Chapter 4 Review:
Section 1 - Atomic Structure
● Explain Dalton’s atomic theory.
All matter is made up of atoms; All atoms of a specific element are identical in
mass, size, and other properties, atoms of different elements differ in mass, size,
and other properties; Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed; Atoms
of different elements combine in simple,whole-number ratios to form chemical
compounds; In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or
rearranged.
● Compare and contrast Dalton’s theory and Democritus’ theory.
Dalton’s Theory Democritus’ Theory
1. All matter is composed of 1. Matter was made up of
small particles called small, invisible particles,
“atoms”. “atomos”, the greek word
2. Atoms of an element are for invisible.
identical in size, mass, and 2. Atoms were specific to the
other properties; atoms of material which they
different elements differ in composed.
size, mass, and other 3. Atoms differed in size and
properties. shape.
3. Atoms cannot be 4. In chemical reactions,
subdivided. atoms are combined,
4. Atoms of different elements separated, or rearranged.
combine in simple whole-
number ratios to form
chemical compounds.
5. In chemical reactions,
atoms are combined,
separated, or rearranged.
Underlined = Similar
Highlighted = Difference
Without marks = Not comparable
● State the charge, mass, and location of each part of an atom according
to the modern model of the atom.
Subatomic Charge Mass (amu) Location
particles
Proton +1 1 Nucleus
0 or
1837
Neutron 0 1 Nucleus
Electron -1 1 Electron Cloud
Section 2 - A Guided Tour of the Periodic Table
● Relate the organization of the periodic table to the arrangement of
electrons within.
The Group Number (ones place) equals the amount of valence
electrons of the atom; The elements are arranged on the periodic table
according to their number of protons (atomic number), and the number
of electrons = the number of protons, so we can easily determine the
number of electrons by looking at the atomic number.
● Explain why some atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions.
Atoms form ions by losing or gaining electrons because it makes them more
stable and this state takes less energy to maintain. To reach this stable state is to
have a full outermost energy level [which is to have 8 (or sometimes 2) valence
electrons], so atoms lose or gain electrons to form an octet.
● Determine how many protons, neutrons, and electrons an atom has.
Protons & Electrons = Atomic number.
Neutrons = Mass number - protons
(Mass number is atomic mass rounded)
● Describe how the abundance of isotopes affects an element’s average
atomic mass.
An element's average atomic mass equals the sum of the mass of all
its isotopes multiplied by its abundance. Therefore, the higher the
abundance of an isotope, the MORE that isotope will contribute to the isotopic
mass.
● Calculate the average atomic mass from the abundance and mass of
each isotope.
Average atomic mass = (Isotope 1 ✖ Abundance 1) + (Isotope 2 ✖
Abundance 2)+ (Isotope 3 ✖ Abundance 3) + …
(until all the ISOTOPES ✖ its ABUNDANCE were added)
Section 3 - Families of Elements
● Locate groups of elements in the periodic table.
Group Name of the Group
1 Alkali metals
2 Alkaline earth metals
3~12 Transition metals
17 Halogens
18 Noble Gases
● Relate an element’s chemical properties to the electron arrangement
of its atoms.
The electron arrangement of an atom affects the chemical properties
of an element. This is because the electron arrangement determines
the amount of valence electrons an atom has, and the amount of
valence electrons of an element determines whether it will readily bond with
other elements or not. It also determines the number of bonds formed and the
atoms charge. These are the chemical properties of an atom.
Section 4 - Using Moles to Count Atoms
● Explain the relationship between a mole of a substance and
Avogadro’s constant.
Avogadro’s Number = 6.022 ✖ 1023
1 mole of sth = 6.022 ✖ 1023 of sth
● Solve moles to gram conversions and vice versa.
1 Mole
Gram to mole = mass in grams ✖
Atomic mass of the element /compound
Atomic mass of the element /compound
Mole to gram = mole ✖
1 Mole
NOTE!
There is an amount of 6.022 ✖ 1023 atoms in 1 mole of an element.
There is an amount of 6.022 ✖ 1023 molecules in 1 mole of a compound.