KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

NEW DELHI

PHYSICS
PROJECT

SESSION: - 2024-2025

A PROJECT REPORT ON
"STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER"
Submitted'
Class XIIt Under the guidance of
Board Roll no-.

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*STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
STEPDOWNTRANSFORMER
ROVERE
PAMARY
PRIMARY
GOILE
COJLS
2| Page
 INDEX
[Link]. TOPIC NAME PAGE NO.
1. CERTIFICATE 4
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
3. ABOUT 6
4. AIM 7
5. INTRODUCTION 7
6. THEORY 8
7. REQUIREMENT 9
8. PROCEDURE 10-12
9. CONCLUSION 13
10. RESULT 14
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Aayush Sharma of class XIl has completed
the
Physics project entitled "STEP DONN TRANSFORMER" himself and
under my guidance. The progress of the project has
been
continuously reported and has been in my knowledge consistently.
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
EXAMINER EXAMINER
Principal
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Isincerely express my gratitude to Mr. Hitesh Sir for his invaluable
guidance, expertise, and support throughout the completion of my
project on "STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER" | extend my heartfelt
thanks to our esteemed Principal Mam for providing
the
encouragement and institutional support necessary for the
successful execution of this work. Iam deeply grateful to my parents
for their unwavering support, motivation, and assistance, which have
been instrumental in the completion of this project. Their
contributions and encouragement have been vital to its success, and
lam truly appreciative of their efforts.
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 ABOUT
A
step-down transformer is an
to reduce
essential electrical device used
high voltage to a lower, usable voltage for various
applications. It is extensively utilized in power
electronicdevices, and electrical distribution,
and safe operation.
appliances to ensure efficient
Siep-down Trarsfomer
Ns
Vp V
Input
Primary Secondary
Wwinding WInding Output
Votage Votage
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AIM:
The aim of this project is to understand the working
principle, construction, and applications of a step-down
transformer. Additionally, the project aims toexplore its
role in electrical power distribution and analyze its
efficiency.
INTRODUCTION:
A
step-down transformer is a staticelectrical device
that decreases voltage while maintaining power output
(excluding losses). It functions based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction and is widely used in
residential, industrial, and commercial applications.
STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
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 THEORY
Title: STEP DOWVN TRANSFORMER:
A
step-down transformer consists of two windings,
primary and secondary, wound around a laminated iron
core. When an alternating current (AC) flows through
the primary coil, it generates a magnetic field, which
induces an ACvoltage in the secondary [Link] voltage
reduction follows the turn ratio formula:
Formula: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
Where:
Vp = Primary voltage
Vs = Secondary voltage
Np = Number of turns in the primary winding
. Ns =Number of turns inthe secondary winding
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 REQUIREMENTS
To construct and analyzea step-down transformer, the
following materials are needed:
Laminated iron core: A core made of thin iron sheets
stacked together to reduce energy losses due to eddy
currents and provide apath for the magnetic flux.
Copper wire for windings: Insulated copper wire used to
form the primary and secondary windings, ensuring
efficient conduction of electricity.
. ACpower source: A
source of alternating current (such as
a transformer-based supply or an AC mains) used to
energize the primary winding.
Multimeter for voltage measurement: A device used to
measure voltage, current, and resistance, helping in
analyzing the transformer'sinput and output voltages.
.
Load (lamp or resistor): A component connected to the
secondary winding to test the transformer's output under
working conditions.
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 PROCEDURE
[Link] the primary and secondary coils around the
laminated iron core:
The primary and secondary coils are wound
around a laminated iron core to create the
transformer. The primary coil receives the input
electrical energy, while the secondary coil
delivers the transformed (stepped-up or
stepped-down) voltage. The laminated iron core
improves the efficiency of magnetic flux transfer.
[Link] the primary winding to an AC power
SOurce:
The primary coil is connected to an alternating
current (AC) pOwer supply. When ACcurrent
flows through the primary coil, it generates a
magnetic field, which induces a voltage in the
secondary coil.
[Link] a multimeter to measure the input voltage of
the primary winding:
Amultimeter is used to measure the voltage
supplied to the primary coil. This gives an
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 indication of the input voltage to the
transformer.
[Link] the output voltage across the secondary
winding:
The output voltage is measured across
the
secondary winding. The voltage will either be
higher or lower than the input voltage,
depending on the number of turns in the
primary and secondary coils (the turns ratio).
[Link] the measured voltages to verify the step
down effect:
. In a step-down transformer, the output voltage
should be lower than the input voltage. The
measured output voltage is compared with the
input voltage to verify that the transformer is
stepping down the voltage correctly.
[Link] a load to the secondary winding and
observe its performance:
o
Aload is connectedto the secondarywinding
to simulate real-world conditions. The
transformer's performance is then observed by
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 checking if it cansupply power to the load
effectivelywithout issues like overheating or
voltage drop.
Iron Core
Having Less
Applied Turns
Ahernating Than the
Current Promary
Supply Winding
Primary Winding Secondary Wind1ng
E4U
Step Down Transformer
Primary voltage
Secondary voltage
Secondary
Alternating Primary
VoBtage 0
Time
Step-Down Transformer
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 checking if it can supply power to the load
effectively without issues like overheating or
voltage drop.
Iron Core
Havng Less
Applied Turns
Alternating Ihan the
Current
Pmary
Supply Winding
Primary Winding Secondary Wind1ng
Step Down Transformer
E4U
Primary voltage
Secondary voltage
ating Priy Secondary
mer
Page
 CONCLUSION
Astep-down transformer effectively reduces high
voltage to asafer, usable level while ensuring efficient
nower transfer. It is an essential component in electrical
distribution, consumer electronics, and industrial
applications. Understanding its functionality and
practicalimplementationenhances knowledge of power
transmission and transformer efficiency.
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 RESULT
output voltage is
The experiment demonstrates that the
voltage. The observed
significantly lower than the input
voltage ratio aligns with the theoretical relationship
between the number of
turns in the primary and
efficiency of the transformer is
secondary windings. The resistance and
power losses due to
assessed byanalyzing
core heating.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[Link] Reference: NCERT Class 12 Physics,
Chapter 6 - Electromagnetic Induction.
[Link]://[Link]
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