THIRD TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR B/TECH

Week 1: Revision

Week 2 : Wood works,Hand tools,Boring tools and cutting tools

Week 3: Wood work Hand tools continues

Week 4: Metal-work Hand tools

-Measuring tools

-Marking tools

Week 5: Metal work hand tool continue

Week 6: Maintenance of tools and machines

Week7: Basic Electricity

Week8: Basic Electricity Contd

Week9: Simple Electrical Calculation

Week10: Basic Electricity Contd

WEEK 2

WOODWORK HAND TOOLS

BORING TOOLS

They were used for making holes in [Link] are;

[Link]:Used for boring small holes wood for larger nails or [Link] is also used to mark the
centre of a wood in readiness for [Link] are of different tips either sharp,pointed,or
screw

[Link]:Is used to hold twist bit for boring [Link] are different types;
-Piain types

-Ratchet types

Both types of brace have a chunk to which the bit is connected.

[Link]:Is used where braces cannot be used for boring holes

[Link]:Are used in conjunction with brace to bore holes of large depth or [Link] types
of bits are available and these includes the following

-Twist bits:Is used for boring deep and straight holes in any direction of the grain.

-Centre bit:Is used for boring large shallow holes.

[Link]:Are alternate to the [Link] are equally used to bore holes in [Link] are three
main types;

-Breast drill

-Hand drill

-Push drill
 CUTTING TOOLS

There are tools used to cut [Link] are saws,plane,chisel,file.

SAWS

Are used for cutting wood or plank two or more [Link] cut made by a saw is called KERF

Saws are grouped into different types:

[Link] saw:Are used for cutting straight [Link] include:

[Link] saw:Used for cutting alone the grain of a plant.

[Link] saw:For cutting grass across the grain of a plant.

[Link] saw:Used to cut both across and along the grain of a wood.

[Link] saw:Used for cutting dovetail joints

[Link] cutting saw:Are used for cutting [Link] are:

[Link] saw:For accurate curve within wood or veneer

[Link] saw:Used for complex shapes and curve in plywood

[Link] saw:For cutting circular or semicircular curve

PLANES

They are used for removing the rough surface of a [Link] are:

[Link] Plane:Is a general purpose plane for removing rough surfaces from and for straight
planing
[Link] Plane:Used for smoothing the surface of wood which have first been roughen by
the jack plane

[Link] Plane:Is used for flattening the surface of wood

[Link] Shave:Is used for shaping light particles from the surface of the [Link] cuts in a similar
way to plane

All these plane have blade[or edge tools]on [Link] is the blade that do the actual work of
planing

CHISEL

The chisel is for cutting [Link] blade is made of high quality carbon [Link] using
chisel you must ensure that the chisel is properly held in the wooden handle and secondly the
right type and size of chisel must be selected for each [Link] most commonly used are:

[Link] chisel:Is used for cutting mortice and all other heavy work requiring much leverage

[Link] chisel:Has level edge which enable it to be used in difficult cornes

[Link] chisel:Is a square edge [Link] is used as general bench work and joint cutting

FILES

This comes in various types:

[Link] Files:Used for filing the teeth of saw

[Link] Round File:Half Round File are used to sharpen the blade of other wood work tools

SCRAPERS

Is used to remove irregularities from surfaces.

WEEK 3

DRIVING TOOLS

Are used to push in or pull out screws, nails,bolts,[Link] driving tools are hammer,mallet
punches,screwdrivers,pincer

Hammer:they are named according to the shape of their head which is made up of high carbon
steel and the handle is made up of wood.

The weight of a hammer determines its usage.A hammer with a heavy head made of steelis
called sledge hammer;it is used by [Link] types of hammer includes:

[Link] Hammer:used for driving and removing nails.

[Link] pein hammer:used for riverting.

[Link] pein hammer:use for riverting in awkward position and for bending of sheet metal.

MALLET

This is a driving tool that is made either from hardwood,plastic,rubber or raw [Link] is used for
striking tools with wooden [Link] driving [Link] is also used for assembling or
disassembling joint.

SCREWDRIVER

Are used to turn in or drive out [Link] various types are:

[Link] Screwdriver:Used on screw with slotted head

[Link] Screwdriver:Used in screw with star head

[Link] Screwdriver[or allen key]:Used on screw with hexagonal or square slotted holes in their
head

[Link] type Screwdriver:This has ratchet which can accommodate the heads of all other
types of [Link] is a general purpose screwdriver.

[Link]:Used where straight screwdriver cannot work

 PINCER

Are used for withdrawing nail,screw,pin and objects driven into wood

PUNCHES

Are used in hammer for driving nail into wood beyond where a hammer can only [Link] are
used for locating centre hole for drilling operation.

CARE OF WOODWORK

HANDTOOLS

[Link] sharpen the cutting tools when due,to prevent accident

[Link] put tools in damp places to avoid rusting

[Link] the right tools for the right job to prevent damage to the tool and accident to the user
[Link] the end of the day’s work,return tool to the appropriate place or rack

[Link] careless dropping on the floor,keep them well on the work bench

[Link] tools at the end of the day’s work

WEEK 4

METAL WORK HAND TOOLS

[Link] Tools:Are hand tools used for marking lines on metal surfaces or checking alignment
or indicating points on position on a work piece

Examples are:

[Link] plate:The surface plate is a piece of equipment with a flat surface at high grade finish
on which work piece are placed for marking [Link] is also used for testing the flatness of surface

[Link] tables:The surface table or marking out table is largerthan the surface [Link] is used
for supporting bigger work ,so that marking out can be easily carried out with ease and
accuracy.
[Link]:The sciber is a metal worker is [Link] is used for marking out lines by hands and
together with straight edge like steel rule,try square or box rule

[Link]:They are two legged steel instruments,used for scribing arcs,circles,curves and for
setting off distance or transferring measurement

[Link]:Are used to bore holes in the sheet metal being worked upon,they are made from
either medium carbon steel or high carbon [Link] are of two types:
[Link] punch:Used for denting scribed lines

[Link] punch:Is used for providing a heavy conical ldent at the end of the point where hole
will be drilled in a workshop

[Link] Square:It is used to test the squareness of surface and to mark out lines at right angles to
given [Link] should be handled with care

[Link] leg caliper:Are used on the lathe machine for scribing a line round the [Link] are also
used for the centre of the end of a bar or for drawing lines parallel to a straight line

MEASURING TOOLS

They areused for measuring length,width,thickness or size of a [Link] is usually done

during marking [Link] of measuring tools are:

[Link] Rule:This is used to measure length,

Breadth or thickness of metal

[Link]:They are used for measuring diameter,width and thickness of [Link] are three
types:

[Link] or outside caliper:For taking external measurement

[Link] leg caliper:Used for centering i.e locating centre of bar

[Link] Gauge:Is used for measuring holes

[Link] Guage:Is usedto perform two functions:

[Link] determine the height of component

[Link] mark out dimension

[Link]:It is used for taking precision [Link] is available in two types:

[Link] micrometer-for external measurement

[Link] micrometer-for internal measurement

[Link] Calliper:Is used for taking very accurate measurement of object

[Link] Set:It is a measuring instrument which consist of three heads:

[Link] Square:Used to determine the centre of round shafts of [Link] is also used as
marking out tool

[Link] Head:Used for measuring and setting out 900 and 450
[Link]:Perform both marking and measuring [Link] combination set can also be
used as depth or height guage

CUTTING TOOLS

They are used for cutting metal by sawing,filing,chiseling or [Link] are:

SAW

They are number of saw used for cutting metal:

[Link] saw:It is mainly used to cut narrow strips of metal

[Link] Hacksaw:Used for fine work,wprk best on thin sheet of metal.

[Link] Saw:It is used for cutting irregular shape

[Link]:Are made from steel and are designed to cut metal and grooveslot and keyway in
[Link] are:

[Link] Chisel:

-Levelling metal surface

-Removing rivet,screws and bolt head

-Cutting excess metal after drilling

[Link] Chisel:

-Cutting keyways on shafts and holes

[Link] nose Chisel:

-Cutting oil grooves in bearing

-Cutting V-shaped grooves

[Link] point chisel:

-Cutting Vee grooves and cutting oil well in bearing

[Link]:Used for removing irregularities,shape edges and mark on surfaces of metal

[Link]:Used on flat surfaces to remove small amount of metal,leaving itsmooth

Types of file are:

-Flat file

-Round file

-Square file

-Half round file

-Triangular file:Filing tools on surfaces that are less than 900 and in awkward corner
-Hand file

DRIVING TOOLS

Are used in metal work for repmoving or driving object into metal through
hammering,punching or screwdriving

[Link]:They are the most commonly used of all tools types,the types are:

-Ball Pen Hammer

-Cross Pen Hammer

-Straight Pen Hammer

[Link]:Punches are also driving [Link] are used for punching holes in sheet metal drive
out rivert.

Types

-Pin

-Square punch

-Round punch

[Link] driver:They are for fixing or removing screws by their head.

Types

-Flat Screwdriver

-Star Screw driver

- Ratchet Screwdriver:Can accommodate different types of [Link] that is required is to

remove and fix the required head.

HOLDING DEVICES
 In order to safely and comfortably work on any work piece, the work piece needs to be
firmly secured . Examples:

[Link]:Are used for holding object firmly in position ,so that desired operation can be carried
out .Vices are of various types, sizes and shapes.

a. Bench Vice:Used for holding all types of heavy work like filing ,chipping and sawing .It is
fastened to the bench .A vice clamp is used along with the bench to prevent damage to work
piece .

[Link] Vice :They are commonly used in drilling mill and shaping [Link] vice are
also secured to the machine table by means of bolt and nut .

[Link] Vice :They are used for holding small work piece that cannot be handled conveniently

by the bench vice because of their small sizes.

[Link] Vice :Is used by blacksmith for holding workpiece that requires heavy blows bend.

[Link]:Are also holding devices for holding workpiece for various [Link] are mainly
three types :

[Link]: Are useful general purpose holding tool ,they are used by metal workers,electrician and
automechanic.

Types

-Long nose Plier

-Flat nose Plier

-Round nose Plier

-Combination Plier

[Link] marker’s Clamp:The tool marker’s clamp is used for holding metal in drilling operation,
as well as for securing jobs.

c.G Clamp: Is used by metal workers for sec uring long work piece to the drillingmachine
 MAINTENANCE

Maintenance is an action taken on anything to keep it moving or to restore it to good working

condition. If an item is not properly taken care of, break down .When the item is an equipment
or tools, its breakdown will cause a lot of inconvinences and delay the work being done to
prevent an item from breaking down there should be regular maintenance

REASONS FOR MAINTENANCE

[Link] make the item or equipment function properly

[Link] avoid preventable breakdown

[Link] reduces chances if accident and ensure safe use

[Link] the item or eouipment last longer

[Link] avoid the inconvenience of equipment failure

[Link] reduce time and thereby save money

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

[Link] Maintenance:This type of maintenance carried out on an equipment

before breakdown occurs. Most preventive maintenance activities are regular ,predetermined
and planned in advance .Preventive maintenance usually include activities like cleaning ,
oiling ,greasing ,checking ,adjusting and servicing.

[Link] Maintenance : Involves action taken to restore or correct a broken down

equipment to a function state. An equipment can breakdown without any prior signal.
Corrective maintenance is usually expensive and time consuming. Here equipment may need
total overhand and some parts may need to be replaced or repaired . This type of maintenance
is corrective in nature.

[Link] Maintenance: It is carried out on an equipment when there is breakdown signal

such signals are change in sound ,noise redlight [indicating danger] increase or decrease in
speed . Any action taken when a breakdown signal is noticed is predictive maintenance.

Predictive maintenance involves such action like checking , adjusting ,replacement of

parts ,servicing.
 BASIC ELECTRICITY

The origin of electricity can traced to the existence of certain particles in matter . The scientific
experiment and work of men like [Link] Rutherford ,Benjamin Franklin and few others
who have shown that matter is not just made of molecules and atoms but that the atom itself is
made up of three basic particles called:

[Link]-Which carry positive charge

[Link]-These carry no charge

[Link]-These carry negative charge

STRUCTURE OF ATOM

The proton and neutron are packed togrther to form the [Link] electrons move
around the entity,same way planets move around the sun.

For an atom,the following are observed to be true:

-It is electrically neutral i.e equal no of proton and electron

The proton and neutron are packed together to form the [Link] electrons move
around the sun.

For an atom the following are observed to be true:

-It is electricity neutral i.e equal no of proton and electron.

-The force of attraction between proton and electron in motion about their orbit. It is possible
when the electron(s) in the outmost shell are for them to jump out of their orbit and wander as
free electron. It is also possible for an atom to receive into its outmost shell free electron . In
some cases electron is either lost or gained . Thus net positive and net negative charge is
created by rubbing materials together, this process of transfer or movement actually takes
place hence electricity is created.

Electricity therefore can be defined as the flow of electric charges (either positive or
negative). Charges created by rubbing are static, they can only flow for brief instant .Electricity
such as this is described known type of electricity we encounter in several ways in our daily
lives:

-When combing our hair especially during dry season.

-When pressing ,crackling sound is heard and if the environment is dark , the spark are seen

-At rainy season thunderstorm and lighting are real e.g static electricity.

Later Micheal Faraday discovered current electricity, which is a more useful type of current
which flows continuously for as long there is a generating source .The generating source may be
batteries,ac or dc generator.

Not all materials allows electricity to pass through them,these materials which allows the
flow of electricity through them is called conductor and these which do not allow electricity
pass through them are called insulator.

The movement of free electron is called electric [Link] two classes of electricity are
static and current electricity.

The space around any charged object usually contain line of force because another object
which is also charged when brought into that space experiences either a force of attraction or
repulsion . The space in which a charged object experiences a force is known as electric field. A
fundamental law which has been established by experiment shows that

-Like charge repel

-Unlike charge attract

 TYPES OF CURRENT

[Link] current(DC):Is the current which flows steadily in one [Link] of this,is the
simple circuit containing a battery, wire and an electric bulb.

[Link] current (AC):Is the current which change it direction at periodic interval. Examples
of this, is the current that comes from the power station.

Basic Component Of Electric Circuit

Electric circuit is the path provided for the flow of electric charges (or current). Each
component connected to a circuit has a role to play. The component are :

[Link] Or Source of power i.e from power holding company of Nigeria

[Link](or key):There should always be a means of closing and opening a circuit . The symbol
is

[Link] Bulb:symbol is

[Link] Wire

[Link]: Resistor in circuit are connected to the flow of current. The symbol is

6. Capacitor: They are parallel plate separated by a dielectric material (i.e insulator material),
capacitor are storage component, storing electrical energy in an electrical field. Symbol for
capacitor is

7. Inductor:Cord carrying current are referred to as inductor . They are storage device ,storing
electrical energy in magnetic field ,symbol is

There are several other components placed in a circuit to perform different function.

Electrical Quantities And Their Measurement

Certain quantities are associated with electrical quantities which needs to be measured , these
quantities are:
a. Current : This can be defined as the quantity of charges flowing through section of a
circuit in a given time or it is the flow of electron. Current is measured with an
instrument called Ammeter and the unit of measurement is Ampere.
b. Voltage : Voltage across a circuit is the potential difference or amount of work that has
to be done in moving unit of charge across the circuit voltage is measured in
volts (v) using a voltmeter.
flow of current ohm a german scientist was the person who discovered the relationship
between I,V and R i.e current, voltage and
It is law stating this relation
R = V/I
Resitance can be measured directly using an ohmmeter or multimeter.
[Link] : The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given timeis called power.
Power can be calculated from the value of I,V and R measured using a wattmeter.
P=current (I)xVoltage(V)
Combining this ohm’s law , power can be expressed also as P=V2/R or P=I2R
Simple Calculation Involving Electricity
According to ohm’s law, the relationship that exist between current, resistance and
voltage is expressed as ; I =V/R or V=IR or R=V/I
Example
1. A current of 3a is drawn from 6volt battery calculate the resistance.
Solution
I=V/R
=R=V/I=6/3=2ohms
[Link] an electric circuit the potential difference is 15volt while the resistance is
45ohms .What is the current following in the circuit.
Solution
Potential difference =Voltage=18volt
I=V/R=15/45=0.33A

Assignment
[Link] the current flowing in a circuit whose total resistance is 100ohms and
applied volt is 24.
[Link] a wire is resistance 0.050hms drawing current of 10A from battery . Find the
potential difference.
3.A potential difference (pd) of 240volts is applied to a lamp of 60ohms resistance .
What amount of current will flow in the circuit.
[Link] the current and power flowing in a current having resistance of 100ohms
and voltage source of 12volts
 Electrical Appliances
This is a device that uses electricity to perform a function. Examples are computer,
television,washing machine,DVD player, Refrigeration,table
lamp,toaster,freezer,microwave,water heater.

Electrical accessories
An electrical accessories is a basic part used in wiring either for protection and
adjustment or for the control of the electrical circuits or for a combination of these
[Link] are:lamp holder,switch,ceiling switch,13A plug,cordgip lamp
holder,joint box,socket outlet,socket plug,3way lampholder adaptor,oneway switch

Transformers:This is a device used to lower or increase voltage

Stabilizer:Are electronic device responsible for correcting the voltage of the electrical
power supply.