Step 1: Piliin ang Criteria
Halimbawa, gusto mong pumili ng site para sa landfill, at may 3 criteria ka:
Flood Risk (Layo sa baha)
Land Use (Uri ng lupa at gamit)
Accessibility (Kalapitan sa daan)
Step 2: Pag-intindi sa Pairwise Comparison
Dito, kinukumpara mo ang bawat criteria sa isa para malaman kung alin ang
mas mahalaga sa goal mo.
Paano nagkukuha ng values?
Gumagamit tayo ng Saaty scale (1 to 9), kung saan:
Value Meaning Example Explanation
1 Equal importance Pareho silang mahalaga
Moderate
3 Medyo mas mahalaga ang isa
importance
5 Strong importance Malaki ang importance ng isa
Very strong
7 Sobrang mahalaga ang isa
importance
Extreme
9 Pinakamahalaga sa lahat
importance
2,4,6,8 Intermediate values Para sa intermediate degrees
1/3,1/5,. Kapag kabaligtaran naman ang
Reciprocal (reverse)
.. sitwasyon
Step 3: Mag-compare ng criteria isa-isa
Example:
Comparison 1: Flood Risk vs Land Use
Sa landfill site, mas mahalaga ang Flood Risk kasi ayaw natin basura
malapit sa baha para hindi mag-leak sa tubig.
Sabi ng expert, Flood Risk ay strongly more important kesa Land Use →
value = 5.
So:
Flood Risk vs Land Use = 5
Land Use vs Flood Risk = 1/5
Comparison 2: Flood Risk vs Accessibility
Flood Risk ay moderately more important kesa Accessibility → value = 3
Accessibility vs Flood Risk = 1/3
Comparison 3: Land Use vs Accessibility
Accessibility ay slightly more important kesa Land Use → value = 3
Land Use vs Accessibility = 1/3
Step 4: Gumawa ng Pairwise Comparison Matrix
Flood Land Accessibili
Criteria
Risk Use ty
Flood Risk 1 5 3
Land Use 1/5 (0.2) 1 1/3 (0.333)
Accessibilit 1/3
3 1
y (0.333)
Step 5: Normalize ang Matrix
1. Compute column totals
Criteri Land
Flood Risk Accessibility
a Use
1 + 0.2 + 0.333 = 5 + 1 + 3 3 + 0.333 + 1 =
Sum
1.533 =9 4.333
2. Divide bawat number sa column total (normalize)
Land
Criteria Flood Risk Accessibility
Use
Flood Risk 1/1.533 = 0.652 5/9 = 3/4.333 = 0.692
Land
Criteria Flood Risk Accessibility
Use
0.556
0.2/1.533 = 1/9 = 0.333/4.333 =
Land Use
0.130 0.111 0.077
Accessibilit 0.333/1.533 = 3/9 =
1/4.333 = 0.231
y 0.217 0.333
Step 6: Kalkulahin ang Row Average (Weight ng bawat Criterion)
Weight
Criteria Row Sum
(Average)
0.652 + 0.556 + 0.692
Flood Risk 1.9 / 3 = 0.633
= 1.9
0.130 + 0.111 + 0.077 0.318 / 3 =
Land Use
= 0.318 0.106
Accessibilit 0.217 + 0.333 + 0.231 0.781 / 3 =
y = 0.781 0.260
Step 7: Interpretation
Flood Risk = 63.3% importance
Accessibility = 26.0% importance
Land Use = 10.6% importance
Step 8: Consistency Check (Optional but Recommended)
Para makita kung consistent ang mga comparisons.
Sa AHP, ginagamit ang Consistency Ratio (CR) para dito.
CR < 0.10 = acceptable, ibig sabihin hindi contradictory ang mga answers.
CR > 0.10 = kailangan balikan at ayusin ang mga comparisons.
🔹 Step 1: Tukuyin ang mga main criteria
Halimbawa:
Flood Risk
Land Use
Accessibility
🔹 Step 2: Gamitin ang pairwise comparison
I-compare ang bawat criteria gamit ang Saaty Scale (1–9)
Gumawa ng pairwise matrix
🔹 Step 3: I-compute ang normalized matrix at weights
Gamit ang matrix, kuhanin ang average ng bawat row
Ito ang magiging weight o timbang ng bawat criterion
✅ Output ng Phase 1:
Numerical weights (halimbawa):
Flood Risk = 0.63
Accessibility = 0.26
Land Use = 0.11
🌍 Phase 2 – Spatial Analysis Using GIS
Ito na ang integration ng AHP sa real-world data gamit ang mapa.
🔹 Step 4: Maghanda ng spatial data layers sa GIS
Bawat criterion ay dapat may katumbas na spatial layer:
Criterion GIS Layer Example
Elevation map, distance to
Flood Risk
river/flood zone
Land Use Land use classification map
Accessibilit
Road map (distance to roads)
y
📝 Format: Mas madalas itong raster data (pixel-based), pero pwede ring vector na
i-convert.
🔹 Step 5: Reclassify ang bawat layer
Bakit? Para maging uniform ang scale, karaniwang ginagamit ang 1 to 5:
Valu
Meaning
e
1 Not suitable
Moderately
3
suitable
5 Highly suitable
Ginagawa ito sa QGIS or ArcGIS gamit ang:
ArcGIS: “Reclassify” tool
QGIS: “Raster Calculator” + “Reclassify by Table”
📌 Dapat consistent ang rules mo (halimbawa, mas malayo sa baha = mas mataas
ang score).
🔹 Step 6: Gamitin ang Weighted Overlay Analysis
Ito ang pagsasama-sama ng reclassified layers gamit ang weights mula sa AHP.
Formula:
Final Suitability =
(Flood Risk × 0.63) +
(Accessibility × 0.26) +
(Land Use × 0.11)
🛠 Tools:
ArcGIS: “Weighted Overlay” tool
QGIS: “Raster Calculator”
🔹 Step 7: Buoin ang Final Suitability Map
Makakabuo ka ng mapa na nagpapakita kung alin sa mga lokasyon ang pinaka-
angkop para sa landfill.
✔️High suitability → mataas ang total score
✖️Low suitability → mababa ang total score
🔹 Step 8: Classify into zones
Pwede mo na ngayong hatiin ang mapa:
Range of
Zone
Values
4.0 – 5.0 🟢 Highly Suitable
🟡 Moderately
2.5 – 4.0
Suitable
1.0 – 2.5 🔴 Not Suitable
Pwede mo rin i-overlay sa mga protected areas, urban zones, etc. para i-exclude.
🔄 Buod: Full Process
Phase Step Output
Weights of each
AHP Pairwise Comparison
criterion
GIS – Data Spatial Layers (Flood,
Raster layers
Prep Roads)
Weighted Suitability
GIS – Process Reclassify + Overlay
Raster
GIS – Output Generate final map Landfill Suitability Map
🧠 PRO TIP:
Ang AHP ang nagbibigay ng timbang sa desisyon, pero GIS ang naglalapat sa
espasyo.
Kung gusto mo:
✅ Gawin ko ito step-by-step sa QGIS
✅ Gawan kita ng flowchart / infographic
✅ Ipadala ko ang sample template ng raster calculator formula
Sabihin mo lang kung alin gusto mong unahin!
Excellent — you uploaded a very useful document. Let me now explain in detail
what the criteria are for selecting landfill sites, based on your file.
Landfill Site Selection Criteria
In the document, the selection process is divided into three main categories:
1️⃣ Economic Criteria (Weight: 21%)
These involve costs and convenience in accessing the landfill site.
Distance from Urban Areas
o Preferably far from dense populations (≥500 persons/km²).
o The further from urban centers (beyond 50 km), the more suitable.
Distance from Roads
o The site should be accessible but not too close to main roads.
o More than 750 m from main roads is rated as Very High suitability.
Slope
o Steep slopes (>18%) are excluded.
o Gentle slopes (0–8%) are most suitable.
2️⃣ Environmental Criteria (Weight: 55%)
Environmental protection is the most heavily weighted factor.
Distance from Surface Waters
o Avoid sites within 300 m of water sources.
o The further from surface water (>2500 m), the better.
Distance from Groundwater Sources
o Avoid within 500 m of aquifers.
o 2500 m distance is ideal.
Distance from Environmentally Sensitive Areas
o Avoid within 500 m of protected or critical areas.
Land Cover
o Avoid areas with high ecological, tourism, mineral, or utility value.
Flood Susceptibility
o Avoid flood-prone zones.
o Areas with no flood susceptibility are best.
Soil Permeability
o Avoid unstable or liquefiable soils.
o Prefer nearly impermeable or low-permeability soils to prevent
leachate contamination.
3️⃣ Physical Criteria (Weight: 24%)
These relate to public health, safety, and cultural protection.
Distance from Settlements
o Avoid within 250 m of residential areas.
o The further away (>2500 m), the better.
Distance from Cultural Heritage Sites
o Avoid within 250 m of historical or cultural sites.
Distance to Faults (Seismic Conditions)
o Avoid areas within 500 m of active faults or high seismic risk zones.
Summary Table of Weights
Main Weig
Criteria ht
Economic 0.21
Environment
0.55
al
Physical 0.24
Environmental factors are the most critical.
Data Sources
Different datasets are used for mapping these criteria — like population density
(PSA), road networks (OpenStreetMap), surface water maps (NAMRIA), flood
susceptibility (LiPAD), etc.
✅ In short:
A suitable landfill site should be far from people, water sources, cultural sites, and
hazard-prone areas; located on stable, impermeable, gently sloping land; and
accessible but not too close to major roads.
If you want, I can also:
Prepare a simple diagram or flowchart for this.
Create a scoring matrix for evaluating potential sites.
Help you with a sample site analysis based on this criteria.
👉 Just say what you need.
Very good question — and now that I have both your files, I can explain how to
compute the hole or required volume of a landfill using:
Volume of garbage (MSW)
Waste composition
Area
Let’s go step by step based on standard landfill design practices (and directly from
your document in section 5.2 of the Guidelines for the Design, Construction and
Operation of Manual Sanitary Landfills).
1️⃣ Determine total waste volume
You first need to estimate how much waste will be generated.
Formula:
Annual Waste Volume (m³/year)=Population×Per Capita Generation (kg/
day)×365Density of compacted waste (kg/m³)\text{Annual Waste Volume
(m³/year)} = \frac{\text{Population} \times \text{Per Capita Generation (kg/day)} \
times 365}{\text{Density of compacted waste (kg/m³)}}
Population → how many people served
Per capita generation → typically between 0.3 to 1.0 kg/person/day
depending on country
Density of compacted waste → from guidelines: around 250–500 kg/m³ (if
compacted)
Example
Population = 10,000 people
Waste generation = 0.7 kg/person/day
Compacted waste density = 400 kg/m³
Annual Waste Volume=10,000×0.7×365400=2,555,000400=6,387.5 m³/year\
text{Annual Waste Volume} = \frac{10,000 \times 0.7 \times 365}{400} = \
frac{2,555,000}{400} = 6,387.5 \, \text{m³/year}
2️⃣ Account for cover material
After each layer of waste is placed, soil cover is added daily and at closure.
Typically:
Daily cover → about 10% of the waste volume
Final cover → may add another 10% depending on design
Total volume increase ≈ 20% (10% daily + 10% final cover).
Formula:
Total Landfill Volume=Waste Volume×(1+0.20)\text{Total Landfill Volume} = \
text{Waste Volume} \times (1 + 0.20)
Continuing from above:
6,387.5×1.20=7,665 m³/year6,387.5 \times 1.20 = 7,665 \, \text{m³/year}
3️⃣ Compute total lifetime volume
Multiply by expected landfill lifetime:
For example: 10 years operation
7,665×10=76,650 m³ total volume needed7,665 \times 10 = 76,650 \, \text{m³
total volume needed}
4️⃣ Estimate required land area
The area depends on the average landfill height (depth) you can achieve:
Required Area=Total VolumeAverage Height\text{Required Area} = \frac{\text{Total
Volume}}{\text{Average Height}}
Example: Average landfill depth = 5 meters
76,6505=15,330 m² (≈1.53 hectares)\frac{76,650}{5} = 15,330 \, \text{m²} \, (\
approx 1.53 \, \text{hectares})
5️⃣ Effect of Waste Composition
From your guidelines, the waste composition affects:
Density: organic waste has higher moisture content → heavier waste →
smaller volume
Decomposition: organic matter will settle over time → long-term settlement
should be factored.
For mixed waste with high organic content (as in many developing areas: 50–80%
organics), you may:
Use slightly higher density (400–500 kg/m³)
Include allowance for future settlement: add 10–15% extra volume to allow
for subsidence.
🔑 Summary Formula
Landfill Volume=Population×Per Capita Generation×365×Design LifeWaste Density
×(1+Cover Factor+Settlement Factor)\text{Landfill Volume} = \frac{\
text{Population} \times \text{Per Capita Generation} \times 365 \times \
text{Design Life}}{\text{Waste Density}} \times (1 + \text{Cover Factor} + \
text{Settlement Factor})
👉 If you give me your actual numbers (population, per capita waste, design
life, landfill depth), I can compute your landfill hole volume right away.
Shall we compute one for your case?
You can just give me:
Population = ?
Waste generation = ? kg/person/day
Landfill life = ? years
Depth = ? meters
I'll do the full calculation for you.
Guidelines for the Design, Construction and Operation of Manual Sanitary
Landfills: A solution for the final disposal of municipal solid wastes in
small communities
Author: Jorge Jaramillo
Affiliation: Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
Publisher: Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental
Sciences (CEPIS/PAHO/WHO)
Year Published: 2003
Document Code: PAHO/CEPIS/PUB/03.10