Artificial Intelligence
EC9640
ILO: Explain the fundamental principles of Artificial Intelligence;
By: Dr. Jananie.J, Senior Lecturer Gr-II, Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna
AI involves In......
• Neuroscience (biology) – “how does the brain work”
• Cognitive science (behavior science) – “what is intelligence”
• Mechanically science (engineers) – “how do we build robots”
• Artificial Life (ecology) – “how to build lives”
• Adaptation (mathematic) – “how can a system learn”
• Rationality (economic) – “how should we act”
What is Artificial Intelligence
The “laws of thought” approach
The cognitive modeling approach
The rational agent approach
The Turing Test approach
History of AI
History of AI
• 70-80s: Knowledge based systems
• 80s: Backpropagation for training multilayer
network, Convolutional Neural Networks – Handwritten digits
recognition
•…
• 2012: AlexNet –Computer Vision
• 2016: AlphaGo- Deep reinforcement learning
Knowledge-based systems
• Blackboard systems. These systems enable multiple sources to input new information into a system to help create
solutions to potential problems. Blackboard systems rely heavily on updates from human experts.
• Case-based systems. These systems use case-based reasoning to create solutions to a problem. This system works by
reviewing past data of similar situations.
• Classification systems. These systems analyze different data to understand its classification status.
• Eligibility analysis systems. These systems are used to determine a user's eligibility for a specific service. A system asks a
user guided questions until it receives a disqualifying answer.
• Expert systems. These are a common type of KBS that simulate human expert decision-making in a particular field.
Expert systems provide solutions for problems as well as the explanations behind them. For example, they could be used
for calculations and predictions.
• Intelligent tutoring systems. These systems are designed to support human learning and education. Intelligent tutoring
systems provide users with instructions and give feedback based on performance or questions.
• Medical diagnosis systems. These systems help diagnose patients by inputting data or having a patient answer a series of
questions. Based on the responses, the KBS identifies a diagnosis and makes recommendations medical professionals can
use to determine a patient's treatment.
• Rule-based systems. These systems rely on human-specified rules to analyze or change data to reach a desired outcome.
For example, rule-based systems might use if-then rules.
• Challenges
• Model uncertainty
• Need manual effort to create rules
• 70-80s: Knowledge based systems
• 80s: Backpropagation for training multilayer
network, Convolutional Neural Networks – Handwritten digits
recognition
•…
• 2012: AlexNet –Computer Vision
• 2016: AlphaGo- Deep reinforcement learning
Machines Humans
Narrow tasks, Million examples, Diverse tasks, Few examples
more computations
Real-world problem
Model
Inference
Learning
• Learning parameters (Weights, edges,…)
Components of an AI System
An agent perceives its environment
through sensors and acts on the
environment through actuators.
Human: sensors are eyes, ears,
actuators (effectors) are hands,
legs, mouth.
Robot: sensors are cameras, sonar,
lasers, ladar, bump, effectors are
grippers, manipulators, motors
The agent’s behavior is described by its
function that maps percept to action.
• PEAS
• Performance measure
• Environment
• Actuators
• Sensor
• Example: Taxi driver
• Performance measure: safe, fast, comfortable (maximize profits)
• Environment: roads, other traffic, pedestrians, customers
• Actuators: steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
• Sensors: cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS, odometer, accelerometer, engine
sensors
• Types of agents (increasing in generality and ability to handle complex
environments)
• Simple reflex agents
• Reflex agents with state
• Goal-based agents
• Utility-based agents
• Learning agent
Reflex Vacuum Agent
• If status=Dirty then return Suck
else if location=A then return Right
else if location=B then return Left
Reflex Vacuum Agent with state
• If status=Dirty then Suck
else if have not visited other square in >3
time units, go there
AI Systems
• Knowledge Representation
• Search
• Problem solving
• Planning
• Machine learning
• Natural language processing
• Uncertainty reasoning
• Computer Vision
• Robotics
• Team code: 307lmje
• Quiz
• Project