CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

Mathematics Supplementar Notes

Ch.10 Permutation and Combination
Name: ___________________( ) Class: _______

10.1 Ba P C
In this section, e ill discuss ho to count the number of all possible outcomes s stemicall .
E amples:
5 choices
1. Ken s Restaurant offered set lunch A to E for customers. It means that there are _______
for each customer to choose.
2. Henr can choose to read Chinese or English ne spaper. In the cit here he lives, there are 12
Chinese ne spapers and 9 English ne spapers. The total number of ne spapers that Henr can
choose from is ______.

A. A R C 互 斥 。

I. M a E E
Mutuall E clusive events are events that CANNOT occur happen
_at the same time.
E ample 1:
There are 4 classes (5A-5D) in secondar five. Jud ill be arranged in one of the classes. She cannot
enter 5A or 5C at the same time. So entering to 5A and entering to 5C are t o mutuall e clusive
events.

5A 5B 5C 5D

E ample 2:
Emil can choose Chinese cuisine or Western cuisine for her dinner. There are 5 restaurants providing
Chinese meal and 3 restaurants providing Western meal.
Therefore, the t o mutuall e clusive events ( choosing Chinese cuisine and choosing Western
5+3 -8 possible outcomes.
cuisine ) have a total of _________

For a E a F, the number of all possible outcomes of E or F is the

of the number of possible outcomes in E and F.

Note: This rule is also true for three or more mutuall e clusive events.

P a b KC CHU | 1
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

II. N -M a E E
If t o events a a a a , then the are non-mutuall e clusive events.
E ample:
In a school, there are 50 scouts and 130 prefects. Suppose all the scouts and prefects are required to
attend a training course. If there are 12 students ho are both prefects and scouts, then an attendant

[Link]
of the training being a prefect and being a scout are ___________________________ e clusive.
To calculate the total number of attendants of the training, e have to a b .

Scouts Both Prefects

(50) (12) (130)

16822
13 0
So, the required total number = ______ + ______ 1 2 = _____
______
.

For - a E a F,
the number of all possible outcomes of E or F
= the of the number of possible outcomes in E and F
the number of possible outcomes that a b Ea Fa a

E ample
1. In the to n here Tom lives, there are 22 Chinese radio channels and 10 English radio channels
and, among them, 5 radio channels use either Chinese or English for broadcasting. What is the
total number of channels that Tom can choose from?

-2732
+10 -5

2. There are 40 members in the dance troupe of ABC Secondar School. Among the members in the
dance troupe, 32 members can sing and 18 members can dance. What is the number of members
ho can both sing and dance?

+18 -4 。 = | 。
-

2
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

B. M a R C
If there are in completing a task, e have to use multiplication rule in the counting
principle for finding the number of all possible outcomes.

E ample:
Kenn s Restaurant provides three choices of set lunch, hich are Set A, Set B and Set C. Each set
lunch can come ith salad or cheesecake. Find the total number of choices that customer can choose
from the restaurant.

S 2: C aa a
S 1: C

Salad
Set A
Cheesecake

Salad
Set B
Cheesecake

Salad
Set C
Cheesecake

6
From the tree diagram above, e can see there are ________ possible outcomes.
The total number of possible outcomes can then be obtained b multiplication,

[Link]/Yx4x4
i.e. 3
______ ______
2 ______

If there are , , , a s to complete a task in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd steps, , respectivel , then
follo ing these steps there are ( p q r ) a s to complete the hole task.

E ample
3. (a) Find the number of a s of forming a 3-letter ord using the four letters a, , and such
that the letters selected can be repeated themselves.
(b) Find the number of a s of forming a 3-letter ord using the four letters a, , and
ithout repetition.
lb )

4×3×2=6
。

Y 4 = 2

| 3
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

4. The menu for set lunch of a canteen consists of the follo ing items under categories A, B and
C. A customer can choose one item from each categor .
A B C
Pork Rice Coffee
Beef Noodles Tea
Fish Spaghetti Juice
Chicken
(a) Ho man a s are there to select the set lunch?
(b) Eric does not like spaghetti. In ho man a s can he choose the set lunch?
(c) If Francis chooses tea, in ho man a s can he choose the set lunch?
4 (C ) 比 3 X 1
(Q) (b ) xzx 3
4×3×3 ,
,

1 2

24
= .

36
← 2

5. There are 10 bo s and 12 girls in a class. A class committee is formed b choosing one
chairperson and one vice-chairperson. Find the possible number of committee that can be

[Link]
tcháwpersmvp
*
formed in the follo ing cases.
.

-
(a) The t o members are to be of different gender.
(b) A particular bo must be the chairperson.
<
p
(c) A particular girl must not be the vice-chairperson.
(C). 21 Xzl
T T
(a) lox 1 2 X 2 (b) 1X2 1
2
1 |
.

2
= 44 1
P v P = 2
| .

! 是
nio
6. There 2 tennis course, 3 volle ball courses and 5 squash courses. Ho man choices are there if
(a) Maria takes onl one course?
(b) Maria takes 3 courses of three different ball games?
(c) Maria takes 2 courses of an t o different ball games?
以3 +3 XJ +5×2
( C)
(a) 2⼗ 3 +5 lb ) 2ㄨ 3 X 5
。

⼩ T T
=
1 0 = 3 0 -

Ttr rts St T

= 3 1 .

4
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

10.2 P a
A. D P a
Suppose that objects are given. The arrangement of an objects from them in a given order is
called a a of the objects taken at a time.

E ample:
Ada, Bett and Cand are arranged in a ro . What is the number of all arrangement?
Position 1 Position 2 Position 3

_____
3 a s _____
2 a s _____1 a s
3
The number of a s of arrangements = __________ __________
2
i
6
= __________ .

In general, e have the follo ing theorem.

The number of all possible permutations of different objects is
n (n 1) (n 2) 3 2 1.
T Fa a N a
Definition: The product of the first positive integers is called factorial.
n! = n (n 1) (n 2) 3 2 1
Hence,
3
3! = _____ _____
2
_____
1 6
= _____

1 0 _____
10! = _____ 8
9 _____ _____
2 _____ 3628800
1 = _____

Note: 0! = 1

Sometimes, e can e press the number of outcomes using factorial hen the number is large.

E ample
7. In ho man a s can the letters in the ord SQUARE be arranged?

6 ! =
72 0 .

! ! ! ! II
| 5
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

No consider another e ample.

E ample:
Find the number of a s of forming a 3-letter ord using the five letters A, B, C, D and E.

First Letter Second Letter Third Letter

5 4 a s
35
_____ a s _____ _____ a s

[Link]
4
The number of a s = __________ __________ 3
__________ = __________

In general, e have the follo ing theorem.

The number of all possible permutations of different objects, a ra a ,
is
n (n 1) (n 2) (n r +1) .

T b a b Pr .n
[Link] 3 .
→ 1 0×9×8

Hence, in E ample the above e ample, e can sa the required number of permutation P35 . 5 号
5 4 3 2 1 5! 5!
Remarks: Note that P35 = 5 4 3 = = = . Therefore, in general,
2 1 2! (5 3)!

n!
Prn =
(n r )!
r

E ample
8. If 4 different numbers are taken from the numbers 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 to form a 4-digit number,
ho man 4-digit numbers can be formed?
6
6×5×4×3 3 60
_ _

Py
_ _

= =
'

9. In ho man a s can the letters of ord MICHAEL be arranged if

I I i I
(a) 2 different letters are taken at a time?
(b) 4 different letters are taken at a time?
(c) all the letters of the ord MICHAEL are taken at a time?

(a). 我 6 君 (b ) 我 6×5×4 庅 ⼼ T
=
42 .

= 84 0 = 5 4 0
0

| 6
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

10. Find the number of a s the letters of the ord CAROLINE be rearranged such that
(a) the first letter ill be a vo el,

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Remarks:

A , E , I , O and U are
Number of wa s vo els and the others are
4 ___
____ 7 ___ 5
6 ___ 4 ___
___ 3 2
___ 1
___ consonants.

4×7 !
(b) the first letter ill be a vo el and the second letter ill be a consonant.

4 XYX 6 !
_
_ _ _ _
_ _ _

! ! hnnnt
56
!
" =

11. In each of the follo ing cases, in ho man a s can letters from the ord CHEMISTRY be
arranged in a ro ?
(a) All letters in the ord are taken and the first letter is T.
(b) All letters in the ord are taken and the first letter can be I or M.
(c) All letters in the ord are taken and the last letter is a vo el.
(d) 4 different letters from the ord are taken and the second letter is M.
(e) 5 different letters from the ord are taken and middle letter is not a vo el.

(b ) 8! (C) 8 ! X 2
(a). IX 8! 2 X ,

=
4032 。
=
8064 。 = 80640 ,

(d). n [Link] un
_ _
_ _

_ _ _
_ _

[Link]
8×7×6
lx 8 xtxtx 比 5
照 我 只
R 化
品 =
1 1 76 0

=
33 6 .
| 7
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

12. There are 5 distinct digits 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.

(a) Ho man 5-digit numbers can be formed b using the above 5 digits ithout repetition?
(b) Ho man 5-digit numbers formed in (a) are even?
(c) Ho man 5-digit numbers ith value greater than 50000 can be form?

(a) 5! ( b)
_ _
- _ -
-214 2×4 !

I I i I
i
48,3
= 12 0 =

x 4 !

5_H9-n-n-n-iti [Link]
(C)

13. 8 students are aiting for being photographed, in hich 5 of them are bo s. Find the number of
a s in each of the follo ing cases.
(a) All students stand in a ro and all girls stand ne t to each other.

Hints: Consider all girls as one unit.

只 及 B B4 Bj
_____ _____ _____
, _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
GIRLS

6. units.
Together ith the 5 bo s, there are _____

6 ! -3 !

432051
=

(b) All bo s stand on the left, hile all girls on the right.

-31
ifzo

| 8
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

14. 4 bo s and 5 girls form a queue. Find the number of a s that the can be arranged in each of
the follo ing situation.

Situation Figures Number of a s

(a) No restrictions
9! = 3 6288 。

(b) All bo s stand on the

left, hile all girls on BB-BBYGG~[Link] 。 4151-2880
the right.
(c) People ith the same ①
BB-BBYGG~[Link] 。

gender stand together. 41.5 ! X2 ⼆⽉ 6 。

② [Link]
-

(d) All girls stand together.

G.后93年 95 44
[Link] 5! 5! = 1 00

(e) All bo s stand together.

[Link] Gf 61.4 ! =
1 7 28 0 .

* (f) All girls are separated.

⽪ 中不叫外 51.4 ! =
288 。

(g) All bo s are separated.

[Link]
6
[Link]
T T T T Tiho 。

(h) T o bo s are arranged

at t o ends. B B
_ _
_
_
_ _
_
_ _

4×3×7 ! = 6 0
4 80 .

⼩ lnnnet T
4 71 3
(i) Bo s and girls stand 5! 4!
GBGBGBGBG x = 2
88 0 .

alternativel . ahny
- _ - ,

(j) 5
[Link] +5
[Link]?BGBGBGBGBG
GBGBGBGBGB ,
5! X 51 .
X 2:28800

| 9
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

10.3 C b a
Suppose that there are 2 vacancies for prefects in a school and 3 candidates A, B and C are appl ing
for the position. Let us find out all the possible a s of filling the 2 vacancies ith an t o of them.

[Link]
A, B
It seems that there are 6 different a s. But the pair AB and BA represent that the same 2 persons get
the prefect positions. In other ords, the order of selecting candidates is _________ important.
Hence, in this e ample, e sa that there are 3 different _____________________ instead of 6
permutations.

A, B

[Link]
The number of combinations can be e pressed as C23 = 3 .
D C b a :
A combination is a selection of objects, ithout repetition and regardless of their order, from a group

of different objects ( here r n ). The number of all such combinations is denoted b C rn .

Note:
The difference bet een permutations and combinations of objects taken at a time is that the of
the objects in a permutation should be considered and the order of the objects in a combination is
immaterial.
n!
In fact, Crn = .
r !(n r )!

R a : ,
ri ⼆点
E ample 菗 齨
15. Yumm ice-cream shop offers ice-cream of 7 different flavors. Find the number of a s in each
of the follo ing cases.
(a) To make a double scoop ith different flavors.
(b) To make a banana split ith 3 scoops of different flavors.

(a) 是 = 2
1 .
(b ) ⼸ ⼆
35

| 10
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

☆ .

16. There are ten distinct points on the circumference of a circle.

(a) Ho man inscribed pentagons can be dra n ith the points as their vertices?
(b) Find the number of diagonals of a pentagon.

(a)
f = 252
例
ǎ -5

[Link]
⼆

R a :

17. Find the number of diagonals in each of the follo ing pol gons.
(a) A he agon dd (b) An octagon 8 -
sided

占 -6 -9 志8 。
-
2 .

18. There are 10 bo s and 12 girls in a class.

(a) A class committee is formed b choosing t o persons. Find the possible number of
committee that can be formed.
(b) A class committee is formed b choosing 3 bo s and 4 girls. Find the possible number of
committee that can be formed.

(a)
是 = 2 3 1
( b) 占 .ci ⼆
594 oo ,

19. Mr. Chan goes out for dinner at a restaurant. He orders a set dinner and can choose 3 small dishes
out of 20 and one main course out of 5. Find the number of different a s he can choose his small
dishes and main course for dinner.

占 ⼆⽇ 0

| 11
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

20. Mr. Cheung has 16 music CDs. Among them, 3 are classical music, 4 are local pop music and 9
are foreign pop music. In each of the follo ing cases, find the possible number of combinations.
(a) 4 CDs are selected in hich 2 are classical music and 2 are local pop music.
(b) 6 CDs are selected in hich 4 are foreign pop music.

(a) àǎ (b).
G. 是
= 1 8 .
⼆ 2646

21. There are 12 girls and 10 bo s in a school choir. In ho man a s can a group of 3 girls and 2
bo s be selected from the school choir if
(a) there are no restrictions?
(b) 2 particular girls and 1 particular bo cannot be selected?
(c) 2 particular girls and 1 particular bo must be selected?

cǐq
1 10

占 .dz
2

(a) (b). (C).

[Link]

-99 -9

[Link]
oo =
4320

22. 3 students are randoml selected from 10 students of different eights. Find the number of
arrangements that
(a) the heaviest student is in the selection,
(b) the heaviest one selected out of the 3 selected students is the 4th heaviest among the 10
students,
(c) the 2 heaviest students are both not selected. 6
15
[Link] s =

以上
iif
(a).
.

= 36 .

_
(C) 占 ⼆ 5 6.

| 12
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

23. From 8 mathematicians and 6 ph sicists, a committee of 5 members is formed.

Ho man different committees can be formed if
(a) there are no restrictions? +3 physicist .

(b) it must include e actl 2 mathematicians?

^

(c) it must include at least one mathematician? atlatfatmst

(d) it must include at most 3 ph sicists?
ansidercompknentyevent
(a) 出 ⼆
2002 ,
相反 ,

⼆ 3)
ālmosf (
(b)
8 6
56
(d) 3
fhgsicisfs
S
= 0

cz
amplementyi ( > 3)

(e) [Link] mhematician 4 or 5

physicisfs
8 8 6

[Link]#[Link]-Co.G
14

14 8 6

[Link] 1996 .

= 1 87 6 .

24. In a class, there are 10 students from Red house, 8 students from Blue house and 12 students
from Yello house. No 3 students are selected from the class.
(a) Find the number of combinations that the are from different houses.
(b) Find the number of combinations that 1 student is from Blue house. 相反 :
No Yellon
(c) Find the number of combinations that at least 1 student is from Yello house.
(d) Find the number of combinations that at most 2 students is from Red house.
Rt B

ǎǎǎ ǎ ⼀年
←
椒 3 Red
'

(a)
:

(c)
。

-96 。
⼀
) 244 .

22
8
10
(b). [Link] 30
(d) s
-

S
1 84 8
9
=

3 40
-

= -

| 13
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

25. In a ceremon , 7 students and 2 guests are asked to stand in t o ro s, ith 4 in the front ro and
5 in the back ro , for taking a photo. In ho man a s can the be arranged if
(a) there are no restrictions?
(b) the 2 guests must be standing ne t to each other in the back ro ?

(a) 9 ! = 3 6 2880
2572
41016789 3 ,

(b) 4.21.7 ! =
4 32
0

12

23

3 4

45

26. There are 15 different to cars, of hich 8 are minivans, 4 are motorc cles and the rest are trucks.
Victor selects 8 of the to cars and arranges them in a ro . Ho man different possible
箭
rnf
arrangements are there if
咀
(a) there are no restrictions?
(b) 5 minivans, 2 motorc cles and 1 truck are selected?
(c) 3 motorc cles are selected 1and no t o motorc cles are placed ne t to each other?

(a) 15
[Link] 59459200 ("
杰尛 6 !
等
2
,
= .
。

YE
P
ǎā Eneh
8
amnge
,

(b). [Link] 8!
ㄏ ㄏ ㄏㄏ T T
[Link] y
_

= 26611200
= 40642560
| 14
 CHAPTER 10 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION SECONDARY 5

27. 5 cards are selected from a pack of 52 pla ing cards ( ithout jokers). Find the number of
combinations in each of the follo ing cases.
(a) The 5 cards selected are in the same suit (spades, hearts, clubs or diamonds).
(b) 3 queens and 2 kings are selected.
(c) a full house is obtained (3 cards in the same rank ith a pair).
(d) 4 of the cards selected are in the same rank.
(e) e actl one pair is obtained.
(reference: [Link] [Link]/ iki/Poker_probabilit )
4 13
(c)
Ci (5 -

13 1 2

-5148 ✓
[Link]

(b) ,

占 占 ,
⼆
24 v5

13

(c).
少 杰 [Link] 02.x

-3744

.ci?dYL-thlAnremeiningY8ards.=6zYnidic:d .d.=
(d)

1098240 ,

52
* 變 pwbability → anstg

15