ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my Respected Physics teacher
Lal Chand Nandi Sir, Prakash sir, Asha ma'am, Biplob
sir for their able guidance and support in completing
my project.
I would also like to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement. My thanks
and appreciation also goes to my classmates who had
helped me throughout the project with their
abilities.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to Principal
Sir Mr. Raj Paulson Shekhar for providing me with all
the facilities that were required.
index
SL. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
Introduction
1. 1
• Internal Resistance
Practical Analysis
• Objective
• Apparatus
• Theory
• Circuital diagram
2. 2-7
• Procedure
• Observations
• Conclusion & Result
• Precautions
• Sources of error
3. Bibliography 8
Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that
their potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for
the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we
can increase the potential difference across it, and hence
make it more reliable.
Internal resistance
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the
electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
Its S.I. unit is Ohm(Ω).
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to an
external resistance (R) such that (1) is the current flowing through
the circuit,
E = V + Ir
Internal Resistance, r = E – V
I
Practical
Analysis
OBJECTIVE:
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS:
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one
way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, an
ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare,
connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY:
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal
resistance of a cell:
• is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
• is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
• decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
• is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r=E–V
I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
• Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper
and make tight connections according to the circuit
diagram.
• Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
• Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make
sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the
cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
• Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 ст.
• Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
• Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so
that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
• Determine the position of the null point accurately using
a set square and measure the balancing length (11)
between the null point and the end P.
• Next introduce plugs in both keys K₁ and K2. At the same
time, take out a small resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt
resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
• Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain
the null point.
• Measure the balancing length (12) from end P.
• Record these observations.
• Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
• Then remove the plugs of keys K₁ and K2. Wait for some
time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
• Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another
set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes
• Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of
electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
• Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to
10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration
of electrolyte
• Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
• Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10.
Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS:
Table for Internal resistance of cell:
Position of null
Ammeter Shunt Internal
point(cm)
[Link]. Reading Resistan Resistance
With R Without R
(A) ce R(Ω) r(Ω)
(l1) (l2)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
Table for separation between electrodes:
Separation
Balancing Balancing Internal
between
[Link]. point point Resistance r/d
electrodes
l1(cm) L2(cm) r(Ω)
d(cm)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
Table for effect of temperature:
Internal
Temperature Resistance Tr
[Link]. l1(cm) L2(cm) Resistance
T(oC) R(Ω) (ΩK)
r(Ω)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
CONCLUSION & RESULT:
• The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is
equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional
to the separation between the electrodes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the temperature of electrolytes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS:
• The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
• The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
• The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of
the wires.
• The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
• The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
• The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
• The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
• The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of
the wires.
• The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
• The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reference taken from:
• Comprehensive Physics Lab manual class 12
• Google
• YouTube
• ChatGpt
Thank you