STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I

XIAOLONG HAN

Abstract. This Study Guide covers the key topics and problems featured in the Tests and the
Final of Calculus I.
(I). This Guide contains 22 problems, organized by topic. These problems are directly repre-
sentative of those on the Tests and the Final, in terms of type, difficulty, and wording.
(II). Review these 22 problems to practice your problem-solving skills. Answers to all problems
are provided in this Guide; however, use them only to check your work and to aid your
understanding. Ensure that you can solve all the problems in this Guide independently.

Contents
Topic 1. Limits 2
Topic 1.A. Computing limits 2
Topic 1.B. Limits involving infinity 4
Topic 1.C. Continuity 5
Topic 2. Differentiation 6
Topic 2.A. Computing derivatives by limits 6
Topic 2.B. Computing derivatives by rules 7
Topic 2.C. Implicit differentiation 9
Topic 3. Applications of differentiation 10
Topic 3.A. Related rates 10
Topic 3.B. Mean value theorem 11
Topic 3.C. First-order derivative test and optimization 11
Topic 3.D. Second-order derivative test and graphing 14
Topic 4. Integration 16
Topic 4.A. Indefinite integrals 16
Topic 4.B. Definite integrals 21
Topic 4.C. Fundamental theorem of calculus 22
Topic 5. Applications of integration 23
Topic 5.A. Average and work 23
Topic 5.B. Area between curves 24
Topic 5.C. Volume of revolutions 25

The three main subjects in Calculus I are limits, differentiation, and integration. All
questions on the Tests and the Final are addressed using one of these skills.

1
2 XIAOLONG HAN

Topic 1. Limits
Topic 1.A. Computing limits.
Definition.
• If f (x) approaches a number L as x approaches a, then we write
lim f (x) = L.
x→a

• If f (x) approaches a number L as x approaches a from the right, then we write

lim f (x) = L.
x→a+

• If f (x) approaches a number L as x approaches a from the left, then we write

lim f (x) = L.
x→a−

Theorem (The squeeze theorem). If

f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) and lim f (x) = lim h(x) = L,
x→a x→a
then
lim g(x) = L.
x→a

Remark (Some squeeze estimates).

x2 sin x
1− ≤ ≤ 1 as x → 0, and − 1 ≤ sin x, cos x ≤ 1 for all x.
6 x
Problem 1. Find the limits.
(a).
x−1
lim √ .
x→1 x−1
(b).
4 − x2
lim .
x→2 x2 − 3x + 2
(c).
tan x
lim .
x→0 x
(d).
sin(3x)
lim .
x→0 x
Answer.
(a).
x−1
lim √ (Cannot plug in x = 1 since it is not in the domain.)
x→1 x−1
√
(x − 1)( x + 1) √

= lim √ √ Simplify the function by the conjugate x + 1.
x→1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
√
(x − 1)( x + 1) 2 2


= lim √ 2 Use the formula (a − b)(a + b) = a − b .
x→1 ( x) − 12
√
(x − 1)( x + 1)
= lim (Simplify the function further.)
x→1 x−1
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 3
√
= lim x + 1 (Remove the common factor (x − 1).)
x→1
√
= 1 + 1 (Plug in x = 1 since it is in the domain.)
= 2.
(b).
4 − x2
lim (Cannot plug in x = 2 since it is not in the domain.)
x→2 x2 − 3x + 2
(2 − x)(2 + x)
= lim (Simplify the function by factorization.)
x→2 (x − 1)(x − 2)

−(x − 2)(2 + x)
= lim (Factor out −1: (2 − x) = −(x − 2).)
x→2 (x − 1)(x − 2)

−(2 + x)
= lim (Remove the common factor (x − 2).)
x→2 x−1
−(2 + 2)
= (Plug in x = 2 since it is in the domain.)
2−1
= −4.
(c). Notice that near x = 0,
x2 sin x
1− ≤ ≤ 1.
6 x
Now
x2
 
lim 1 − = 1 and lim 1 = 1.
x→0 6 x→0
By the squeeze theorem,
sin x
lim = 1.
x→0 x
Hence,
tan x sin x sin x 1 1
lim = lim = lim · lim =1· = 1.
x→0x x→0 x · cos x x→0 x x→0 cos x cos 0
(d). Notice that near y = 0,
y2 sin y
1− ≤ ≤ 1.
6 y
Notice that
y2
lim 1 − = 1 and lim 1 = 1.
y→0 6 y→0
By the squeeze theorem,
sin y
lim = 1.
y→0 y
Now,
sin(3x) sin(3x) sin y
lim = 3 lim = 3 lim = 3.
x→0 x x→0 3x y→0 y
Here, we changed the variable y = 3x.
4 XIAOLONG HAN

Topic 1.B. Limits involving infinity.

Theorem.
(i). (
number ∞ if positive,
=
0 −∞ if negative.
Use test points close to the base point to determine the sign.
(ii).
number
= 0.
±∞
(iii). The limit of the quotient of two polynomials at infinity is the same as the quotient of the
leading terms. For example,
18x3 + 5x2 − 2x 18x3 18 3
lim 3 2
= lim 3
= = .
x→∞ 42x + x + 3x + 2 x→∞ 42x 42 7
Problem 2. Find the limits.
(a).
x−1
lim− 2 .
x→2 x − 5x + 6
(b).
x
lim+ .
x→3 9 − x2
(c).
2x + 3
lim √ .
x→∞ x2 + 1
(d).
sin(6x)
lim .
x→∞ 13x
Answer.
(a). Compute that
x−1 x−1
lim− 2 = lim− = ∞,
x→2 x − 5x + 6 x→2 (x − 2)(x − 3)
because the numerator x − 1 is positive and the denominator (x − 2)(x − 3) is positive as
x → 2− . (One can find the signs by evaluating at a test point on the left-hand-side of 2,
say, 1.9.)
(b). Compute that
x x
lim+ 2
= lim+ = −∞,
x→3 9 − x x→3 (3 − x)(3 + x)
because the numerator x is positive and the denominator (3 − x)(3 + x) is negative as
x → 3+ . (One can find the signs by evaluating at a test point on the right-hand-side of 3,
say, 3.1.)
(c). Compute that
2x + 3 2x 2x
lim √ = lim √ = lim = 2.
x→∞ x2 + 1 x→∞ x2 x→∞ x
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 5

(d). Notice that since −1 ≤ sin(6x) ≤ 1, as x → ∞,

1 sin(6x) 1
− ≤ ≤ .
13x 13x 13x
Now
1 1
lim − = 0 and lim = 0.
x→∞ 13x x→∞ 13x
By the squeeze theorem,
sin(6x)
lim = 0.
x→∞ 13x
Topic 1.C. Continuity.
Definition (Continuity). We say that f is continuous at a if
lim f (x) = f (a).
x→a

Problem 3. Let (√
x−3
x−9
x 6= 9,
f (x) =
A x = 9.
Find A such that f (x) is continuous.
Answer. Compute that
√
x−3
lim
x→9 x − 9
√ √
( x − 3) ( x + 3)
= lim √
x→9 (x − 9) ( x + 3)
√ 2
( x) − 32
= lim √
x→9 (x − 9) ( x + 3)

x−9
= lim √
x→9 (x − 9) ( x + 3)

1
= lim √
x→9 x+3
1
= √
9+3
1
= .
6
The function f is continuous if
√
x−3
lim = f (9) = A,
x→9 x−9
that is,
1
A= .
6
6 XIAOLONG HAN

Topic 2. Differentiation
Topic 2.A. Computing derivatives by limits.
Definition (Derivative by limit). The derivative of a function f at a point x is given by
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim .
h→0 h
The tangent line of f at the point (x0 , y0 ) has slope f 0 (x0 ) = m and equation
y − y0 = m (x − x0 ) .
Problem 4. Let √
f (x) = 2x + 1.
(a). Find f 0 (x) using the limit definition of derivative.
(b). Find the equation of the tangent line to y = f (x) at (4, f (4)).
Answer.
(a). Compute that
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
p √
2(x + h) + 1 − 2x + 1
= lim
h→0
√ h
√
2x + 2h + 1 − 2x + 1
= lim
h→0
√ h
√
√ √

2x + 2h + 1 − 2x + 1 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
= lim √ √

h→0 h 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
√
2 √
2
2x + 2h + 1 − 2x + 1
= lim √ √

h→0 h 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
(2x + 2h + 1) − (2x + 1)
= lim √ √

h→0 h 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
2h
= lim √ √

h→0 h 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
2
= lim √ √
h→0 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
2
= √ √
2x + 1 + 2x + 1
2
= √
2 2x + 1
1
= √ .
2x + 1
(b). Compute that
1 1 √
f 0 (4) = √ = and f (4) = 2 · 4 + 1 = 3.
2·4+1 3
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 7

Then the equation of the tangent line at (4, f (4)) is

1
y − 3 = (x − 4),
3
which simplifies to
1 5
y = x+ .
3 3
Topic 2.B. Computing derivatives by rules.
Theorem (Derivative rules).
(i). Derivatives of powers:
(xn )0 = nxn−1 .
In particular,
√
0  1 0 1 − 1 1 1
x = x2 = x 2 = 1 = √ .
2 2x 2 2 x
(ii). Derivative of trigonometric functions:
(sin x)0 = cos x, (cos x)0 = − sin x, (tan x)0 = sec2 x.
(csc x)0 = − csc x cot x, (sec x)0 = sec x tan x, (cot x)0 = − csc2 x.
(iii). Derivative of exponential and logarithmic functions:
1
(ex )0 = ex and (ln x)0 = .
x
(iv). The product rule:
(f g)0 = f 0 g + f g 0 .
(v). The quotient rule:  0
f f 0g − f g0
= .
g g2
(vi). The chain rule:
(f (g(x)))0 = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x).
Problem 5. Find the derivatives.
(a). √
f (x) = x 2x + 1.
(b).
1
f (x) = π 2 + 3x − .
x
(c).
sin x
f (x) = .
cos x + 1
(d).
tan e3x .

(e).
2
f (x) = e x .
(f ).
f (x) = esec x .
8 XIAOLONG HAN

(g).
x3
 
f (x) = ln .
(x + 1)2
(h).
f (x) = x ln(cos x).
Answer.
(a). By the product rule and the chain rule,
 √ 0 √ √ 0
0
x 2x + 1 = (x) · 2x + 1 + x · 2x + 1
√ 1
2x + 1 + x · √
= 1· · (2x + 1)0
2 2x + 1
√ 1
= 2x + 1 + x · √ ·2
2 2x + 1
√ x
= 2x + 1 + √
2x + 1
√ √
2x + 1 · 2x + 1 x
= √ +√
2x + 1 2x + 1
2x + 1 + x
= √
2x + 1
3x + 1
= √ .
2x + 1
(b). Notice that π 2 is a constant so its derivative is zero.
 0
1
0 1
2
= (3x)0 − x−1 = 3 − −x−2 = 3 + x−2 = 3 + 2 .


π + 3x −
x x
(c). By the quotient rule,
 0
sin x cos x(cos x + 1) − sin x(− sin x)
=
cos x + 1 (cos x + 1)2
cos2 x + cos x + sin2 x
=
(cos x + 1)2
cos x + 1
=
(cos x + 1)2
1
= .
cos x + 1
(d). By the chain rule,


0
tan e3x = sec2 e3x · e3x · 3 = 3e3x sec2 e3x .

(e). By the chain rule,

0 0 2
 2

2x−1 2x−1 −2

2e x
e x = e =e · −2x =− 2 .
x
(f). By the chain rule,
(esec x )0 = esec x · (sec x)0 = esec x tan x sec x.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 9

(g). By the chain rule and the quotient rule,

0 0
x3 x3
  
1
ln = x3
·
(x + 1)2 (x+1)2
(x + 1)2
(x + 1)2 3x2 · (x + 1)2 − x3 · 2(x + 1)
= ·
x3 (x + 1)4
1 x2 (x + 1)(3(x + 1) − 2x)
= ·
x3 (x + 1)2
1 x+3
= ·
x x+1
x+3
= .
x(x + 1)
(h). By the product rule and the chain rule,
(x ln(cos x))0 = (x)0 · ln(cos x) + x · (ln(cos x))0
1
= ln(cos x) + x · · (− sin x)
cos x
= ln(cos x) − x tan x.
Topic 2.C. Implicit differentiation.
Problem 6. Let
x2 y + y 3 = 2.
dy
(a). Use implicit differentiation to find dx at (−1, 1).
(b). Find the equation of the tangent line at (−1, 1).
Answer.
(a). Take derivative in x to both sides of the equation:

0
x2 y + x2 y 0 + 3y 2 · y 0 = 0, 2xy + x2 + 3y 2 y 0 = 0,

which simplifies to
x2 + 3y 2 y 0 = −2xy.

Hence,
2xy
y0 = − .
x2 + 3y 2
At (−1, 1),
2 · (−1) · 1 1
y0 = − 2 2
= .
(−1) + 3 · 1 2
1
(b). The tangent line at (−1, 1) has slope 2 , and equation
1
y − 1 = (x − (−1)) ,
2
which simplifies to
1 3
y = x+ .
2 2
10 XIAOLONG HAN

Topic 3. Applications of differentiation

Topic 3.A. Related rates.
Problem 7.
(a). A spherical balloon is being filled with air so that its volume is increasing at a rate of 8
in3 /sec. How fast is the radius of the balloon growing, when the radius is 2 in? The volume
is V = 34 πr3 .
(b). A dolphin heading north at a rate of 4 miles/hr passes a boat going east at a rate of 3
miles/hr. If it has been 2 hours since they passed, how fast is the distance between the boat
and the dolphin increasing?
(c). Sand falls into a pile at a rate of 6 ft3 /min. The pile is a cone whose radius is always 2
times the height. How fast is the height increasing, when the height is 3 feet? (The volume
of a cone is V = 31 πr2 h.)
Answer.
(a). Differentiate V = 43 πr3 with respect to t:
V 0 = 4πr2 · r0 .
When V 0 = 8 and r = 2,
8 = 4π · 22 · r0 ,
which implies that
1
r0 =in/sec.
2π
(b). Let x be the distance between the dolphin and the point where they passed. Let y be the
distance between the boat and the point where they passed. Then the distance z between
them, denoted by z, satisfies that
z 2 = x2 + y 2 ,
by the Pythagorean theorem. Take derivatives in t:
2z · z 0 = 2x · x0 + 2y · y 0 ,
which implies that
x 0 y 0
z0 = ·x + ·y.
z z
We have that
x0 = 4 and y 0 = 3.
After 2 hours since they passed,
p √
x = 4 · 2 = 8, y = 3 · 2 = 6, and z = x2 + y 2 = 82 + 62 = 10.
Hence,
dz x y 8 6
= · x0 + · y 0 = ·4+ · 3 = 5 miles/hr.
dt z z 10 10
(c). Since the radius is always 2 times the height, r = 2h,
1 1 4
V = πr2 h = π(2h)2 h = πh3 .
3 3 3
Take derivatives in t:
V 0 = 4πh2 · h0 .
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 11

When the height h = 3 and V 0 = 6,

6 = 4π · 32 · h0 ,
which implies that
1
h0 = ft/min.
6π
Topic 3.B. Mean value theorem.
Theorem (Mean value theorem). If a function f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on
(a, b), then there is at least one point c in (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) = .
b−a
√
Problem 8. Let f (x) = x on [1, 9].
(a). State the mean value theorem for f (x).
(b). Find c in (1, 9) that satisfies the conclusion in Part (a).
Answer.
√
(a). Mean value theorem: The function f (x) = x is continuous on [1, 9] and differentiable on
(1, 9), then there is at least one point c in (1, 9) such that
f (9) − f (1)
f 0 (c) = .
9−1
(b). First, √ √
9− 1 1
= .
9−1 4
Next,
1
f 0 (x) = √ .
2 x
Therefore,
1 1
f 0 (c) = √ = ,
2 c 4
√
when c = 2, that is,
c = 4.
We can readily check that c is in (1, 9).
Topic 3.C. First-order derivative test and optimization.
Theorem (First-order derivative test).
(
increasing if f 0 > 0,
f is
decreasing if f 0 < 0.
The points for which f 0 = 0 are called the critical points. At a critical point, the tangent is
horizontal, where f may attain a maximum or minimal value.
√
Problem 9. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum of f (x) = x 3 − x on [−1, 3].
Answer.
12 XIAOLONG HAN

• Step 1. Find the critical points of the function.

√
0
f 0 (x) = x 3 − x
√ √
0
= (x)0 3 − x + x · 3−x
√ 1
= 3−x+x· √ · (3 − x)0
2 3−x
√ x
= 3−x− √
2 3−x
√ √
3−x·2 3−x−x
= √
2 3−x
2(3 − x) − x
= √
2 3−x
6 − 2x − x
= √
2 3−x
6 − 3x
= √ = 0,
2 3−x
which implies that
6 − 3x = 0.
So the critical point is x = 2.
• Step 2. Evaluate the function at the critical point 2 and at the boundary points −1, 3.
√
f (2) = 2 · 3 − 2 = 2.
p
f (−1) = −1 · 3 − (−1) = −2.
√
f (3) = 3 · 3 − 3 = 0.
Therefore, the absolute maximum is 2, which is attained at x = 2, and the absolute
minimum is −2, which is attained at x = −1.
Problem 10.
(a). Suppose x, y are positive numbers such that x + y = 8. Find the maximum possible value of
the product xy.
(b). A rectangle has a perimeter of 12. Using the first derivative test, find the maximum area of
the rectangle.
(c). A rectangular fence is built against a wall, so that there are three sides to the fence. The
fence costs $5 per foot to build. Find the maximum area of the fence, if you have $400 to
spend.

Wall

fence fence

fence

Answer.
(a). • Step 1. Set up the objective function. The product P = xy.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 13

• Step 2. Use the condition to eliminate one variable.

Since x + y = 8, y = 8 − x. Then
P = x(8 − x) = 8 − x2 .
• Step 3. Find the critical point. Evaluate the function at this point.
P 0 (x) = 8 − 2x = 0,
which implies that
x = 4.
Then
P (4) = 4 · (8 − 4) = 16.
Therefore, the largest product is 16, which is attained at x = 4 and y = 8 − x = 4.
(b). • Step 1. Set up the objective function.
Let w, l be the width and length of the rectangle. Then the area A = w · l.
• Step 2. Use the condition to eliminate one variable.
Since the perimeter is 12,
2w + 2l = 12,
which implies that
12
l= − w = 6 − w.
2
Therefore,
A = w · l = w · (6 − w) = 6w − w2 .
• Step 3. Find the critical point. Evaluate the function at this point.
A0 (w) = 6 − 2w = 0,
which implies that
w = 3.
Then
f (3) = 3 · (6 − 3) = 9.
Therefore, the maximum area is 9, which is attained at w = 3 and l = 6 − w = 3.
(c). • Step 1. Set up the objective function.
Let x (vertical) and y (horizontal) be the dimensions. Then the area A = xy.
• Step 2. Use the condition to eliminate one variable.
Since the total length of fence 2x + y = 80 (= 400 5
), y = 80 − 2x. Then
A = xy = x(80 − 2x) = 80x − 2x2
.
• Step 3. Find the critical point. Evaluate the function at this point.

0
A0 = 80x − 2x2 = 80 − 4x = 0,
which implies that x = 20. Then y = 80 − 2x = 80 − 2 · 20 = 40, and the maximum
area A = 20 · 40 = 800 ft2 .
14 XIAOLONG HAN

Topic 3.D. Second-order derivative test and graphing.

Theorem (Second-order derivative test).
(i). Second-order derivative test:
(
concave up if f 00 > 0,
f is
concave down if f 00 < 0.
The points for which f 00 = 0 are called the inflection points.
(ii). The points for which f 0 = 0 are called the critical points. At each critical point,
(
local minimum at x, if f 00 (x) > 0,
f attains
local maximum at x, if f 00 (x) < 0.
Problem 11. Let
f (x) = 3x2 − x3 .
(a). Find the critical points and the intervals on which f is increasing and decreasing.
(b). Find the inflection points and the intervals on which f is concave up and concave down.
(c). List any x values where a local maximum occurs.
(d). List any x values where a local minimum occurs.
(e). Sketch the graph of f (x).
Answer.
(a). Compute that
f 0 (x) = 6x − 3x2 = 3x(2 − x) = 0,
which implies that the critical points are x = 0, 2.

− + −
−1 0 1 2 3

At the test point −1, f 0 (−1) = 3 · (−1) · (2 − (−1)) < 0.

At the test point 1, f 0 (1) = 3 · 1 · (2 − 1) > 0.
At the test point 3, f 0 (3) = 3 · 3 · (2 − 3) < 0.
Hence, f is increasing on (0, 2), and is decreasing on (−∞, 0), (2, ∞).
(b). Compute that
f 00 (x) = 6 − 6x = 6(1 − x) = 0,
which implies that the inflection point is x = 1.

+ −
0 1 2

At the test point 0, f 00 (0) = 3 · (1 − 0) > 0.

At the test point 2, f 00 (2) = 3 · (1 − 2) < 0.
Hence, f is concave up on (0, 1), and is concave down on (1, ∞).
(c). At the critical point x = 2, f 00 (2) = −6 < 0. Hence, f attains local maximum f (2) = 4 at
x = 2.
(d). At the critical point x = 0, f 00 (0) = 6 > 0. Hence, f attains local minimum f (0) = 0 at
x = 0.
(e). We sketch the curve from left to right:
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 15

• The curve begins from the top-left corner (since y → ∞ as x → −∞) and is decreasing
till x = 0.
• The curve is increasing from x = 0 to x = 2 (with y-intercept (0, 0)).
• The curve is decreasing from x = 2 to the bottom-right corner (since y → −∞ as
x → ∞).

y
5

x
−1 0 1 2 3

Problem 12. Let

1
f (x) = .
x2
+1
(a). Find the critical points and the intervals on which f is increasing and decreasing.
(b). List any x values where a local extreme value occurs.
(c). Find the horizontal asymptote.
(d). Graph the function.
Answer.
(a). Compute that
 0
0 1
0 2x
f (x) = 2
= x2 + 1)−1 = −(x2 + 1)−2 · 2x = −2x(x2 + 1)−2 = − 2 =0
x +1 (x + 1)2
which implies that the critical point is x = 0.
Notice that x2 + 1 > 0. If f 0 (x) = − (x22x
+1)2
> 0, then x < 0. That is, f is increasing on
0 2x
(−∞, 0). If f (x) = − (x2 +1)2 < 0, then x > 0. That is, f is decreasing on (0, ∞).
(b). Compute that

0
f 00 (x) = −2x(x2 + 1)−2

0
= −2 x(x2 + 1)−2
= −2 (x2 + 1)−2 + x · (−2)(x2 + 1)−3 · 2x

4x2
 
1
= −2 −
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)3
 2
4x2

x +1
= −2 −
(x2 + 1)3 (x2 + 1)3
16 XIAOLONG HAN

6x2 − 2
= .
(x2 + 1)3
At the critical point x = 0,
6 · 02 − 2
f 00 (0) = = −2 < 0.
(02 + 1)3
Hence, f attains local maximum at x = 0.
(c). Since
1 1
lim f (x) = lim 2 = 0 and lim f (x) = lim 2 = 0,
x→∞ x→∞ x + 1 x→−∞ x→−∞ x + 1

f has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

(d). We sketch the curve from left to right:
• The curve begins from the bottom-left corner (since y → 0 as x → −∞) and is
increasing till x = 0 (with y-intercept (0, 1)).
• The curve is decreasing from x = 0 to the bottom-right corner (since y → 0 as x → ∞).

x
0

Topic 4. Integration
Topic 4.A. Indefinite integrals.
Theorem.
(i). Integrals of powers: ˆ
xn+1
xn dx = + c.
n+1
(ii). Integrals of trigonometric functions:
ˆ ˆ ˆ
sin x dx = − cos x + c, cos x dx = sin x + c, sec2 x dx = tan x + c.

(iii). Integrals of exponential and logarithmic functions:

ˆ ˆ
x x 1
e dx = e + c and dx = ln |x| + c.
x
Problem 13. Find the integrals.
(a). ˆ
sec2 (5x) dx.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 17

(b). ˆ
cos x
√ dx.
sin x + 1
(c). ˆ
x(x + 6)5 dx.
(d). ˆ
x
√ dx.
x − 11
(e). ˆ
e9x + 8e−x dx.

(f ).
ˆ √
e6 x
√ dx.
x
(g).
ˆ x
e9
x dx.
e9 + 1
(h). ˆ
cos(ln x)
dx.
11x
(i). ˆ
(ln x)3
dx.
x
(j). ˆ √
3+ x
dx.
x
Answer.
(a). Set u = 5x. Then
du
du = 5 dx, dx = .
5
Hence,
ˆ ˆ
2 du
sec (5x) dx = sec2 (u) ·
5
ˆ
1
= sec2 (u) du
5
1
= tan(u) + c
5
1
= tan(5x) + c.
5
18 XIAOLONG HAN

(b). Set u = sin x + 1. Then

du
du = cos x dx, dx = .
cos x
Hence,
ˆ ˆ
cos x cos x du
√ dx = √ ·
sin x + 1 u cos x
ˆ
1
= √ du
u
1
u2
= 1 +c
2
1
= 2u 2 + c
1
= 2(sin x + 1) 2 + c.
(c). Set u = x + 6. Then x = u − 6 and du = dx.
ˆ ˆ
5
x(x + 6) dx = (u − 6)u5 du
ˆ ˆ
= u du − 6 u5 du
6

u7 u6
= −6· +c
7 6
u7
= − u6 + c
7
1
= (x + 6)7 − (x + 6)6 + c.
7
(d). Set u = x − 11. Then x = u + 11 and du = dx.
ˆ ˆ
x u + 11
√ dx = √ du
x − 11 u
ˆ  
u 11
= √ +√ du
u u
ˆ ˆ
u 1
= 1 du + 11 1 du

ˆ u 2
ˆ u 2

1 1
= u 2 du + 11 u− 2 du
3 1
u2 u2
= 3 + 11 · 1 +c
2 2
2 3 1
= u 2 + 22u 2 + c
3
2 3 1
= (x − 11) 2 + 22(x − 11) 2 + c.
3
(e). ˆ
e9x e−x e9x e−x
e9x + 8e−x dx =


+8· +c= +8· + c.
9 −1 9 −1
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 19
√
(f). Set u = 6 x. Then
√
6 3 xdu
du = √ dx = √ dx, dx = .
2 x x 3
Hence,
ˆ √ ˆ √
e6 x eu xdu
√ dx = √ ·
x x 3
ˆ
1
= eu du
3
1 u
= e +c
3
1 6√x
= e + c.
3
x
(g). Set u = e 9 + 1. Then
1 x 9du
du = e 9 dx, dx = x .
9 e9
Hence,
ˆ x ˆ x
e9 e 9 9du
x dx = · x
e9 + 1 u e9
ˆ
1
= 9 du
u
= 9 ln |u| + c
x
= 9 ln e 9 + 1 + c.
(h). Set u = ln x. Then
1
du = dx, dx = x du.
x
Hence,
ˆ ˆ
cos(ln x) cos u
dx = · x du
11x 11x
ˆ
1
= cos u du
11
1
= sin u + c
11
1
= sin(ln x) + c.
11
(i). Set u = ln x. Then
1
du = dx, dx = x du.
x
Hence,
ˆ ˆ
(ln x)3 u3
dx = · x du
x x
ˆ
= u3 du
20 XIAOLONG HAN

1 4
= u +c
4
1
= (ln x)4 + c.
4
(j).
ˆ √ ˆ  √ 
3+ x 3 x
dx = + dx
x x x
ˆ ˆ 1
1 x2
= 3 dx + dx
x x
ˆ ˆ
1 1
= 3 dx + x− 2 dx
x
1
x2
= 3 ln |x| + 1 +c
2
1
= 3 ln |x| + 2x 2 + c.
Problem 14. A particle has acceleration a(t) = 3 sin(5t) m/s2 , initial velocity v(0) = 1 m/s,
and initial position s(0) = 12 m.
(a). Find the velocity v(t).
(b). Find the position s(t).
Answer.
(a). Compute that
ˆ ˆ ˆ
3
v(t) = a(t) dt = 3 sin(5t) dt = 3 sin(5t) dt = − cos(5t) + c.
5
Since v(0) = 1,
3 3
− cos(5 · 0) + c = − + c = 1,
5 5
which implies that
3 8
c= +1= .
5 5
Hence, the velocity
3 8
v(t) = − cos(5t) + m/s.
5 5
(b). Compute that
ˆ
s(t) = v(t) dt
ˆ  
3 8
= − cos(5t) + dt
5 5
3 1 8
= − · sin(5t) + t + c
5 5 5
3 8
= − sin(5t) + t + c.
25 5
Since s(0) = 12,
3 8
− sin(5 · 0) + · 0 + c = c = 12.
25 5
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 21

Hence, the position

3 8
s(t) = − sin(5t) + t + 12 m.
25 5
Topic 4.B. Definite integrals.
Problem 15. Let
1
f (x) = on [1, 5].
x
(a). Find the left Riemann sum of f with n = 4 (the number´ of sub-intervals). Then determine
5
whether it overestimates or underestimates the integral 1 f (x) dx.
(b). Find the right Riemann sum of f with n = 4 (the number´ of sub-intervals). Then determine
5
whether it overestimates or underestimates the integral 1 f (x) dx.
Answer. The length of each sub-interval is
5−1
= 1.
4
The boundary points of these sub-intervals are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
(a). The left Riemann sum
f (1) · 1 + f (2) · 1 + f (3) · 1 + f (4) · 1
1 1 1
= 1+ + +
2 3 4
25
= .
12
The left Riemann sum overestimates the integral since the function is decreasing on [1, 5].
(b). The right Riemann sum
f (2) · 1 + f (3) · 1 + f (4) · 1 + f (5) · 1
1 1 1 1
= + + +
2 3 4 5
77
= .
60
The right Riemann sum underestimates the integral since the function is decreasing on [1, 5].
Problem 16. Find the integrals using either symmetry or geometry.
(a). ˆ 2
1 + |x| dx.
−2
(b). ˆ 4 √
16 − x2 dx.
0

Answer.
(a). Using symmetry that |x| = | − x|,
ˆ 2 ˆ 2
1 + |x| dx = 2 (1 + x) dx
−2 0
2
x2

= 2 x+
2 0
22 XIAOLONG HAN

22
 
= 2 2+
2
= 8.
√
(b). Notice that y = 16 − x2 on [0, 4], that is, x2 + y 2 = 16 with y ≥ 0, denotes a quarter of
the circle centered at the origin and with radius 4.

4
√
y= 16 − x2

x
0 4

Hence, ˆ 4 √ 1
16 − x2 dx = · π · 42 = 4π.
0 4
Topic 4.C. Fundamental theorem of calculus.
Theorem (Fundamental theorem of calculus).
ˆ b
b
f (x) dx = F (x) a = F (b) − F (a),
a
´
where F is the antiderivative of f , that is, F = f .
Problem 17.
(a). Find
ˆ x2
d dt
.
dx 0 t2 + 5
(b). Find ˆ
d x √
5 + t4 dt.
dx −x
(Do not integrate.)
Answer.
(a). Let ˆ
1
f= 2 and F = f dt.
t +5
Then F 0 = f . By the fundamental theorem of calculus,
ˆ x2
dt 2


= F x − F (0).
0 t2 + 5
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 23

Differentiate with respect to x and use the chain rule. Notice that F (0) is a number so the
derivative is zero.
ˆ x2
d dt 2 0


0 2

1 2x
dt = F x − (F (0)) = f x · 2x = 2 · 2x = .
dx 0 t2 + 5 (x2 ) + 5 x4 + 5
(b). Let ˆ √
√
f = 5 + t4 and F = 5 + t4 dt.
Then F 0 = f . By the fundamental theorem of calculus,
ˆ x√
5 + t4 dt = F (x) − F (−x).
−x
Differentiate with respect to x and use the chain rule.
ˆ x√
d
5 + t4 dt = (F (x))0 − (F (−x))0
dx −x
= f (x) − f (−x) · (−1)
√ p
= 5 + x4 + 5 + (−x)4
√
= 2 5 + x4 .
Topic 5. Applications of integration
Topic 5.A. Average and work.
Theorem (Average). The average value of f on [a, b] is
ˆ b
1
f= f (x) dx.
b−a a
Problem 18. Let
x
f (x) = √ on [0, 4].
x2 + 9
(a). Find the average value f .
(b). Find c in (0, 4) such that f (c) = f .
Answer.
(a). The average of √ x on [0, 4] is given by
x2 +9
ˆ 4  
1 x 2 1
√ dx u = x + 9. du = 2x dx. dx = du.
4−0 0 x2 + 9 2x
ˆ
1 25 x 1
x = 0 ⇒ u = 02 + 9 = 9. x = 4 ⇒ u = 42 + 9 = 25.


= √ · du
4 9 u 2x
ˆ 25
1 1
= √ du
8 9 u
ˆ 25
1 1
= u− 2 du
8 9
" 1 #25
1 u2
=
8 12
9
24 XIAOLONG HAN

1 √ 25
= u 9
4
1 h√ √ i
= 25 − 9
4
1
= .
2
(b). If f (c) = f = 12 , then
c 1
√ = ,
c2
+9 2
which simplifies to √
2c = c2 + 9.
Hence,
4c2 = c2 + 9,
which implies that √
c = ± 3.
√
Therefore, c = 3 in (0, 4) satisfies that f (c) = f .
Problem 19. The work required to stretch a spring 1 meter from the equilibrium is 2 joules.
How much work is required to stretch the spring from 1 meter to 2 meters?
Answer.
• Step 1. Find the spring constant k. The work required to stretch a spring from the
equilibrium to 1 meter from the equilibrium is 2 joules. Hence,
ˆ 1  2 1
x k 2  k
2= kx dx = k = 1 − 02 = ,
0 2 0 2 2
which implies that
k = 4.
• Step 2. The work required to stretch the spring from 1 meter to 2 meters is
ˆ 2 ˆ 2  2 2
x
= 2 22 − 12 = 6 joules.
 
kx dx = 4 x dx = 4
1 1 2 1
Topic 5.B. Area between curves.
Theorem. The area of the region bounded by the upper function y = f (x) and the lower function
y = g(x) is
ˆ b
(f (x) − g(x)) dx.
a

Problem 20. Find the area of the region between the functions y = x2 + x − 1 and y = x + 3.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 25

g(x) = x + 3
f (x) = x2 + x − 1

x
0

Answer. Set
x2 + x − 1 = x + 3.
Then
x2 − 4 = (x + 2)(x − 2) = 0,
which solves to
x = −2, 2.
The region is bounded by the upper function y = x + 3 and the lower function y = x2 + x − 1,
from x = −2 to x = 2. Hence, the area is
ˆ 2 ˆ 2
2
−x2 + 4 dx




(x + 3) − x + x − 1 dx =
−2 −2
 3 2
x
= − + 4x
3 −2
 3
(−2)3
  
2
= − +4·2 − − + 4 · (−2)
3 3
8 8
= − +8− +8
3 3
32
= .
3
Topic 5.C. Volume of revolutions.
Theorem (Volume by slices). Each slice is perpendicular to the rotating axis.
(i). Let R be bounded by y = f (x), y = g(x), x = a, and x = b. The volume of the solid by
revolving R around the x-axis is
ˆ b
π f (x)2 − g(x)2 dx,


a
where f (x) is the outer radius and g(x) is the inner radius of the annulus slice.
26 XIAOLONG HAN

(ii). Let R be bounded by x = f (y), x = g(y), y = a, and y = b. The volume of the solid by
revolving around R the y-axis is
ˆ b
π f (y)2 − g(y)2 dy,


a
where f (y) is the outer radius and g(y) is the inner radius of the annulus slice.
Theorem (Volume by shells). Each shell is parallel to the rotating axis.
(i). Let R be bounded by y = f (x), y = g(x), x = a, and x = b. The volume of the solid by
revolving R around the y-axis is
ˆ b
2πx (f (x) − g(x)) dx,
a
where 2πx is the circumference and f (x) − g(x) is the height of the cylinder shell.
(ii). Let R be bounded by x = f (y), x = g(y), y = a, and y = b. The volume of the solid by
revolving R around the x-axis is
ˆ b
2πy (f (y) − g(y)) dy,
a
where 2πy is the circumference and f (y) − g(y) is the height of the cylinder shell.
Problem 21. Let R be the region bounded by y = 3x and y = x2 .

y = 3x

y = x2

x
0

(a). Find the volume given by revolving R around the x-axis.

(b). Find the volume given by revolving R around the y-axis.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 27

Answer. The two curves y = 3x and y = x2 intersect when

3x = x2 ,
which simplifies to
3x − x2 = x(3 − x) = 0.
Hence, x = 0, 3.
(a). Volume by slices.
ˆ 3   ˆ 3
2 2 2
9x2 − x4 dx



π (3x) − x dx = π
0 0
3
9x3 x5

= π −
3 5 0
35
 
3
= π 3·3 −
5
 
243
= π 81 −
5
405 − 243
= π·
5
162
= π.
5
(b). Volume by shells.
ˆ 3 ˆ 3
2
3x2 − x3 dx



2πx 3x − x dx = 2π
0 0
3
3x3 x4

= 2π −
3 4 0
34
 
= 2π 33 −
4
 
81
= 2π 27 −
4
108 − 81
= 2π ·
4
27
= π.
2
1
Problem 22. Let R be the region bounded by y = x+1 , x = 0, x = 1, and y = 0.
28 XIAOLONG HAN

1
y= x+1

x
0 x=1

(a). Find the volume given by revolving R around the x-axis.

(b). Find the volume given by revolving R around the y-axis.
Answer.
(a). Volume by slices.
ˆ 1  2 !
1
π − 02 dx
0 x+1
ˆ 1
1
= π 2
dx (u = x + 1, du = dx.)
0 (x + 1)
ˆ 2
1
= π 2
du (x = 0 ⇒ u = 0 + 1 = 1, x = 1 ⇒ u = 1 + 1 = 2.)
1 u
ˆ 2
= π u−2 du
1
2
u−1

= π
−1 1
 2
1
= −π
u
 1 
1 1
= −π −
2 1
π
= .
2
(b). Volume by shells.
ˆ 1  
1
2πx − 0 dx
0 x+1
ˆ 1
x
= 2π dx (u = x + 1, du = dx, x = u − 1.)
0 x+1
ˆ 2
u−1
= 2π dx (x = 0 ⇒ u = 0 + 1 = 1, x = 1 ⇒ u = 1 + 1 = 2.)
1 u
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 29
ˆ 2 
1
= 2π 1− dx
1 u
= 2π [u − ln |u|]21
= 2π ([2 − ln 2] − [1 − ln 1])
= 2π(1 − ln 2).