure at ret %, Osi Fest Rete SY K+ Costficiont of lateral earth presoure Seu tng Ree” ic P te Matos So {= Angle orinternat rieion 6, Crand E,pacemetersere evaluated depending on the corrected SPTN- values recorce (N.) using the following empirical corratations: Aeolentintera friction (eee. Terzach) = 27+03°M, [degree] (cee. Kishica, 1967) 0 JON + 15 [ceoree]bs st (Ace. Bounes, 1988) Me Pal Mecuius of tatty E {(ce= Bowles, 1988) for dry sand = 800° (y+ 15) [ka] For saturated sane = 250° (e+ 16) [Pa] For slltend sity sand fine > 909%) =500* (M+ 6). [kPa] Moctulus of Subarcle Reaction Ks Can be estimated depending on the allowable bearing capacity values using the equation suggested by Bowles (1988) as Follows For Isolates and strip footings © K,= 40" Fs*(ca) ForMat-Foundation —: K,=20"Fs "(ql Wirere: 1. :the allowable bearing capacity [xPa FS. :Foctor of safety -3)Cuettcleats of Friction between soll and concrete [Angle of friction betuveen Soil and concrete (fh) can be derived from effective soil internal friction angle (>) Using the following correlations; For diva pte oc. Myre, 1B7B): hs V4 gy 1 Fer bore ples (see Poulos 1980): f= 075 4% Walle, edhesion (Cy) between Soll and consrste can be derived from sol cohesive cooticiont (C,) using the {following correlators; Yea geo Foraiven pies (cc Tontison, 1870) Lod a os + Sandy sits overiying Sut echesiveno 5 Ga (076-125) fro WPT Re + Sorechay Sis overying Sitconeswasal; G7, =(040-070) \\o 4 Dammara + For bored pile in lay (acc Poulos, 1990}: /C, = (0251.00) Soy 7estng Rosas ee Soit 8 storia VSSee 11.2 SPT RECORDED N-VALUE CORRECTION: Cartan cocruction factors (eg, Fld procasres, roc energy and confinement pressize) are suggested ta be eppleg on the raw SPT cata bsfore using it inthe empiria correlations of soil paraators estimation es follows To consider the namar etistoney, Borehole dlameter, rod length, sampler, Skerrpton (1986) suggest the following correction: Ents lal Ng SS wre: (Nee = SPTN value corrected for field prececures. Em + hammer efficiency, (fram Clayecn, 1990 taste) his valuss vary betwean 0.43 and 0.88 Ge borehole diameter correction, Ms values vary between 1.0 sn 1.15 (from Skampton 1986). Ge sampler correction, his values very between 1.0 ond 720 (from Skerpton 1988), i: roa length correction, his values vary betwen 0176 ard 10 [fram Skempton 1986). 1 cmwasured SPT N valu,«.Gontinement Pressure Correstion Factor: "Ca Where: NN the measured standard penetration reslstanee ofthe soit (biow/ 03m), N1:S°T Nevalue corresponding to an effective overburden stras of (t/t) (Gy Confinement Pressure Correction Factor, which cam be calc Peck ot al. (1974): 1 from the following equetion suggested by (y= 077"I0g (20/p') B' effective overburden pressure in (t/t), «In oats te medium density saturates sane, Sced (1976) suggests the following correction for assessmont of ligueteeton probieen: y= 1. 25%Iog10 (o' 107) pen Sammam Fy: Thvemecve overturn Pressure (KPA) eS 6,07 fas sro ting Rest LUE ats SF oy + According Cockito (1994), correction for Held procedures are always appropri Saw ‘overburden correction depencing on tne aceptod sol paramoters correlation or analysis method.12.1 BEARING CAPACITY ESTIMATION ‘The allowable ering capcetty of shallow rouneation ci be calculated from the approach proposed ty Honsen [Brinch Harsen, J (1970), 2 rovsod and exertes formuta for bearing capset, Danish Gectectnical Institute, Bustin 28 5-11} Tahchashadhe +N gh ahyelgly +0.57BN, fda hy JN, =tan?(45 + @/ 2)e"™ ‘SUN, — tan 9] eS 90 ¥, =(, —eote = 9 > 0] ‘aa al a -140.2 +027 B 1+ Fain, 7309) 201 fPesinag a= tan) BE] m2 lay = @-05 tanh) 4, = 05 tan By] « Whore: = Allowable bearing capacity (KPa) B= Wicth of footing mm) : = Length ef tootina (rn) 4 sy Xe Fang neste Sool a Material Dy = Depth oFembecimont (me-ESTIMATI ‘The loer valu tana rom tase to eaten with carespondng seterent tin he ecptale range Iseorlonrs sre cain aioweble rng opel fe 08 Where be corresponding runcaton tare recline a werk seas assy can be xtima srg ‘Smertrann etl (1978) mths flows ose Wer ktm ctoant 1 ain tace(otonn 80-08), AP aeles ese fouetlan ti 6 sedis of elettye ayers utr caldration 6 dept eeuinad 3 ows g10-05(8) Ge Soconry eeprom 6. 10+ 02-tgCt00) Ce Shatter clues a alo: = 103-om( 207 wirore, (2 overburcen prssure st desth B/2 below foeting befor square footing aa depth B in case oF sip toctng B natn of aking apple foundation pressure