GRAMMAR – CONCEPTS AND RULES

0 Capitalization

What is Capitalization?

Depending on how you organize the rules, the rules of capitalization may be many or few.

Most of the things we capitalize in English are what we call proper nouns. They are the
names of specific, unique things.

0 If you are talking about one specific mountain (Mt. Fuji), state (Idaho) or
street (Atlantic Ave.), use a capital letter for every word in the name.
1 However, when you are talking about a common thing of which there are many - like
a mountain, a state or a street - don‘t use a capital letter for those words.

Capitals are not used for articles (a, an, the) or prepositions (of, on, for, in, to, with, etc.)
unless these words come as the beginning words in sentences.

Key Rules

1. Names or titles of people

You capitalize the first letters of a person‘s first, middle and last names (John Quincy
Adams), but you also capitalize suffixes (Jr., the Great, Princess of Power, etc.) and titles.

Titles can be as simple as Mr., Mrs. or Dr., but they also apply to situations wherein you
address a person by his or her position as though it‘s their first name. For example, when we
talk about President Lincoln, we are using his role as though it were a part of his name. We
don‘t always capitalize the word president. Indeed, we could say, "During the Civil War,
President Lincoln was the president of the United States."

Another way to look at capitalizing job titles is to look at the position of the job title in the
sentence in reference to the person's name.

0 You should capitalize the title when it comes immediately before or after someone's
name.
1 You don't have to capitalize the job title if it comes after the word "the."

For example: "Dr. Rogers was the Cardiac Surgeon." "The cardiac surgeon allowed me to
come into the room and observe the patient."

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2. Names of mountains, mountain ranges, hills and volcanoes

Again, we‘re talking about specific places. The word ‗hill‘ is not a proper noun, but Gellert
Hill is because it‘s the name of one specific hill. Use a capital letter to begin each word in
the name of a mountain (Mt. Olympus), mountain range (the Appalachians), hill (San Juan
Hill) or volcano (Mt. Vesuvius).
3. Names of bodies of water (rivers, lakes, oceans, seas, streams and creeks)

The same rules that apply to mountain names also apply to water names. A river is just a
river, but the Mississippi River is a proper noun and must be capitalized, just like Lake Erie,
the Indian Ocean and the Dead Sea.

4. Names of buildings, monuments, bridges and tunnels

Man-made structures also often have names. The White House, the Eiffel Tower, the Statue of
Liberty, the Golden Gate Bridge and the Lincoln Tunnel are a few good examples.

5. Street names

Capitalize both the actual name part of the name (Capital) and the road part of the name
(Boulevard); both are necessary for forming the entire name of the street (Capital Boulevard).

6. Schools, colleges and universities

All of the words in the name of the educational institution should be capitalized. For
example, Harvard University, Wilkesboro Elementary School, Cape Fear Community
College.

7. Political divisions (continents, regions, countries, states, counties, cities and towns)

As is the case with regions of a country, the divisions may not always be political, but you get
the idea. When you refer to New England, the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest or the South as
a region (as opposed to a compass direction), you capitalize it. Also, continents (South
America), countries (Belgium), states (Wisconsin), counties (Prince William County), cities
(London) and towns (Lizard Lick) get capitalized.

0 Titles of books, movies, magazines, newspapers, articles, songs, plays and works of
art

This one is a little tricky when ‗and,‘ articles or prepositions are involved. If ‗the‘ is the first
word in the given name of a work, it must be capitalized (The Washington Post, The Glass
Menagerie). If ‗a‘ or ‗an‘ is the first word, it too is capitalized (A Few Good Men), and if a
preposition leads the way, you guessed it: Capitalized (Of Mice and Men). However, if any of
these words come in the middle of the title, it is not capitalized.

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9. The first letter in a sentence

The last two rules are easy. Always capitalize the first letter of a sentence. If the sentence is a
quotation within a larger sentence, capitalize it, but only if it‘s a complete sentence. If it‘s
merely a phrase that fits neatly into the larger sentence, it does not require capitalization.
Study the following two examples for clarification:

0 The waiter said, ―My manager will be here shortly,‖ but he never came.

1 The waiter told us that his manager would ―be here shortly,‖ but he never came.

1 The pronoun I

It‘s only necessary to capitalize other pronouns when they begin a sentence, but ‗I‘ is
always capitalized.

Remembering the Rules

How can you possibly remember all these rules? Well, first of all, you should ask yourself
three questions:

0 Is this the first letter in a sentence? If the answer is yes, capitalize.

1 Is this the pronoun I? If yes, capitalize.

2 Am I using a name that someone gave to this thing or person? If yes, capitalize.

And if you want to remember all the specific categories, try memorizing one of the
following sentences.

0 ―For Bob Barker, the price is sometimes wrong,‖ mom says.

1 Susan Sarandon bought my wife a new dress in Boston.

The first letter of each word stands for a category:

0 F - First letter in a sentence

1 B - Buildings (and other man-made structures)

2 B - Borders (of regions, states, countries, etc.)

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0 T – Titles

1 P– People

2 I–I

3 S– Schools

4 W – Water

5 M – Mountains

6 S– Streets

Examples

Capital letters are used with particular types of nouns, in certain positions in sentences, and
with some adjectives. You must always use capital letters for:

The beginning of a sentence

Examples

0 Dogs are noisy.

1 Children are noisy too.

The first person personal pronoun, I

Examples

0 Yesterday, I went to the park.

1 He isn't like I am.

Names and titles of people

Examples

0 Winston Churchill

1 Marilyn Monroe

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0 the Queen of England

1 the President of the United States

2 the Headmaster of Eton

3 Doctor Mathews

4 Professor Samuels

Titles of works, books, movies

Examples

0 War and Peace

1 The Merchant of Venice

2 Crime and Punishment

3 Spider Man II

Months of the year

Examples

0 January

1 July

2 February

3 August

Days of the week

Examples

0 Monday

1 Friday

2 Tuesday

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0 Saturday

Seasons

Examples

0 Spring

1 Summer

2 Autumn

3 Winter

Holidays

Examples

0 Christmas

1 Easter

2 New Year's Day

3 Thanksgiving Day

Names of countries and continents

Examples

0 America

1 England

2 Scotland

3 China

Names of regions, states, districts

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Examples

0 Sussex

1 California

2 Provence

3 Tuscany

Names of cities, towns, villages

Examples

0 London

1 Cape Town
2 Florence

3 Vancouver

Names of rivers, oceans, seas, lakes

Examples

0 the Atlantic

1 the Pacific

2 Lake Victoria

3 the Rhine

4 the Thames

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Names of geographical formations

Examples

0 the Himalayas

1 the Alps

2 the Sahara

Adjectives relating to nationality

Examples

0 French music

1 Australian animals

2 German literature

3 Arabic writing

Collective nouns for nationalities

Examples

0 the French

1 the Germans

2 the Americans

3 the Chinese

Language names

Examples

0 I speak Chinese.

1 He understands English.

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RULES

Names of streets, buildings, parks

Examples

0 Park Lane

1 Sydney Opera House

2 Central Park

3 the Empire State Building

4 Wall Street

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