Entences and caluses consist of words, a subject and predicate
They are different in several aspects
Clauses are building blocks which means that sentences are made of clauses, and they can have several
but we can't claim that clauses are made up of sentences
Clauses can act as N ADJ and ADV sentences cant
Sentences necessarily convey complete meaning, but clauses don't have to
Clauses are group of words that have a S and a V, this is what differentiates them from phrases
We hvae two main types dependent and independent
Dependent clauses are those that don't convey entire meaning but depend on another clause to
complete it BECAUSE SHE WAS TIRED
Independent clauses contain an entire meaning and therefore can stand alone – She screamed
Noun clause (that, what, whatever, who, whoever, how, when, where, why, whether, if) I don’t know
what she wants.
Adjective clause (who whom whose whihc that – the book that you gave me is fun
Adverbial clause – because, although, when, if …. Because she warned me, im not going there.
Noun clause – i dont know what she wants
Adjective clause who whose whom which that – the book that you gave me is fun
Adverbila
- If because whether when where until although
- If you buy a book, I will too
Declarative interrogative exclamatory and imperative
So not
This that
Yes no
Situational elipsis – gramamtical words such as pro art prepositons -
Textual elipsis
Typically when writing a text we try to start with somethings that is alrdy familiar or known
Empty subject that – to point out an existance of something – there is that butterfly again
Empty subject it time distance weather environment
It rained all day long
Repeating words . The big bang is a large explosion that is considered to have been the start of the
universe as we know it. This large explosion expanded -…..
Using a pronoun
Adverbial in first position i have rarely done such a thing
Rarely have i done such a thhing
That
it subject
Repeat words
Use a pronoun
Adverbial in front positon
If because while although when though as soon as whenever until
There it
Linking subject
Reoetition of owrds
Using a pronoun
Adverbial in front positon
Nominal clause
A dependent clause that fuctions as a noun and therefore it can be the object complement or subject in
a sentence
Thyre typically wh- clauses and that clauses
Subjunct S of a V, O of a V O of a prep
S o appositve prepositional complement, complement
Subject
That she was beautiful never crossed my mind
Predicate nominative – it renames the subject with a linking verb
The fact that he's beautiful is what im telling you
DO
✅ 1. SUBJECT
What she said surprised the whole class.
Who comes to the meeting is still undecided.
✅ 2. DIRECT OBJECT (DO)
She didn’t know where he went.
Tell me who told you that.
✅ 3. SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (SC)
The question is what he really wants.
My concern is how we’ll afford it.
✅ 4. APPOSITIVE
Their doubt, where the money came from, remains.
Her suggestion, what we should do next, was helpful.
✅ 5. ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT
She’s unsure how it happened.
We’re curious who invited him.
✅ 6. PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT
We talked about what he said.
She’s thinking about where to go next.
He has no opinion on who should lead.