DISTILLATION

1) This operation is used for separation of liquid

homogeneous mixture by partial vapourisation and
condensation.
2) Distillation with rectification gives almost pure
product.
3) The product removed from top is called distillate.
4) The product removed from bottom is called waste.
5) Material balance is based on more volatile
component.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DISTILLATION FOR BINARY SYSTEM

(A+ B)
`
DISTILLATE =D
fraction of A =XAD
FEED=F fraction of B =XBD
fraction of A=XAF
fraction of B=XBF DISTILLATION

WASTE =W
fraction of A =XAW
fraction of B =XBW
TOTAL MATERIAL BALANCE

FEED = DISTILLATE +WASTE

F = D + W -----------------------------------------I

MATERIAL BALANCE OF COMPONENT “A”

A IN FEED = A IN DISTILLATE + A IN WASTE

F x XAF = D x XAD + W x XAW ----------------------------------- II

Example= 10000 kg/hr of solution containing 20%
methanol is continuously fed to a distillation column.
Distillate is found to contain 98 % methanol and waste
contain 08 % methanol by weight .calculate flow rate
of distillate & waste.?

SOLUTION =>
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DISTILLATION FOR BINARY SYSTEM
(A+ B)
DISTILLATE =D
XAD =0.98
XBD
FEED=F=10000
XAF= 0.20
DISTILLATION
XBF
WASTE =W
XAW = 0.08
XBW

TM B> F = D + W

D = 10000 -- W ---------------------------------- I

MBC “A”> F x XAF = D x XAD + W x XAW

10000 x 0.2 = ( 10000 -- W ) x 0.98 + W x 0.08

W= WASTE = kg/hr
D = DISTILLATE = 10000 -- W = kg/hr

Example => N kg/hr of solution containing 15 %

methanol is continuously fed to a distillation column.
Distillate is found to contain 90 % methanol and waste
contain 08 % methanol by weight .calculate flow rate
of distillate & waste in kg /hr?
 FILTRATION

1) This operation is used for separation of

solids from suspension in liquid (slurry).
2) Filter media is used for separation.
3) The product removed from filter media is
called wet solids or residue
4) The product passes through filter media is
called filtrate

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FILTRATION OPERATION

(A-SOLID, B-LIQUID)

WET SOLIDS =W
fraction of A =XAW
SLURRY=S fraction of B =XBW
fraction of A=XAS FILTRATION
fraction of B=XBS

FILTRATE=F

TOTAL MATERIAL BALANCE

SLURRY = WET SOLIDS + FILTRATE

S = W + F---------------------------------------I

MATERIAL BALANCE OF COMPONENT “A”

A IN SLURRY = A IN WET SOLIDS

S x XAS = W x XAW ------------------------------------------------------- II

 Example= 10000 kg/hr of slurry containing 20% Solids
is continuously fed to a filtration unit .Wet solids is
found to contain 98 % solids .
Calculate flow rate of wet solids & filtrate?.
.Solution=>
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FILTRATION OPERATION
(A-SOLID, B-LIQUID)

WET SOLIDS =W
fraction of A =XAW=0.98
SLURRY=S=10000 fraction of B =XBW
fraction of A=XAS=0.2 FILTRATION
fraction of B=XBS

FILTRATE=F
TOTAL MATERIAL BALANCE

SLURRY = WET SOLIDS + FILTRATE

S = W + F---------------------------------------I

MATERIAL BALANCE OF COMPONENT “A”

A IN SLURRY = A IN WET SOLIDS

S x XAS = W x XAW --------------------------------------------------------- II

Solving I & II> W =WET SOLIDS= kg/hr

F = FILTRATE = kg/hr

Example= N kg/hr of slurry containing 18 % Solids is

continuously fed to a filtration unit .Wet solids is
found to contain 90 % solids .
Calculate flow rate of wet solids & filtrate.?
 EVAPORATION

1) This operation is used for concentration of weak

liquor(solution) by vaporization.
2) Solvent is vaporized by steam to give thick liquor.
3) The product removed from top is vapor.
4) The product removed from bottom is thick liquor

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EVAPORATION OPERATION

(A-SOLUTE, B-SOLVENT)

VAPOR=V

WEAK LIQUOR=W
fraction of A=XAW EVAPORATION
fraction of B=XBW
THICK LIQUOR =T
fraction of A=XAT
fraction of B=XBT
TOTAL MATERIAL BALANCE

WEAK LIQUOR = VAPOR + THICK LIQUOR

W = V + T---------------------------------------I

MATERIAL BALANCE OF COMPONENT “A”

A IN WEAK LIQUOR = A IN THICK LIQUOR

W x XAW = T x XAT ------------------------------------------------------- II

 Example= 10000 kg/hr weak liquor of containing 20%
solute is continuously fed to a evaporation unit . Thick
liquor is found to contain 40 % solute .Calculate flow
rate of vapor & thick liquor ?

Solution=>
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EVAPORATION OPERATION
(A-SOLUTE, B-SOLVENT)
VAPOR=V

WEAK
LIQUOR=W=10000 EVAPORATION
fraction of A=XAW=0.2
fraction of B=XBW
THICK LIQUOR =T
fraction of A=XAT=0.4
fraction of B=XBT
TOTAL MATERIAL BALANCE

WEAK LIQUOR = VAPOR + THICK LIQUOR

W = V + T -----------------------------------I

MATERIAL BALANCE OF COMPONENT “A”

A IN WEAK LIQUOR = A IN THICK LIQUOR

W x XAW = T x XAT -------------------------------------------------------- II

Solving I & II VAPOR=V= kg/hr

THICK LIQUOR =T= kg/hr
Example= N kg/hr weak liquor of containing 10%
solute is continuously fed to a evaporation unit . Thick
liquor is found to contain 45 % solute .
Calculate flow rate of vapor & thick liquor ?
 DRYING

1) This operation is used to remove moisture from

wet solids by vaporization to get dried solids.
2) The product removed from top is moisture.
4) The product removed from bottom is dried solids.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DRYING OPERATION

(A- -SOLID,B- MOISTURE)

MOISTURE
REMOVED=M
WET SOLIDS=W
fraction of A=XAW DRYING
fraction of B=XBW
DRIED SOLIDS =D
fraction of A=XAD
fraction of B=XBD

TOTAL MATERIAL BALANCE

WET SOLIDS = MOISTURE REMOVED + DRIED SOLIDS

W = M + D ---------------------------------------I

MATERIAL BALANCE OF COMPONENT “A”

A IN WET SOLIDS = A IN DRIED SOLIDS

W x XAW = D x XAD -------------------------------------------------- II

 Example= 1000 kg/hr of wet solids containing 05%
moisture is continuously fed to a drying unit. Dried
solids is found to contain 02 % moisture .
Calculate flow rate of moisture removed & dried solids

solution=>
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DRYING OPERATION
(A- -SOLID,B- MOISTURE)
MOISTURE
REMOVED=M
WET SOLIDS=W=1000
fraction of A=XAW =0.95
fraction of B=XBW=0.05 DRYING

DRIED SOLIDS =D
fraction of A =XAD=0.98
fraction of B=XBD=0.20

TOTAL MATERIAL BALANCE

WET SOLIDS = MOISTURE REMOVED + DRIED SOLIDS

W = M + D ---------------------------------------I

MATERIAL BALANCE OF COMPONENT “A”

A IN WET SOLIDS = A IN DRIED SOLIDS

W x XAW = D x XAD -------------------------------------------------- II

Solving I & II MOISTURE REMOVED = M = kg/hr

DRIED SOLIDS= D = kg/hr
Example= N kg/hr of wet solids containing 08%
moisture is continuously fed to a drying unit. Dried
solids is found to contain 03 % moisture .
Calculate flow rate of moisture removed & dried solids
 Heat Capacity

Heat Capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to

change the temperature of unit mass of substance by 10c.

If we add heat to a sample of material, the temperature will

increase. .

The amount of the temperature (T2) increase depends on

1) how much heat was added(Q) ,

2) the size of the sample(mass or moles )
3) the original temperature of the sample (T1),
4) the heat capacity of material (Cp )

For m mass of sample heat added is given by following

equation

Q = m ∫ cpdT ------------------------------------------------ (1)

When Cp is constant the integration of Equation (1) becomes

Q = m cp(T2-T1) --------------------------------------------- (2)

When Cp is not constant , the heat capacity is given by

following equation in T.

Cp = a + bT +cT2 + dT3 --------------------------------- (3)

where a , b , c and d are constants . With this temperature-

dependent heat capacity the heat added is given by following
equation.

T 
 2 
Q = m   ( a + b T + c T 2 + d T 3 ) d t  ---- (4)
 T 1 

Q = ma (T - T )+b/2 (T2 - T2)+c/3 (T3 - T3)+d/4 (T4 - T4) (5)

 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 
Example-A gas is flowing at a rate of 100 kmole /min is heated
from 298 K to 383 K.
Calculate the heat must be transferred using Cp (KJ/kmole k) data:
Cp=a+bT+cT2+dT3
where
A bx103 cx106 dx109
21.36 64.28 -41.05 9.79
Ans--------- 330298.5 kJ/min

Example-A gas is flowing at a rate of 10 kmole /sec is heated from

303 K to 523 K.
Calculate the heat must be transferred using Cp (KJ/kmole k) data:
Cp=a+bT+cT2+dT3
where
A bx103 cx106 dx109
19.24 52.11 11.97 -11.31
Ans----------- 92395 kJ/sec

Example-A gas is flowing at a rate of 10 kmole /sec is heated from

303 K to 523 K.
Calculate the heat must be transferred using Cp (KJ/kmole k) data:
Cp=a+bT+cT2+dT3
where
a bx103 cx106 dx109
N N N N
Ans----------- kJ/sec
 Chemical Engineering -I

Course AT-I/ST-III
Marks-80 Time-3Hr
______________________________________________________
Attempt any four questions

Q1 a) What are different methods of expressing composition of mixture?

Explain any two methods? 10

b) A gas mixture contain 10 kg CO2, 30 kg CO, 30 kg He&40 kg Ar

at temperature 300c &pressure 4 atma.
Calculate density of gas mixture? 10

Q2. a) Explain with material balance &block diagram drying & filtration. 10

b) 1200 kg/hr of solution containing 15 % methanol is continuously fed to a

distillation column. Distillate is found to contain 90 % methanol and waste
contain 08 % methanol ( by weight) .
Calculate flow rate of distillate & waste in kg /hr? 10

Q3. a) Define the following terms: 10

I. % conversion
II. % yield
III. Selectivity
IV. Limiting reactant and excess reactant

b) In NH3 synthesis 10 kg N2 & 24 Kg H2 is supplied for reaction .Product mixture

contain 10 kg NH3.
Calculate % conversion N2 &H2 ? 10

Q.4 a) What is energy? Explain different forms of energy? 10

b) A gas is flowing at a rate of 100 kmole /min is heated from 298 K to 383 K.
Calculate the heat must be transferred using Cp (KJ/kmole k) data: 10
Cp=a+bT+cT2+dT3
where
a bx103 cx106 dx109
21.36 64.28 -41.05 9.79

Q.5a) What is combustion?.Give difference between partial &complete combustion? 10

b) The NCVof Propane is 2020 kJ/mol. 10
Calculate its GCV in kcal/kg & in kcal/mol?
Define heat capacity & Explain its temperature
dependence?

Explain enthalpy – temperature graph with heat

calculation ?

Define calorific [Link] GCV&NCV?

A gas mixture contain 10 kg CO2,30 kg CO,30 kg He&40 kg Ar at

temperature 300c &pressure 4 atma.
Calculate density of gas mixture?

A solution of acetic acid in water contain 4% acetic acid (by weight).

Density of solution is 1.02kg/lit.
Calculate normality,molality&molarity ?

1200 kg/hr of solution containing 15 % methanol is continuously fed to a

distillation column. Distillate is found to contain 90 % methanol and waste
contain 08 % methanol ( by weight) .
Calculate flow rate of distillate & waste in kg /hr?

10000 kg/hr of slurry containing 20% Solids is continuously fed to a

filtration unit .Wet solids is found to contain 98 % solids .
Calculate flow rate of wet solids & filtrate?
10000 kg/hr weak liquor of containing 20% solute is continuously fed to a
evaporation unit . Thick liquor is found to contain 40 % solute .
Calculate flow rate of vapor & thick liquor ?

1000 kg/hr of wet solids containing 05% moisture is continuously fed to a

drying unit. Dried solids is found to contain 02 % moisture .
Calculate flow rate of moisture removed & dried solids?

In NH3 synthesis 10 kg N2 & 24 Kg H2 is supplied for reaction .Product

mixture contain 10 kg NH3.
Calculate % conversion N2 &H2 ?

The NCVof Propane is 2020 kJ/mol.

Calculate its GCV in kcal/kg & in kcal/mol?.

Example-A gas is flowing at a rate of 100 kmole /min is heated from 298 K
to 383 K.
Calculate the heat must be transferred using Cp (KJ/kmole k) data:
Cp=a+bT+cT2+dT3
where
A bx103 cx106 dx109
21.36 64.28 -41.05 9.79