Module-4
Statistical Test with Applications
Dr. Neera Kumari
Assistant Professor,
D. Y. Patil International University, Akurdi, Pune, Maharashtra,
India
Numerical Descriptive Measures: Notation
• N = Size of Population
• n = size of sample
• = Population Mean
• x = sample mean
• = Population Variance
2
• = Population Standard Deviation
• s2 = sample variance
• s = sample standard deviation
Chi-square test:
The Chi-square test is a non-parametric statistical test used to examine the
relationship between categorical variables. It helps determine whether
there's a significant association between the variables or whether observed
frequencies differ from expected frequencies.
There are two main types of Chi-square tests:
Assumptions:
•Observations must be independent.
•Categories must be mutually exclusive.
•Expected frequency in each cell should be at least 5 (especially for validity
of results).
Final Decision: The researcher concludes that exercise and heart
disease are not independent, meaning exercise affects heart health.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
It is a powerful statistical tool in tests of significance. In parametric tests, we
discussed the statistical tests relating to mean of a population or equality of means of
two populations. In situations, when we have three or more samples to consider at a
time, an alternative procedure is needed for testing the hypothesis that all the samples
are drawn from the same populations, which have the same mean.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was introduced by R.A. Fisher to deal the problem in
the analysis of agricultural data. Variations in the observations are inherent in nature.
The total variation in the observed data is due to the following two causes namely, (i)
assignable causes, and (ii) chance causes. By this technique, the total variation in the
sample data can be bifurcated into variation between sample and variation within
samples. The second kind of variation is due to experimental error.
These kinds of tests are very much applicable in agricultural field experiments, where
they want to know the yield of different kinds of seeds, fertilizers adopted, pesticides
used, different irrigation, cultivation method etc., accordingly there are different types
of ANOVA tests available.
In ANOVA tests, we need the following terms with their definitions:
1. Treatments
2. Experimental Unit
3. Blocks
4. Replication
5. Randomization
1. Treatments: Various factors or methods that we adopted in a comparative
experiment are termed as treatments. For example, in field experiments, different
varieties of paddy seeds, different kinds of fertilizers, different methods of
cultivation etc., are called treatments.
2. Experimental units: A small area of experimental material is used for applying
the treatment is called an experimental unit. In agricultural experiments, a
cultivated land, usually called as experimental material is divided into smaller
areas of plots in which, different treatment can be applied in it. Such kind of plots
are called experimental units.
3. Blocks: In field experiments, the experimental material is firstly divided into
relatively homogeneous divisions, known as Blocks. All the blocks are further
divided into small plots of experimental units.
4. Replications: The repetition of the treatments to the experimental units more
number of times under investigation is called replication. In agricultural
experiments, each block will receive all the treatments and in every block the
similar treatments are repeated according to the number of blocks available.
Hence, in analysis, the number of blocks will be same as number of replications.
5. Randomization: The adoption of various treatments to the experimental units in a
random manner is called randomization. Different kinds of randomization will be
adopted in the ANOVA tests, namely, complete randomization, randomization
within blocks, row-wise, column-wise etc., according to the types of experimental
designs.
TEST FOR COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN
Example 1. In order to compare the mileage yields of 3 kinds of
gasoline, several tests were run and the following results were
obtained (each figure represents the number of miles obtained with a
gallon of the respective gasoline).
Gasoline A: 19 21 20 18 21 21
Gasoline B: 23 20 22 20 24 23
Gasoline C: 20 17 21 19 20 17
Calculate F and assuming that the necessary assumptions can be met,
test at a level of significance of 0.05 whether the observed differences
between the means obtained by 3 kinds of gasoline may be distributed
to chance. Also test the hypothesis using t-test at 5% level of
2 3
significance. (Tabulated values are 3.68 for F-test and 2.131 for t-test
Example 3. The following data denotes the four “tropical feed stuffs
A, B, C, D” tried on 20 chicks is given below. All the twenty chicks
are treated alike in all respects except the feeding treatments and
each feeding treatment is given to five chicks. Test whether all the
four feedstuffs are alike in weight gain of the chicks at 5% level of
significance.
Example 4. In order to study the yield of five types of sesame, say, A,
B, C, D, E an experiment was conducted using CRD with four pots
per type. The outputs are given below. Examine whether all the four
types of sesame are equal in their yield at 1% level of significance.