DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH

CONVERSION RATIO OF BOOST CONVERTER FOR

RENEWABLE APPLICATION

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

DIVYA.R

SRIMATHI.R

SUBALAKSHMI.G

VINODHINI.R

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution; Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai – 600 025)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2025
 SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution; Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai –600 025)
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

HIGH CONVERSION RATIO OF BOOST CONVERTER FOR

RENEWABLE APPLICATION” is the bonafide work of “DIVYA R,

(813821105017), SRIMATHI R (813821105049), SUBALAKSHMI G

(813821105050), VINODHINI R (813821105057)” who carried out the

project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

[Link], [Link]., Ph.D. [Link] BABU,M.E.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE Department of EEE
Saranathan College of Engineering Saranathan College of
Engineering
Trichy-620012 Trichy- 620012

Submitted for the project viva-voce examination held on________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ABSTRACT
High conversion ratio of DC- DC boost converters are increasingly popular in

renewable energy application such as solar PV system, fuel cells. This paper

presents the design and implementation of a high conversion ratio of boost

converter introduces a non isolated non coupled inductor based high ratio of

DC-DC boost converter with features of low voltage stress on controlled power

switches and high voltage obtained at lower duty ratios. The proposed converter

boosting the low input DC voltage obtained from photovoltaic (PV) or fuel cells

to higher voltage. The converter enhances the voltage gain without the use of a

coupled inductor thereby reducing core losses and improved efficiency. Unlike

conventional boost converter which suffer from extreme duty cycle operation

and high voltage stress. The proposed converter comprises only two switch and

a single PWM signal for both switches governs it’s operation. A 300W

hardware prototype of a proposed model is developed and tested in lab to

confirm the theoretical assertion of proposed model. The proposed topology

enables a high ratio of approximately 12 times the input voltage at a smaller

duty ratio. This analysis includes theoretical derivation, components selection,

and comparative study with traditional boost converter. Simulation and

experimental results validates the converter performance demonstrates high

efficiency, ripple value and high output voltage under varying input voltage.

These topology is more compact, less costly, lighter weight and easier to

control. The uniqueness of suggested model is it’s simple design and Greater
efficiency, which provides a higher output voltage for sustainable energy

systems.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO HIGH GAIN DC-DC
CONVERTER
1.2 APPLICATION OF HIGH GAIN CONVERTER
IN ELECTRIC VECHICLE
1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW
2. BOOST CONVERTER
2.1 OPERATION
2.2 MODELLING OF DC BOOST CONVERTER
2.3 RESULTS
3. PROPOSED HIGH GAIN CONVERTER
3.1 SYNTHESIS OF PROPOSED CONVERTER
3.1.1 Proposed Topology Structure
3.2 OPERATION
3.2.1 Mode I
 3.2.2 Mode II
3.3 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS
3.4 DESIGN OF PROPOSED CONVERTER

3.5 SIMULATION & RESULTS

3.6 COMPARISON
4. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO
4.2 ALGORITHM
4.3 CODE
4.4 PULSE WAVEFORM
5. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 MOSFET SWITCH
5.2 DIODE
5.3 CAPACITOR
5.4 INDUCTOR
5.5 DRIVER CIRCUIT
5.6 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
5.7 RESULT
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCE
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to high gain dc-dc converter

The Growing Global demand for clean and sustainable
energy has accelerated the adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar
photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, High voltage systems and Electric vehicles.
The energy produced by sources like fuel cell, solar photovoltaic system is quite
low and required output voltage is relatively high for various household and
industrial applications. The High voltage DC-DC Boost Converter are essential
for converting small input direct current ranging from few volts to substantially
higher DC voltage. DC-DC converters consists of various arrangements of
inductors, capacitors, diodes and switches. These components are
interconnected to enable energy exchange between inductors and capacitors.
The process begins with the exchange of stored energy in the inductors.
Subsequently, stored energy is transferred to the capacitors resulting in the
achievement of higher voltage. Conventional boost converter is the step up DC-
DC topology to achieve higher voltage gain requires operating at extreme duty
cycles. The duty ratio increases, the parasitic resistance of the capacitor and
inductor experiences a substantial rise, resulting in a significant loss in voltage
gain and efficiency of the boost converter. The conventional DC-DC boost
converter has some drawbacks. This includes higher voltage and current stress
on switches, increased switching and conduction losses, Electromagnetic
Interference, intolerable input current ripple and low efficiency at light load
conditions.

Non isolated DC-DC converters plays a important role in renewable energy

applications, These converters can be broadly categorized into couple inductor-
based and non-coupled inductor based configurations. Non-coupled inductor
based high gain boost converter offers a more compact and efficient alternative
without relying on magnetic coupling. These achieve higher voltage conversion
using combination of passive components. The absence of coupled inductors
eliminates core saturation, leakage energy loss by making these converters
simpler, cost-effective, and easier to implement. Non-coupled inductor
converters provide lower voltage stress on switching devices, enhancing overall
reliability and efficiency. The coupled inductor configuration can achieve high
voltage gain at a lower duty but at a higher duty, it causes issues like switch
voltage stress, conduction loss, low efficiency and leakage inductance.

To solve these challenges, High conversion ratio of boost converter topologies

have been proposed in this paper. These study proposed to provide necessary
voltage gain without excessive duty cycles, improved efficiency by reducing
power losses, minimize voltage and current stress on semiconductor devices,
offer a compact and cost-effective solution for renewable energy systems. The
characteristics of proposed converter include:

 The converter employs only two switches and the voltage stress on these
power switches is lower than the output voltage. Despite having two
switches it requires a single PWM signal for its operation which makes it
easier to control and reduces the requirement for a gate driver.

 The absence of a coupled inductor eliminates the issue associated with

leakage inductance and switch stress at a higher duty ratio.

 The proposed converter offers advantages including high gain, increased

output voltage, and continuous current mode operation. These qualities
make it an attractive option for medium to high-power applications.

1.2 Application of high gain converter in electric vehicle

High-gain converters play a vital role in the performance and
efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) by effectively stepping up voltage to meet
the power demands of various vehicle systems. Since EVs rely on battery packs
that typically operate at lower voltages, these converters are essential for
boosting voltage to ensure optimal functioning of the electric motor and other
critical components.

One of the primary applications of high-gain converters in EVs is to elevate the

battery voltage to the required level for the motor drive system, thereby
improving acceleration, torque, and overall vehicle performance. Higher voltage
levels enhance power efficiency and reduce energy losses, which helps in
extending battery life and increasing the vehicle's driving range. Beyond motor
operation, high-gain converters facilitate the integration of renewable energy
sources, such as solar panels and fuel cells, which generally generate low-
voltage outputs. In solar-assisted EVs and hybrid vehicles, these converters step
up the voltage to a usable range, making sustainable energy integration more
effective and contributing to eco-friendly transportation. Additionally, high-gain
converters play a crucial role in fast-charging stations, where they help regulate
and adapt voltage levels between the power grid, battery, and vehicle. The
ability to handle high-voltage power transfer ensures reduced charging times
while maintaining stable and efficient power delivery, preventing battery
damage and improving overall charging efficiency.

Another significant application of high-gain converters is in regenerative

braking systems, where they boost the voltage of the recovered kinetic energy
before storing it in the battery. This process helps maximize energy recapture,
improving overall vehicle efficiency and extending range. Moreover, high-gain
converters are essential for managing power distribution in auxiliary systems,
such as lighting, infotainment, climate control, and electronic control units.
These vehicle systems require different voltage levels, and high-gain converters
ensure appropriate power regulation, minimizing energy loss and optimizing
electrical performance.
 A real-time example of the application of high-gain converters in EVs can be
seen in Tesla’s Model S powertrain, where a DC-DC boost converter steps up
the 400V battery voltage to efficiently power the motor drive system. This
ensures smooth motor operation, delivering high power for acceleration and
speed while maintaining energy efficiency. Additionally, Tesla’s Supercharger
network

utilizes high-gain converters in fast-charging stations, where they efficiently

convert and regulate high-voltage DC power (up to 900V). These converters
play a crucial role in reducing charging times, improving energy transfer
efficiency, and ensuring safe and stable power delivery, allowing Tesla vehicles
to charge faster with minimal energy losses.

1.3 Literature Review

Authors: chang-hua lin , javed ahmad
Title: Design and Analysis of Novel High-Gain Boost Converter for
Renewable Energy Systems (RES).
Technology This converter employs two power switches operated by a
single Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal, resulting in a compact and
lightweight design that simplifies control mechanism.
Key Benefits: Achieves approximately 11.25 times the input voltage at a
0.6 duty cycle and 17.77 times at a 0.7 duty cycle, effectively boosting low-
input DC voltage to higher levels suitable for practical use.
Limitations: The absence of a common ground configuration in the converter
design may complicate control design and integration into certain systems.
Authors: K. Basu, N. Mohan
Title: High Step-Up DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications
Technology: High gain boost converter using a switched capacitor and coupled
inductor technique.
Key Benefits: Achieves high voltage gain without requiring an extreme duty
cycle, making it efficient for photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell applications.
Limitations: The use of a coupled inductor introduces leakage inductance,
which can cause voltage spikes and require additional snubber circuits .
Authors: H. Mahdavi, A. Ebrahimi
Title: A High-Gain DC-DC Converter Based on Voltage Multiplier and
Coupled Inductor for Renewable Energy Systems

Technology: Voltage multiplier-based high-gain boost converter with a coupled

inductor to improve efficiency.
Key Benefits: Reduces voltage stress on the switch, improving reliability and
efficiency.
Limitations: The complexity of the circuit increases, and precise control is
needed to maintain stability.
Title: High-Efficiency DC-DC Boost Converter with a Reduced Number of
Components.
Technology: An optimized boost converter topology reducing the number of
Switching components.
Key Benefits: Increases overall efficiency while reducing switching losses
Limitations: Limited scalability for very high voltage applications.
 CHAPTER 2
BOOST CONVERTER

2.1 Operation
The operation of the boost converter is based on the principle of
storing energy in an inductor. The voltage drop across an inductor is
proportional to the change in the electric current flowing through the device.
The circuit arrangement operates in such a way that it helps in maintaining a
regulated and increased dc output at the load.

L D

VIN S V0
C R

FIGURE 1 CONVENTIONAL BOOST CONVERTER

In this circuit, the solid-state device such as power MOSFET which operates as
a switch is connected across the source. A diode is used as a second switch. The
diode is connected to the capacitor and the load. The capacitor and load are
connected in parallel as shown in the above circuit diagram. The inductor is
connected in series with the supply voltage source which leads to a constant
input current. So the boost converter acts as a constant current input source and
loads act as a constant voltage source.
The controlled switch S is turned on and off by using PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation). PWM can be time-based or frequency based. Time-based
 Modulation is mostly used for Boost Converter because it is simple to construct
and use.

The frequency remains constant in this type of PWM modulation. Whereas

Frequency-based modulation has a wide range of frequencies to achieve the
desired control of the switch and has a complicated design for the low-pass LC
filter.

here are two modes of operation of the Boost converter. They are:

1. Mode I: Switch S is ON and Diode D is OFF

2. Mode II: Switch S is OFF and Diode D is ON

Mode I: Switch S is ON and Diode D is OFF

In this mode of operation, switch S is in closed condition i.e., ON state, and

diode D is in open condition i.e., OFF state. Thus, switch S allows the flow of
current through it. All the current will flow through the closed path including
inductor L, switch S, and back to the dc input source. The circuit diagram for
this mode + L- D

+
+ R V0_
S
VIN + _
__ C
_
_

FIGURE 2 MODE I

Here, the polarity of the inductor will be according to the direction of the flow
of current. In this mode of operation, the diode D is in reverse biased condition
 so that diode does not allow the flow of current through it to the circuit. In this
condition, the voltage across the switch S will appear across the load resistance
and hence output voltage.

Mode II: Switch S is OFF and Diode D is ON

In this mode of operation, switch S is in open condition i.e. OFF state and
diode D is in closed condition i.e. ON state. Thus switch diode D allows the
flow of current through it, whereas switching S blocks the current flow through
it.
- L+ D

+
+ + V0
VIN S c R
-
__ -

FIGURE 3 MODE II

As we know, the inductor in the circuit store energy in the form of the magnetic
field, the inductor acting as the source when the switch S is open. Hence diode
D becomes closed. In this mode of operation, the inductor releases the energy
stored in the previous mode when switch S was closed. During releasing of
energy stored in the inductor, the polarity of the inductor gets reversed which
causes the diode D to come in forward biased condition. So it allows the flow of
current in the circuit through diode D.
The released energy is ultimately dissipated in the load resistance which helps
to maintain the flow of current in the same direction through the load and also
steps up the output voltage. The current through the inductor is of decreasing
nature and will die out after the point in time.

2.2 Modelling of dc boost converter

MODE 1

When switch s is ON for a time Ton and it is OFF for a time Toff.

Then the total time period T is a combination of Ton and Toff time.

T =T on+T off

Then the switching frequency is given by

1
f switching=
T

And the duty cycle is given by

T on
D=
T

Applying KVL in the above circuit, we get

V ¿ =V L

dI L
V L= =V ¿
dt

dI L V¿
dt
= L

Also,
 dI L ∆ I L ∆ I L V ¿
= = =
dt ∆t Dt L

Ton=DT, so ∆t=DT

Then,

∆ I L= ( )
V¿
L
DT

This equation gives the change in current through the circuit when the switch S
is closed.

MODE 2

V ¿-V L-V 0 =0

V L=V ¿-V 0

dI L
V L=¿L
dt

V L= L =V ¿- V 0
dI L
dt

dI L V ¿ −V 0
=
dt L

From above, it is known that. T=T on+T off

T=DT+T off

T-DT=T off

(1-D) T=T off

T off =( 1−D ) T

T off =∆ t=( 1−D )

Now,

dI L ∆ I L ∆IL V ¿ −V 0
= = =
dt ∆t ( 1−D ) T L

)(1-D) T
V ¿−V 0
∆ I L=(
L

This equation gives the change in current through the circuit when the switch S
is open.

Since the net change in current through the inductor in one complete cycle is
Zero.

∆ i L (Mode I )+∆ i L ( Mode II )=0

On simplifying, we get.

V0 1
=
V ¿ 1−D

2.3 Results
 CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED HIGH GAIN CONVERTER

3.1 Synthesis of proposed converter

A conventional boost converter is a fundamental DC-
DC converter topology used to step up a lower input voltage to a higher output
voltage. It achieves this by using an inductor, a switch (usually a MOSFET), a
diode, and a capacitor. When the switch is turned ON, current flows through the
inductor and energy is stored in its magnetic field. When the switch is turned
OFF, the inductor releases its stored energy through the diode to the output
capacitor, thereby increasing the output voltage. However, the voltage gain of a
V
conventional boost converter is limited to V out = ¿ , where D is the duty cycle.
1−D
To achieve high output voltages, the duty cycle needs to be close to 1, which
leads to high current stress on the switch and inductor, increased switching
losses, and reduced efficiency. To overcome these limitations, a quadratic boost
converter is introduced. It extends the concept of a basic boost converter by
adding a second inductor, diode, and capacitor, effectively forming a two-stage
voltage-boosting mechanism within a single topology. The quadratic converter
V¿
offers a higher voltage gain given by V out = 2 which reduces the need for
(1−D)

operating at extreme duty cycles and thus enhances efficiency and reliability.

By combining a conventional boost converter as the first stage and a quadratic

boost converter as the second stage, a high-gain, two-stage converter is created
that can step up even very low input voltages—such as those from solar panels
(12V to 24V)—to high and stable DC output voltages (100V to 400V), suitable
for various renewable energy applications. This combination benefits from the
simplicity and effectiveness of the conventional boost converter while
leveraging the high gain and improved efficiency of the quadratic stage.
The operation of this converter occurs in two key modes: in Mode 1 (switch
ON), both inductors store energy while diodes block reverse current flow, and
in Mode 2 (switch OFF), the stored energy in the inductors is released through
the diodes into the capacitors, boosting the voltage in two steps. This dual-mode
operation is continuously repeated through high-frequency switching to
maintain a stable high voltage output. The converter is highly efficient,
compact, and cost-effective, with reduced voltage and current stress on
individual components. These characteristics make it ideal for renewable energy
systems like solar photovoltaic panels, fuel cells, and battery-powered
equipment, where space, efficiency, and reliable power conversion from low-
voltage sources are critical. Furthermore, it supports energy harvesting, electric
vehicle charging systems, and off-grid power applications, playing a key role in
advancing clean and sustainable energy technologies.

3.1.1 Proposed Topology Structure

Dc power supply High Gain Boost Converter DC Electric Load

Gating Signal

code
generation
Oscilloscope Arduino uno Pc with Matlab
Figure 4 Schematic of experimental prototype
 The block diagram illustrates the experimental setup for a high-
conversion-ratio boost converter designed for renewable energy applications.
The system begins with a DC power supply, which mimics a low-voltage
renewable energy source,

such as a solar panel or battery. This supply feeds into the proposed high-gain
boost converter, which is the core of the system. The converter uses inductors,
switching devices (like MOSFETs), and diodes to step up the input voltage to a
higher level suitable for powering DC loads. The DC electronic load represents
the end-use equipment or battery storage system that receives the regulated
high-voltage output. To control the switching of the boost converter, an Arduino
board is used in place of a general-purpose microcontroller unit (MCU). The
Arduino receives control logic through code generated in MATLAB/Simulink,
which is sent from a PC. This code typically includes PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signals used to drive the MOSFET switch in the converter circuit.
The Arduino generates the gating signals accordingly to ensure the boost
converter operates efficiently and maintains the desired output voltage. An
oscilloscope is connected in the setup to monitor input and output voltage
waveforms, current, and switching characteristics in real time, helping verify
the performance and stability of the system. This integrated setup is ideal for
testing and validating high-efficiency DC-DC conversion in renewable energy
systems, where consistent voltage regulation and fast control response are
crucial.

3.2 Operation

The converter consists of two inductors (L 1 and L2), three diodes

(D1, D2 and D3), three capacitors (C1, C2, and C3), and two switches (S1 and S2).
The same PWM signal controls the operation of both switches. This facilitates
easier control of the converter and reduces the requirement for gate driver
circuitry. The proposed converter provides a promising solution to achieve high
gain and high efficiency. These desirable features make it suitable for numerous
 medium-high power applications. There are two types of modes Continuous
Conduction Mode and Discontinuous Conduction Mode. Here we proposed
only Continuous Conduction Mode.

D2 L1 C2 D3

+ VL1
+ VC2 -
+ -
Vin C1
VC1 C3 R
- S2

S1
- VL2 -

L2
FIGURE 5 PROPOSED HIGH GAIN BOOST CONVERTER

Based on a switching signal there are two modes of operation (switch on mode
and switch off mode). For the proper functioning of a converter both the switch
(S1 and S2) must be turned on and turned off simultaneously. When the CCM
mode of operation is considered, the current must flow regularly through both
inductors (cap L sub 1,, and, cap L sub 2) Furthermore, the energy is transferred
from a source to both inductors, increasing the current across the inductor.

3.2.1 Mode I

D2
L1 C2

++ VL1 - +
Vin S1 VC2
C1 VC1 C3
R
S2
-
+ VL2 -

L2
 FIGURE 6 Mode I

In mode - I when both the switches (S1 and S2) are turned on, the diode (D1 and
D3) becomes reverse biased while the diode D2 becomes forward biased. Figure
5 shows an analogous circuit diagram for a converter’s first mode of
functioning.

3.2.2 Mode II

L1 C2
D1 D3

+ VL1 - + VC2 -
Vin +
C1 C3 R
VC1

+ VL2- -

L2

FIGURE 7 Mode II

The equivalent circuit shown in Figure 6 illustrates the converter switch-off

mode operation. In mode 2, when switches (S1 and S2) are turned off, the diode
(D1 and D3) will conduct while the diode D2 will becomes reverse biased and
energy stored in passive components of the converter is transmitted to the load.

3.3 Steady state analysis

OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Mode I: SWITCH ON
Loop I:
diL 2
V ¿ =V L2=L2 (1)
dt
diL 2
L2 =V ¿
T on
 T on ×V ¿
∆ iL 2= →1 (2)
L2

Loop II:
V ¿ +V c1−V L 1 (3)
V L1=V ¿ + V c 1

∆ iL 1
L1 =¿ V ¿ +V c1
T on

T on (V ¿ + V c1 )
∆ iL 1= (4)
L1

MODE II: SWITCH OFF

Loop I:
V ¿ +V c1−V L 1 = 0 (5)
V L2=V ¿ −V c 1

∆ iL 2
L2 =¿ V ¿ −V c 1
T off

∆ iL 2=T off ¿ ¿ ¿ (6)

Loop II:
V c 1−V L1 +V c 2−V 0 = 0 (7)
V c 2=V ¿ + V c1

By substituting the above equation in 4

−V L1=V 0 −V c 1−(V ¿ ¿ ¿+ V c 1)¿

diL 1
L1 =2 V c 1 +V ¿ −V 0
T off

T off (2 V c 1+V ¿−V 0)

∆ iL 1= (8)
L1

During ON & OFF

T on+T off =0

¿ ¿=¿ ¿

By equating (1) and (6)

 T on ×V ¿ T 0 ff (V ¿ −V c 1)
=
L2 L2

By simplifying the above equation,

V¿
V c 1=
1−D

Similarly, for ∆ iL 1
¿ ¿=¿ ¿

By equating (4) and (8)

T on (V ¿ +V c 1) T off (2 V c 1+ V ¿−V 0)
L1
= L1

By simplifying the above equation

V ¿(¿3−2 D )
V 0= ¿ (9)
(1−D)2

DESIGN OF L1∧L2:
T on V ¿
∆ iL 2=
L2

D
T on=
T
1
f s=
T
DV¿
L2 = (10)
f s ∆ iL2

T on (V ¿ + V c1 )
∆ iL 1=
L1

V¿
V c 1=
(1−D)
V¿
T on (V ¿ + )
1−D
∆ iL 1=
L1

By simplify the above equation

(2 D−D¿¿ 2)
L1=V ¿ ¿ (11)
(1−D) f s ∆ iL1
DESIGN OF CAPACITORC 1 , C 2∧C3
dVc 1
Ic 1=C 1 (12)
dt
1
Ic 1=I 0 [ −1]
1−D

Substitute the above equation in ( 2)

V0
C 1= (13)
f s R(1−D)∆ V c1

Similarly, for C 2∧C3

V0
C 2= (14)
f s R ∆V c2

V0
C 3= (15)
f s R ∆V c3

3.4 Design of proposed converter

SYMBOL VALUE
SPECIFICATIO
N

Frequency fs 15000 Hz

Input Voltage vin 20V

Duty Cycle D 0.4

Inductor Current IL1

Ripple
Inductor Current IL2 0.0915
Ripple

Voltage ripple VC1 6.1

Voltage ripple VC2 6.1

Voltage ripple VC3 6.1

Inductor L1 5*10^-3H
 Inductor L2 1*10^-3H

Capacitor C1 10µF

Capacitor C2 4.7µF

Capacitor C3 4.7µF

Output Voltage V0 122V

3.5 Simulation & Results

Figure 8 High gain boost converter

Figure 9 Input and output voltage waveform

Figure 10 Input and Output current waveform

Figure 11 Gate pulse waveform

 Figure 12 Inductor 1 current waveform

Figure 13 Inductor 2 current waveform

 Figure 14 Inductor 1 Voltage waveform

Figure 15 Inductor 2 Voltage waveform

Figure 16 Capacitor 1 Current waveform

 Figure 17 Capacitor 2 Current waveform

Figure 18 Capacitor 3 Current waveform

Figure 19 Capacitor 1 voltage waveform

Figure 20 Capacitor 2 voltage waveform

Figure 21 Capacitor 3 voltage waveform

 Figure 22 Diode 1 current and voltage waveform

Figure 23 Diode 2 current and voltage waveform

3.6 Comparison
Aspect Conventional Boost Quadratic High Gain Boost
Converter Boost Converter
Converter
Function This converter Boosts Two non-coupled
increases a lower voltage using inductors, three
DC input voltage to two cascaded diodes, and capacitors
a higher DC output stages for to achieve higher
voltage using an higher gain voltage step-up. It
inductor, switch, stores energy during
 diode, and capacitor. the switch ON state
It stores energy in and transfers it to the
the inductor during output during OFF
the ON state and state through staged
releases it to the voltage boosting
output during the
OFF state
Voltage Gain Moderate (≈ 1 / (1 - Higher (≈ 1 / V ¿(¿ 3−2 D )
Very High ( ¿)
D)) (1 - D)^2) (1−D)2

Components Inductor, switch 2 Inductors, 2 2 Non coupled

Used (MOSFET), diode, switches, 2 inductors,3Electrolytic
capacitor capacitors, 2 capacitors,3 U1560
diodes diodes,2 MOSFET
switchs, driver circuit
Control Simple PWM Moderate Despite having two
Complexity PWM for switches it requires a
dual-stage single PWM signal for
its operation which
make it easier to
control and reduces
the requirement for a
gate driver
Voltage Stress High stress on Reduced Very low due to
switch at high duty stress via voltage-sharing or
cycle distributed clamping mechanisms
conversion
Ripple Moderate Lower ripple Very low ripple
(Input/Output) due to two-
stage filtering
Efficiency Drops significantly Higher High efficiency
at high gain efficiency at (≥90%) even at very
moderate gain high gains
Design Low (easy to design Medium Easy to control
Complexity and simulate) complexity because the PWM
with extra pulse for both
components switches are same
Cost Low (minimal Medium High (due to
components) (more passive complexity and
 components) advanced control)
Size Compact and Slightly larger Larger, but can be
lightweight due to added modular and scalable
components
Scalability Poor scalability for Moderate Highly scalable for
high voltage gain scalability renewable and
industrial systems
Reliability High for low-power Good with Very high
systems proper design

Applications LED drivers, Medium-scale Solar PV systems, EV

battery-powered solar chargers, fuel cells,
gadgets, DC lighting inverters, aerospace, smart grids
robotics,
portable
devices
Uses Power small loads, Efficient Boost low-voltage
charge batteries, voltage renewable sources to
drive LEDs boosting for usable DC levels or
moderate- grid-scale inverters
power
electronics
Duty Cycle Very high Moderate Lower duty cycles are
sufficient
Advantages Low cost, simple Higher gain High gain, increased
design, easy without output voltage,
implementation extreme duty absence of coupled
cycle, better inductor, eliminate
performance switching stress at
higher duty ratio,
reduce voltage stress
across the switch
 CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Introduction to Arduino

Arduino is the leading company on the IoT market that produces electronic
devices and software for them. Arduino hardware offerings include
microcontroller boards, modules, shields, and kits . Hardware specifications are
suitable for creating various projects, such as robotics and home automation

Software products are represented by:

ARDUINO IDE- an open- source prototyping platform, which can be used to

easily write code compatible with any Arduino board.

ARDUINO CLOUD - a single platform that enables the wireless

communication of IoT devices, as well as their remote control and data
collection.

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform. It uses simple hardware and

software to make it easy to use. Inputs can be read by Arduino boards. They can
detect light on sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message, among other
things. They then use it to create an output, such as turning on a motor, turning
on an LED, or publishing something on the internet. By sending a set of
instructions to the board’s microcontroller, you can tell it what to do. The
Arduino programming language and the Arduino software help to do this.

Thousands of projects have used Arduino over the years. The projects range
from simple household items to complex scientific instruments. The
contribution of students, programmers and professionals have added up to an
incredible amount of accessible knowledge. This knowledge can be of great
help to both novices and exports.

At the Ivera Interaction Design Institute, Arduino was discovered as a simple

tool for rapid prototyping. It aims at students with no prior experience with
electronics or programming. As soon as it gained a larger following, the
Arduino board began to evolve. It had to evolve to meet new needs and
challenges. It evolved from

simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT, wearables,3D printing, and embedded
environments.

Arduino is a single-board microcontroller that can run only one program at a

time. Locking and unlocking a door, turning on or off a light, or even reading a
temperature are some examples.

Arduino boards do not come with an operating system. IoT developers write C
code in a specific way, compile it, and run it on hardware.

ARCHITECTURE OF ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino UNO is a standard board of Arduino. Here UNO means ‘one’ in
Italian. It was named as UNO to label the first release of Arduino software. It
was also the first USB board released by Arduino. It is considered as the
powerful board used in various projects. [Link] developed the Arduino
UNO [Link] Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin inputs, 14 digital pins, a
USB connector, a power jack, and an ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming)
header. It is programmed based on IDE, which stands for Integrated
Development Environment. It can run on both online and offline platforms.
 Figure 24 Arduino Uno

ICSP pin – The In-circuit Serial Programming pin allows the user to program
using the firmware of the Arduino board. Power LED Indicator – The ON status
of LED shows the power is activated. When the power is OFF, the LED will not
light up. Digital I/O pins -The digital pins have the value HIGH or LOW. The
pins numbered from D0 to D13 are digital pins. TX and RX LED’s- The
successful flow of data is represented by the lighting of these LED’s. AREF-
The Analog Reference pin is used to feed a reference voltage to the Arduino
UNO board from the external supply. Reset button- It is used to add a Reset
button to the connection. USB – It allows the board to connect to the computer.
It is essential for the programming of the Arduino UNO board. Crystal
Oscillator- The Crystal Oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz, which makes the
Arduino UNO board a powerful board. Voltage Regulator – The voltage
Regulator converts the input voltage 5V. GND- Ground pins acts as a pin with
zero voltage. Vin- It is the input voltage. Analog pins – The pins numbered
from A0 to A5 are analog pins. The function of analog pins is to read the analog
sensor used in the connection. It can also act as GPIO(General Purpose Input
Output)pins.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF ARDUINO UNO

The technical specifications of the Arduino UNO are listed below:

 There are 20 Input/Output pins present on the Arduino UNO board.

These 20 pins include 6 PWM pins, 6 analog pins, 8 digital I/O pins.
 The PWM pins are Pulse Width Modulation capable pins.
 The crystal oscillator present in Arduino UNO comes with a frequency
of 16MHz.
 It also has a Arduino integrated WiFi module. Such Arduino UNO board
is based on the integrated WiFi ESP8266 Module and ATmega328p
microcontroller.
 The input voltage of the UNO board varies from 7v to 20v.
 Arduino UNO automatically draws power from the external power
supply. It can also draw power from the USB.

4.2 Algorithm
Step 1: Start

Step 2: Open Simulink and create a new model.

Step 3: Add the following blocks from the Simulink Library:

Step 3.1: Arduino Support Package

Step 3.2: PWM block -for digital PWM output

Step 3.3: Constant or Signal Generator block -to set duty cycle)

Step 4: Set PWM Output Pins

Step 4.1: Configure PWM block 1 for pin 9

Step 4.2: Configure PWM block 2 for pin 10

Step 5: Set PWM frequency to 15kHz in block parameters

Step 6: Connect Duty Cycle input to both PWM blocks

Step 7: PWM signals will now be generated on pins 9 and 10 based on the
duty cycle

Step 8: End

4.3 Code

Figure 25

4.4 Pulse Waveform

 Figure 26

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 MOSFET Switch

The IRF640 is an N-channel enhancement-mode power
MOSFET commonly used in high-efficiency power conversion systems. With a
drain-source voltage rating of 200V and a continuous drain current capacity of
18A, it is well-suited for high-gain boost converter applications in electric
vehicles. Its relatively low Rds (on) value of 0.18 ohms ensures reduced
conduction losses, contributing to improved overall efficiency. The TO-220
package facilitates easy mounting and effective heat dissipation, which is
essential in high-power designs. In this project, the IRF640 serves as the main
switching device, rapidly turning on and off in response to PWM signals to
control energy transfer from the input to the output, enabling the voltage to be
stepped up from 20V to 122V efficiently.

Figure 27 MOSFET Switch

5.2 Diode
The U1560 diode serves an important function in power electronic
circuits by allowing current to flow in one direction while blocking it in the
opposite direction, acting as a rectifier. Its primary use is in high-frequency
switching applications, such as boost converters, inverters, and switch-mode
power supplies (SMPS). In these circuits, the U1560 is typically used as a
freewheeling or output diode, where it conducts current when the switching
device (like a MOSFET) is turned off, allowing the inductor’s stored energy to

flow to the output. Its fast recovery time ensures quick switching with minimal
power loss, which is essential for maintaining efficiency in high-speed circuits.
The diode’s high voltage rating (600V) and current capacity (15A) make it
suitable for medium to high power applications, including renewable energy
systems, battery chargers, and motor drive

Figure 28 Diode

5.3 Capacitor

Electrolytic capacitor main role is to smooth out voltage

fluctuations and reduce ripple, ensuring a stable DC output. When placed at the
input, the capacitor absorbs sudden changes in the input voltage from renewable
sources such as solar panels, which can be inconsistent due to environmental
factors. When placed at the output, it stores energy during the switch-on phase
and releases it during the switch-off phase, maintaining a steady output voltage
despite rapid switching. The working principle is based on the capacitor’s
ability to charge and discharge; it charges when the voltage across it rises and
discharges when the voltage drops. This charging and discharging action helps
buffer the voltage, filtering out spikes and dips that occur during the switching
operation of the boost converter. This is especially critical in high-conversion-
ratio circuits where the output voltage is significantly higher than the input,
making voltage stability and ripple suppression vital for the reliable
performance of connected loads or storage systems.
 Figure 29 capacitor

5.4 Inductor
The inductor is a crucial component in the high-gain boost converter,
responsible for storing and transferring energy during the switching process. For
this application, a ferrite core inductor is selected due to its high magnetic

permeability, low core loss, and suitability for high-frequency operation.

Specifically, manganese-zinc (MnZn) ferrite is preferred for switching
frequencies around 15kHz, as it offers efficient magnetic performance at lower
frequencies and can handle higher flux densities without significant saturation.
The use of a ferrite core helps reduce eddy current losses and electromagnetic
interference, ensuring better energy efficiency and thermal stability. The
inductor is carefully designed to support the peak current of the circuit while
maintaining minimal DC resistance (DCR) and avoiding core saturation under
full load conditions. This ensures stable operation and high efficiency in
renewable energy and EV power conversion systems.
 Figure 30 Inductor

5.5 Driver Circuit

The driver circuit plays a crucial role in interfacing the
control signal from the microcontroller (Arduino) to the power MOSFET
(IRF640) used in the boost converter. Since the MOSFET requires a gate
voltage higher than the logic-level PWM signal provided by the Arduino
(typically 5V), a gate driver circuit is used to boost the PWM signal to a suitable
level (typically 10V–15V) for reliable and fast switching. The driver ensures
that the MOSFET turns on and off quickly, minimizing switching losses and
improving overall efficiency. In this project, a MOSFET gate driver IC (such as
IR2110, TC4420, or similar) or a simple transistor-based driver is used to
enhance the control signal from Arduino pin 9. This driver circuit also isolates
the control logic from the high-power switching side, offering better protection
and noise immunity. A suitable gate resistor is selected to optimize the
switching speed of the MOSFET while minimizing voltage spikes and
oscillations (ringing) during transitions.
 Figure 31 Driver Circuit

5.6 Experimental Setup

Figure 32 Developed hardware prototype

5.7 Result
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

In this study, a high-gain DC-DC converter, specifically the quadratic boost

converter, has been designed and evaluated for renewable energy applications
such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and fuel cells. The goal was to overcome the
limitations of conventional boost converters, particularly their restricted voltage
gain and high voltage stress on switching devices. Through analysis and
comparative testing, it was found that the quadratic boost converter offers a
significantly higher output voltage at the same duty ratio compared to the
traditional boost converter, making it a promising solution for low-voltage
renewable energy sources.

One of the key challenges in high-gain converter design is managing voltage

stress across the switching components. Excessive stress not only affects the
reliability of the converter but also limits its switching frequency, which directly
impacts efficiency and size. While the quadratic boost converter uses more
switching elements than the conventional boost converter, it distributes the
voltage stress more effectively across these components. As a result, the overall
stress on each individual switch is comparable to that of a single-stage boost
converter, without sacrificing efficiency or increasing thermal losses
significantly.

The high voltage gain of the quadratic topology makes it especially suitable for
renewable sources like PV panels and fuel cells, which typically produce low
DC voltage outputs. The ability to step up these low voltages to usable levels
with minimal loss is critical in improving the overall energy conversion
efficiency in renewable systems. This converter can also serve as an efficient
front-end power stage in hybrid or distributed power systems, where space and
efficiency are both crucial.
 CHAPTER 7

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