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Life Processes in Class 10 Biology

Chapter 5 of the Class 10 Biology NCERT discusses life processes essential for living organisms, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion. It details autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, the human digestive system, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the circulatory system, and excretory organs in humans and plants. Each process is explained with specific examples and functions, highlighting their importance in maintaining life.

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73 views2 pages

Life Processes in Class 10 Biology

Chapter 5 of the Class 10 Biology NCERT discusses life processes essential for living organisms, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion. It details autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, the human digestive system, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the circulatory system, and excretory organs in humans and plants. Each process is explained with specific examples and functions, highlighting their importance in maintaining life.

Uploaded by

siddhitiwari6thnov
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 5: Life Processes (Class 10 - Biology NCERT)

Summary Notes

LIFE PROCESSES

- Life processes = activities performed by living organisms to maintain life (e.g., nutrition, respiration,

transportation, excretion).

1. NUTRITION - process of obtaining and using food.

- Autotrophic Nutrition - organisms make their own food (e.g., plants via photosynthesis).

- Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O -> Glucose + O2 (in sunlight with chlorophyll).

- Raw materials: CO2 (air), Water (soil), Sunlight, Chlorophyll.

- Stages: Absorption of light, Conversion of light energy to chemical energy, Splitting of water, CO2

reduction to glucose.

- Stomata control gas exchange; guard cells regulate opening.

- Heterotrophic Nutrition - organisms depend on other organisms for food.

- Types:

- Holozoic (e.g., humans): ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion.

- Saprophytic (e.g., fungi): absorb nutrients from dead matter.

- Parasitic (e.g., Cuscuta): live on/in host, absorb nutrients.

- Nutrition in Humans - digestive system: mouth -> oesophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large

intestine -> anus.

- Mouth: salivary amylase breaks starch.

- Stomach: HCl kills germs; pepsin digests proteins.

- Small Intestine: bile (from liver) emulsifies fat, enzymes digest all nutrients.

- Absorption: villi in small intestine absorb nutrients.

- Large Intestine: water absorption; undigested waste removed.

2. RESPIRATION - release of energy from food.

- Aerobic: with oxygen, complete breakdown (Glucose + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + Energy).
Chapter 5: Life Processes (Class 10 - Biology NCERT)

- Anaerobic: without oxygen, incomplete breakdown (e.g., in yeast: Glucose -> Alcohol + CO2 + Energy).

- In humans: happens in mitochondria; breathing != respiration.

- Respiratory system: nostrils -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> lungs (alveoli exchange gases).

- Alveoli: thin walls, rich blood supply for gas exchange.

3. TRANSPORTATION - movement of substances in body.

- In Humans:

- Circulatory System: heart, blood, blood vessels.

- Heart: 4 chambers - right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

- Blood: plasma (fluid), RBCs (carry oxygen), WBCs (fight infection), platelets (clotting).

- Arteries carry blood away (oxygenated), veins carry towards (deoxygenated), capillaries connect both.

- Double circulation: blood passes twice through heart (for oxygenation and body supply).

- Lymph: drains tissue fluid, transports fats, helps immunity.

- In Plants:

- Transport of Water: xylem.

- Transport of Food: phloem.

- Transpiration helps in water movement and cooling.

4. EXCRETION - removal of metabolic wastes.

- In Humans:

- Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

- Kidneys filter blood, form urine (urea, water, salts).

- Nephron: structural/functional unit; filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

- In Plants:

- No special organs.

- Waste via leaves, stored in vacuoles, or excreted as resins/gums.

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