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ASRB NET Plant Pathology Q&A 2023

The document is a compilation of memory-based questions and answers related to plant pathology, prepared by Gutha Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari. It covers various topics such as plant diseases, pathogens, and their characteristics, along with specific questions regarding fungicides, bacterial diseases, and plant virus classification. The Q&A format serves as a study resource for those preparing for the ASRB - NET, SMS & STO examination in 2023.

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Vishnu Ujjainkar
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
116 views21 pages

ASRB NET Plant Pathology Q&A 2023

The document is a compilation of memory-based questions and answers related to plant pathology, prepared by Gutha Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari. It covers various topics such as plant diseases, pathogens, and their characteristics, along with specific questions regarding fungicides, bacterial diseases, and plant virus classification. The Q&A format serves as a study resource for those preparing for the ASRB - NET, SMS & STO examination in 2023.

Uploaded by

Vishnu Ujjainkar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Q&A compiled by G ASRB -NET, SMS & STO -2023 (Plant Pathology-08) (Memory
Based Question Paper)

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ASRB - NET, SMS & STO – 2023 (Plant Pathology-08)
(Memory Based Question Paper)

1. Rice blast was first recorded from …………………………………..

a) India b) Japan c) China d) Philippines

Rice blast was first reported as “rice fever” from China by Ying-Shin in 1637, later from
Japan by Imochi-byo in 1704.

2. Which of the following is a pyrimidine fungicide……………………..

a) Bitertanol b) Kresoxy methyl c) Butrizol d) Etherimol

3. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) signalling molecules are…………………….

a) Jasmonic acid (JA) b) Ascorbic acid (ABA) c) Chloropicrin d) Particulate radiation

4. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signalling is activated through………………

a) Jasmonic acid (JA) b) Ascorbic acid (ABA) c) Ethylene (ET) d) Salicylic acid (SA)

5. Host specificity of plant pathogenic bacteria at pathovar level is determined by………………

a) hrp genes b) avr genes c) vir genes d) pat genes

Plant bacteria like Xanthomonas spp. inject effector proteins into plant host cells to elicit
disease via T3SS. These proteins can confer pathogenicity and/or dictates host specificity
(Lang et al. 2019, Front. Plant Sci.).

6. Anthracnose causing fungi………………..

a) Glomerella b) Elsinoe c) Colletotrichum d) Cercospora

Here except Cercospora, remaining all are anthracnose causing fungal genera. Glomerella
(Anamorph: Colletotrichum) is the most common anthracnose causing fungi while Elsinoe
ampelina cause anthracnose of grapes.

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


7. Parts of microscope that is not related to optical lens………………………

a) Condenser b) Mirror c) Occular lens d) Body tube

8. Root stock responsible for the spread of citrus exocortis………………………

a) Citrus aurantifolia b) Citrus limonia c) Citrus reticulata d) Ponicirus trifoliatis

Ponicirus (Citrus) trifoliatis (Trifoliate orange) is an indicator plant for Citrus exocortis
which root stock helps in spread of the viroid through grafting.

9. Simple microscopic lens was discovered by………………………

a) Anton van Leeuwenhoek b) Zacharias and Hans c) Robert Hooke d) Anton deBary

10. Which of the following is not associated with powdery mildew………………………

a) Sphaerotheca b) Podosphaera c) Uncinula d) Sphaceloma

11. Which of the following diseases and their combinations are incorrectly matched ………….

a) Rice – Sheath blight - Rhizoctonia b) Barley – Karnal bunt – Tilletia

c) Sorghum – Ergot - Sphacelotheca d) Legumes – Charcoal rot – Macrophomina

Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) of wheat also infects barley, rye and triticale. Ergot or sugary
disease of sorghum caused by Sphacelia sorghi. Whereas Head, grain and loose smut of
sorghum caused by Sphacelotheca reliana, S. sorghi and S. cruenta, respectively.

12. Which of the following viral diseases and vectors are incorrectly matched ………….

a) Fern leaf of tomato – Aphid b) cucumber green mottle mosaic – Aphid

c) – Whitefly d) Golden mosaic of French bean – Aphid

Bean golden mosaic virus (Begomovirus) transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


13. Which of the following is incorrectly matched bacterial disease and their causal agent

a) Fuscous blight – Xanthomonas campestris pv. fuscans

b) Blight of pea – Pseudomonas syringe pv. pisi

c) Stalk rot of cabbage – Erwinia carotovora d)

Stalk rot of crucifers otherwise known as stem rot or watery soft rot is usually a fungal
disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

14. First bacterial disease discovered in India………………………

a) Bangle blight of potato b) Fire blight of pear c) Crown gall of apple d)

15. Which of the following is correctly matched pathogen and disease pair

a) Corn stunt – Phytoplasma b) Chrysanthemum stunt – Viroid

c) Pear decline - Spiroplasma d)

16. The PR-2 protein is associated with ………………………

a) Chitinases b) β-1,3-glucanases c) PR proteins d) Butyl methylase

17. First report of development of resistance is associated with which of following combinations

a) Systemic fungicide – Fungus b) Contact fungicide – Fungus

c) Antibiotic – Bacterium d) Virus vector – Insecticide

The first report of antibiotic resistance was recorded in 1940 (soon after discovery of
penicillin) in E. coli by producing penicillinase. It was way before the discovery of systemic
fungicides (oxanthins) by Von Schelming and Kulka in 1966. Benomyl resistance exhibited
by powdery mildew of cucurbits discovered in 1970s by Schroder and Providentii.

18. Which of the following is known as Kittleson’s Killer ………………………

a) Captafol b) Captan c) Karathane d)

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


19. Ecology of the pathogen is related to ………………………

a) Life cycle of pathogen b) Element of Epidemic c) Environment d)

20. In plant disease control, protection of plants through fungicides comes under …….…………

a) Prophylactic measures b) Curative measures c) Therapeutant measures d) Rouging

21. In plant virus classification, highest level taxon is …….…………

a) Kingdom b) Phylum c) Order d) Family

22. Streptomycin is produced by …….…………

a) Streptomyces griseus b) S. aureofaciens c) S. venezulae d)

23. Which of the following is incorrectly matched regarding antibiotic and their mode of action

a) Penicillin – Penicillium notatum – Murein biosynthesis

b) Erythromycin – Streptomyces erythreus – 50s ribosomal sub unit

c) Bacitracin – Bacillus polymyxa – 30s ribosomal sub unit

d) Tetracyclin – S. aureofaciens – inhibit activity of aminoacyl t-RNA

24. Site of RNAi action in plants …….…………

a) Nucleus b) Cytoplasm c) Nucleolus d) Mitochondria

25. Which of the following is not a necrotrophic pathogen …….…………

a) Erysiphe polygoni b) Pythium c) Sclerotium d) Phytophthora

26. Switching mechanism in Ralstonia solanacearum between virulent and avirulent stages is by

a) hrp genes b) PhcA c) Avr genes d) vir genes

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


27. Yellow disease of ginger is caused by …….…………

a) Pythium b) Phytoplasma c) Phytophthora d) Fusarium

In ginger, Fusarium yellows otherwise known as yellow disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.
sp. zingiberi.

28. Number of rings present in flagellar apparatus of gram negative bacteria

a) Two b) Four c) Three d) One

29. AUDPC is calculated by takes into account the number of times the disease severity was
evaluated, the disease severity at each evaluation time and …………..….…………

a) Rate of epidemic b) Type of disease

c) Time duration of epidemic d) Disease progress curve

30. In AUDPC, ……..….. are used for comparison of epidemics by the same disease

a) Disease progress curve b) Rate curve c) Disease gradient curve d) Simulation curves

31. Resolving power (RP) of compound microscope is determined by

𝐖𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 Wave length


a) 𝐑𝐏 = b) RP = Numerical aperture
𝟐 × 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

2 × Wave length Numerical aperture


c) RP = d) RP =
Numerical aperture Wave length

32. Resolution of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is

a) 0.2 mm b) 120 nm c) 200 nm d) 0.01 nm

33. Magnification of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is 75,000 – 1,00,000 times

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


34. Endospores of bacteria are resistant to temperature up to

a) 100 b) 110 c) 120 d) 130

35. Endospore which is biologically inactive and viable state of dormancy is called

a) Resting spore b) Cryptobiosis c) Endobiosis d) Exobiosis

36. Number of seeds produced by striga ranges between

a) 1,000-10,000 b) 20,000- 50,000 c) 50,000 – 5,00,000 d) 1,00,000 – 7,50,000

37. Hollow stem of cauliflower is due to

a) Excessive N application b) Boron deficiency c) Sulphur d) Phosphorus

38. Black heart of potato is caused by

a) Lack of oxygen b) Excessive sunlight c) d)

39. Which of the following is not due to high temperature

a) Apple scald b) Water core of apple

c) Blossom end rot of citrus d) Sun scald of fleshy fruits

40. Genus having dichotomously branching with acute angles and tapering pointed tips producing
sporangia

a) Plasmopara b) Peronospora c) Bremia d) Sclerospora

41. Principle of separation of molecules in electrophoresis is

a) Based on molecular weight b) Based electrophoretic potential

c) Molecules move towards electrodes d) Molecules move towards positive charge

42. Trap crop for Broomrape – Flax (Linseed)

43. Fly fungus is

a) Entomophthora b) Amanita muscarina c) Armillarea d)

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


Entomophthora sp. (E. muscae) is commonly referred as Fly fungus, while Amanita
muscarina is known as Fly agaricus.

44. Pathogenicity determinants secreted through which type of secretion system

a) T3SS b) T1SS c) T2SS d) T4SS

45. Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) is transmitted by Olpidium brassicae

46. Five kingdom classification was given by R. H. Whittaker

47. Black arm phase is associated with which disease

a) Angular leaf spot of cucurbits b) Angular leaf spot of cotton

c) Wilt of potato d)

48. Internally seed borne bacterial disease - Black rot of cabbage/crucifers

49. Which of the following is incorrect about plant viruses

a) Intercellular movement through plasmodesmata b) Only RNA as genetic material

c) Obligate intracellular d) Spread by insect vectors

50. Bdellovibro’s infects

a) Gram negative bacteria b) Phytoplasma c) Gram positive bacteria d) Gracilicutes

51. First registered bacterial bio agent is

a) Bacillus subtilis b) Pseudomonas fluorescens

c) Agrobacterium tumefaciens d) Agrobacterium tumefaciens K84

52. Structure of TMV molecules first observed using X-ray crystallography

a) W. M. Stanley b) G. Kausche c) F. C. Bawden d) Rosalind Franklin

53. In which part of seed, Karnal bunt of wheat present as seed borne infection

a) Embryo b) Seed coat c) Pericarp d) Endospore

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


During flowering period, the sporidia produced from teliospores invade the floral tissues
and then enter developing seed to produce mass of black teliospores within the seeds
pericarp. When these teliospores liberated during harvest, the cycle begins again.
(Source: [Link] Karnal bunt – Plant health portal)

54. Hot water treatment is used for management of

a) Karnal bunt of wheat b) False smut c) Loose smut of wheat d)

55. Loose smut of wheat is a - Internally seed borne

56. Satellite particle satellite virus when

a) Co-infection of plant tissue along with helper virus

b) Nucleic acid molecules are distinct from helper virus

c) Able to encode its own coat protein

d) Able to multiply in plant cell with helper virus

Dependent viruses, satellite NAs, satellite viruses and virusoids etc. co-infect the plant
tissue, distinct from helper virus and depend on helper virus for multiplication and
transmission. But only satellite virus can able to encodes its own coat protein not the satellite
NAs and virusoids.

57. Phytoplasmas belongs to

a) Gracilicutes b) Firmicutes c) Tenericutes d) Actinomycetes

Phytoplasmas (Mollicutes) has been previously classified under Division: Tenericutes,


whereas in the latest classification, these are placed under Order: Acholeplasmatales of
Phylum: Firmicutes. (Hence, the answer to this Q is depends on which classification, the
examiner is following. On an official note, he should follow the latest classification)

58. Father of Indian plant pathology

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


a) E.J. Butler b) J. G. Kuhn c) B.B. Mundukur d)

59. First text book of Plant Pathology in India written by

a) B.B. Mundukur b) E.J. Butler c) J. G. Kuhn d) Anton deBary

Although first text book related to Plant Pathology was written by Julius Kuhn in 1858 but
in University of Halle, Germany. While, “Fungi and Disease in Plants” written by E.J.
Butler in 1918 in India considered as first text book of Plant Pathology in India, followed
by “Fungi and Plant Diseases” written by B.B. Mundukur in 1949 in India

60. Race 2 of Ralstonia solanacearum is associated with

a) Bacterial wilt of Potato b) Moko/bacterial wilt of Banana

c) Bacterial wilt of Tomato d) Panama Wilt

61. Fusarium oxysporum associated with disease of banana - Panama Wilt of banana (F. o. f. sp.
cubense)

62. St. Anthony’s fire is associated with

a) Claviceps purpurea b) Fusarium c) Colletotrichum d)

63. Common scab of potato is caused by - Streptomyces scabies

64. Branched mitochondrial cisternae is a characteristic feature of ………………………

a) Ramicristates b) Fonticulida c) Heterolobosea d) Copromyxida

According to Kirk et al. (2008), based on the shape of mitochondrial cristae, the slime moulds
are divided in to five lineages viz., Ramicristates (branched m. c.), Fonticulida (plate-like m.
c.), Heterolobosea (flattened m. c.), Copromyxida (tubular m. c.) and Plasmodiophorids
(cruciform chromosomes).

65. Buck eye rot of tomato is caused by ………………………

a) Phytophthora b) Alternaria c) Septoria d) Ralstonia

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


Buck eye rot of tomato is associated with three Phytophthora spp. namely, P. nicotianae var.
parasitica, P. capsici and P. drechsleri. Of which, P. parasitica is the major causal organism.

66. Which of the following is incorrectly matched pair regarding exotic disease introduced into
India

a) Leaf rust of coffee – Srianka b) Flag smut of wheat – Australia

c) Powdery mildew of rubber - Malaya d) Red gram sterility mosaic – Europe

Earliest record of Red gram sterility mosaic disease (SMD, also known as “Green Plague”) was
in 1931 from Pusa, Bihar and is endemic to South Asia. This disease is not known to occur
outside Asia.

67. Viroids are located in ………………………

a) Only mesophyll cells b) Mesophyll and vascular tissue

c) Only vascular tissue d) Only phloem tissue

68. Damping off of cashew nut seedlings is not associated with ………………………

a) Cylindrocladium b) Corticum (Pellicularia) c) Phytophthora d) Fusarium

In cashew nut, damping off is caused by Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp. and
Rhizoctonia solani whereas seedling blight is caused Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp.,
Fusarium spp. and Cylindrocladium scoparium. While, Corticum (Pellicularia) salmonicolor
causes gummosis or die-back/pink disease affecting main stems and branches.

69. Which of the following is incorrectly related to gerbera diseases ………….

a) Phyllody - Phytoplasma b) Powdery mildew – Oidium

c) Root rot - Pythium d) Foot rot – Fusarium

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


Foot rot of gerbera is caused by Phytophthora cryptogea.

70. Alternative pathway for oxidation of glucose under stress

a) Glycolysis b) Pentose pathway c) Hexose pathway d) Krebs cycle

71. Etiology of club root of cabbage was established by

a) Robert Koch b) Adolf Mayer c) M.S. Woronin d) M. Beijerinck

72. Parenthesomes are present in

a) Oomycota b) Basidiomycota c) Zygomycota d) Myxomycota

73. Intercellular movement of virus in plants is through

a) Stomata b) Phloem c) Plasmodesmata d) Xylem

74. Spore produced by fusion of two morphologically similar gametangia is

a) Oospore b) Zoospore c) Sporangiospore d) Zygospore

75. Which of the following is not a host selective toxin

a) HC toxin b) Cercosporin c) T toxin d) AM toxin

76. Whiptail of cauliflower is due to

a) Molybdenum b) Calcium c) Sulphur d) Zinc

77. Tundu disease of wheat is the association of Clavibacter tritici and ……………………

a) Meloidogyne b) Heterodera c) Anguina tritici d)

78. Establishment of virus in field is most efficient when seed transmit virus present in

a) Seed coat b) Embryo c) Pericarp d) Endosperm

79. Pineapple smell in sugarcane is produced in

a) Red rot b) Sett rot c) Wilt d) Ring spot

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


Sett rot of sugar cane, otherwise known as pineapple disease is caused by Ceratocystis
paradoxa. The name represents the split opened infected sets produce pineapple odour.
Whereas red rot of sugarcane exhibits sour alcoholic odour from infected canes.

80. The retrogressive evolution is related to

a) Parasite save energy and labour by retrogressive evolution

b) Parasite develop new strains by retrogressive evolution

c) Simple organisms originate from non-living molecules by retrogressive evolution

d) Eukaryotic cell is formed by retrogressive evolution

81. Most destructive phase of bacterial leaf blight of rice

a) Blight b) Kresek c) Vegetative phase d)

82. Which of the following conditions doesn’t come under endophyte

a) Organism colonizing internal tissue without causing disease

b) Organism colonizing internal tissue and preventing infection by pathogen

c) Organism colonizing internal tissue and give growth promotion

d) Organism forming special structures inside plant tissue

83. Peach leaf curl is caused by

a) Taphrina deformans b) T. maculans

c) T. ephiphylla d)

84. Members of deuteromycotina are

a) Holomorph b) Anamorph c) Teliomorph d) Heteromorph

85. Diseases caused by Mollicutes is

a) Citrus Exocortis b) Potato spindle tuber

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


c) Cocout cadang cadang d) Coconut lethal yellowing

86. Organization for classification of Virus

a) ICTV b) APS c) Elsevier d) Springer

87. Antibiotic used for management of fungal pathogens

a) Kasugamycin b) Gentamycin c) Streptomycin d) Erythromycin

88. Hartig net is produced by

a) Ectomycorrhiza b) Endomycorrhiza c) d)

88. Multilines are

a) Same genetic basis of resistance

b) Possess horizontal resistance genes

c) Possess vertical resistance gene against different strains/races of pathogen

d) Different agronomic characters

89. Quarantine act passed in India

a) Destructive insect and pest act, 1914 b) Destructive insect and disease act, 1914

c) Pest and disease act 1914 d) Destructive insect and disease act, 1915

90. Microorganisms colonizing immediate vicinity of seed is

a) Cormosphere b) Spermosphere c) Fructosphere d) Phyllosphere

91. PTGS method is

a) RNA interference b) MAS c) QTL based selection d) Gene pyramiding

92. First book related to polluting environment

a) Silent Spring b) Plant Pathology c) Fungi and Plant Diseases d)

93. Slope of disease progress curve (DPC) is used to calculate

a) AUDPC b) Yield loss c) Epidemic rate d) Disease Progression

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


94. Who gave the final blow to “theory of spontaneous generation” in Phytopathology

a) Robert Koch b) Anton deBary c) Louis Pasteur d) P.A. Michaeli

Germ theory of diseases was established by Louis Pasteur in 1850s and later extended by
Robert Koch in 1880s disproving miasma theory/ theory of spontaneous generation. Later
in 1950s, Anton deBary while working on etiology of late blight of potato has joined the
list by establishing “fungi are the cause, not the result of disease”.

95. Marker assisted selection (MAS) is

a) Helps in creating new resistant variety b) Increasing duration of resistance

c) Reducing the time of varietal development d) Increasing the level of resistance

96. Role of salts in nucleic acid extraction of viruses

a) Crystallization of nucleic acid b) Protein un-coating

c) Unpairing of nucleic acid d) Removal of extra nuclear material

97. Diameter of bacterial cell is 0.2-1.5 µm

98. Size of filamentous rod shaped viruses ranges ………………………

a) 12-500 nm b) 600-1000 nm c) 12-1000 nm d) 400-2000 nm

Rod shaped particles are categorised into rigid rod shaped (e.g. TMV) and filamentous rod
shaped (e.g. Closterovirus).

99. The rate of respiration in resistant plant varieties will

a) Increase b) Decrease

c) Increase initially and remains constant d) Increase initially and slowly decrease

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


In resistant variety exhibiting HR, initially rate of respiration increase rapidly due to
oxidative burst and other immediate defence responses (which consumes a lot of plants
energy), later decline gradually after containing the pathogen.

100. Storage product of fungi is

a) Fat b) Glycogen c) Mycolaminarin d) Starch

101. Storage product of bacteria is

a) Glycogen b) Mycolaminarin c) β-hydroxy butyrate d)

102. Which of the following disease caused by Spiroplasma

a) Pear decline b) Phyllody c) Citrus stubborn d) Witches broom

103. Tentoxin, a cyclic tetrapeptide produced by Alternaria alternata

104. World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in

a) 2005 b) 1995 c) 2000 d) 1990

105. First plant resistant gene isolated was

a) Pto b) Hm1 c) Cf9 d)

106. Cell wall of oomycota majorly consists of

a) Chitin b) Cellulose c) Peptidoglycan d) Mycolaminarin

107. Sphaeroplast is present in

a) Gram negative bacteria b) Gram positive bacteria c) Mollicutes d) Viroids

108. Microcyclic rust consists of following stages

a) Uredospore + Teliospore b) Spermatia + aeciospores

c) Teliospores + Basidiospores d) Uredospore + Spermatia

109. S. B. Pruisner got Nobel prize in physiology and chemistry for discovery of prions

110. Elementary corpuscles are present in

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


a) Fungi b) L-form bacteria c) Viruses d) Phytoplasma

111. Principle behind increasing temperature in soil solarization is

a) Penetration of solar radiation b) Greenhouse effect

c) Evaporation of water d) Trapping of heat using polythene sheets

112. Autoclave helps in sterilization works on principles of

a) Killing of micro-organisms by high temperature

b) Killing of micro-organisms by high pressure

c) By increasing boiling temperature of water d)

113. Foolish seedling disease in rice is – Bakane disease

114. Which of the following relates to the partial stem parasite

a) Convolvulaceae b) Scrophulariaceae c) Rafflesiaceae d) Orobanchaceae

[Link] of the following helps in transmission of viruses between plants

a) Striga b) Cyathea c) Orobanche d) Dodder

116. Coenocytic mycelium is present in

a) Oomycota b) Ascomycota c) Basidiomycota d) Deuteromycota

117. Taxon protozoa has been segregated from which group

a) Chromista b) Fungi c) Plantae d) Protista

In Whittaker’s 5 kingdom classification, Protozoans are placed in Kingdom – Protista,


which later in Carl Woese’s 6 kingdom/3 domain classification segregated into Chromista
& Fungi from K: Fungi and Protozoa & Protista from K: Protista (An Introduction to fungi
by H. C. Dube)

118. Fusarium is a

a) Holomorph b) Teliomorph c) Anamorph d) Heteromorph

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


119. Ganoderma is associated with

a) Basal stem rot b) Bud rot c) Foot rot/root rot d) Stem bleeding

120. Bacterial secretion system common in gram negative bacteria

a) T2SS b) T3SS c) T4SS d) T1SS

121. Biovars of Ralstonia solanacearum are differentiated based on

a) Utilization of sugars b) Utilization of phosphate

c) Utilization of sugars and sugar alcohols d) Carbohydrate utilization

122. Nucleic acid content of viruses ranges

a) 60 - 95% b) 5 - 40% c) 30 – 90% d) 20 – 80%

123. Strobilurins, group of systemic fungicide were first extracted from

a) Wood rotting mushroom b) Streptomyces c) d)

124. The systemic fungicide (Carboxin) resistance in fungus is by modifications of

a) Succinic dehydrogenase b) Pyruvic dehydrogenase

c) β-tubulins d) Cytochrome oxidase

125. Image analysis of disease severity overtime is done by

a) Remote sensing b) Multispectral scanning c) GPS d) Geo……….

126. Haploid phase is alternates with diploid phase in life cycle of fungus is called as

a) Haplobiontic b) Diplobiontic c) Diploid d) Haploid

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


In life cycle of fungus, if there is only one free living thallus, which is haploid or diploid it
is known as haplobiontic (long haploid somatic phase and short diploid phase)
E.g. Schizosaccharomyces octosporus.
If haploid thallus alternates with a diploid thallus, it is called Diplobiontic (long diploid
somatic phase and very short haploid phase). E.g. Saccharomyces ludwigii

127. Tyndallization process of sterilization refers to - Heating at 100oC for 15-20 minutes for 3
consecutive days

128. Envelop in enveloped viruses is made up of Lipid layer with glycoprotein

129. Type of disease progress curve formed for monocyclic diseases

a) Saturation curve b) Sigmoid Curve c) Bimodal curve d) Rate curve

130. Rate of inoculum increase for Late blight of potato 0.3 – 0.5 units/day

131. Vertical resistance is governed by Single gene (monogenic)

132. Khaira disease of rice is due to Zinc (Zn) deficiency

133. Headquarters of DPPQS is located at Faridabad

134. Oomycetes can be controlled through Metalaxyl

135. The word Quarantine comes from Italian word “Quaranta” meaning - Forty

136. Cross Protection is carried with

a) Attenuated virus b) Mild strain of same virus

c) Active strain of same virus d) Mild strain of different virus

137. Gene for gene hypothesis was proposed by Henry Herald Flor (1946)

138. The disease occurs irregularly in moderate form and confined to particular area is called

a) Endemic b) Pandemic c) Epidemic d) Epiphytotic

139. In aphid vector, multiplication of viruses in insect vector body is known as …………..

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


a) Circulative b) Propagative c) Non-propagative d) Persistent

140. Vertifolia effect is due to breakdown of – Horizontal resistance

141. Multipartite nature of viruses helps in

a) Movement b) Multiplication c) Variability d) Transmission

Reassortment, otherwise known as pseudo-recombination, a form of virus variability which


is a process of genetic exchange occurs in viruses with segmented genomes to produce new
genetic combinations.

142. Viruses that infect fungi are known as – Mycoviruses

143. ……………………. Initiates synthesis of nucleic acid molecules in PCR by specific and
complementary pairing.

a) dNTPs b) Primer c) Taq polymerase d) Ribosomes

144. Quantity of spray in ultra-low volume spray

a) 5-50 lt b) 60-90 lt c) 80-100 lt d) 100-120 lt

145. Indian scientists initiated systematic study of fungi in India

a) B. B. Mundukur b) E. J. Butler c) K. R. Kirtikar d) Cunninghman

146. Genera which is not associated with rust

a) Phakapsora b) Ravenelia c) Cintractia d) Cerotelium

147. pH of acidic rain

a) Below 7.0 b) Below 6.6 c) Below 5.6 d) Below 4.6

pH of pure water is a neutral pH 7.0, the pH of normal, “unpolluted” rain is usually pH 5.6;
in other words, rain is already acidic. and only when the pH of rain or snow is below pH
5.6 is it considered acidic (acid rain) (G. N. Agrios, 2005)

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana


148. Which of the following disease/symptom is not caused/produced by Agrobacterium

a) Crown gall b) Hairy root c) Canker d) Twig gall

149. Fruit canker of guava is caused by

a) Pestalotiopsis psidi b) Cercospora psidi

c) Phomopsis psidi d) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidi

150. Vascular wilt is a – Monocyclic disease/pathogen

Q&A were compiled, discussed in detail and presented here by:

Gutha Venkata Ramesh, PhD Scholar

Divya Bhandhari, PhD Scholar

Dept. of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

Any suggestions for improvement of this memory based question paper can be diverted to
Rameshgutha02@[Link]. Efforts will be sincerely appreciated.

(Revised version will be updated in ResearchGate [Link]


Ramesh)

THANK YOU

Q&A compiled by G.V. Ramesh and Divya Bhandhari, PAU, Ludhiana

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Phytoplasmas were previously classified under the division Tenericutes, but they have been reclassified under the order Acholeplasmatales of the phylum Firmicutes. This reclassification reflects a deeper understanding of their phylogenetic relations and helps clarify their unique membrane protein structures and survival mechanisms, which can influence their pathogenic capabilities by affecting host specificity and transmission .

The reclassification of phytoplasmas from Tenericutes to Firmicutes underscores their closer genetic and structural relations with the latter. This reclassification clarifies their unique features, such as lacking a cell wall and containing specific membrane proteins, which are key for their survival and pathogenicity. Understanding these attributes can shed light on their transmission mechanisms, potential plant hosts, and disease manifestations, offering insights for targeted control strategies .

The multipartite nature of viruses, where a virus's genome is segmented into multiple nucleic acid molecules, enables diverse transmission strategies. It facilitates genetic reassortment, leading to heightened variability and adaptability to different hosts or environments. These characteristics can complicate control measures as the virus may rapidly evolve new strains to overcome host resistances or evade immune responses, impacting viral disease management strategies .

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The Type III Secretion System (T3SS) is critical for the pathogenicity of gram-negative bacteria because it allows direct injection of effector proteins into host cells. These effectors can manipulate host cell processes to suppress immune responses and promote pathogen growth. Consequently, understanding this system aids in unraveling how pathogens overcome plant defenses and can inform the development of novel disease management strategies .

The host specificity of bacterial pathovars is determined by the presence of avr (avirulence) genes, which interact with specific resistance genes in plants, leading to the activation or suppression of plant immune responses. Understanding the specificity can help in developing targeted disease management strategies by breeding for specific resistance genes in crops, potentially improving resistance to particular bacterial strains .

Pathogenic bacteria, such as many gram-negative bacteria, use the Type III Secretion System (T3SS) to interact with host plants. This system injects effector proteins directly into plant cells, manipulating host cell processes to favor bacterial survival and proliferation. It can inhibit host defense responses or modify host cellular functions to create a more favorable environment for the pathogen .

Cross protection involves the deliberate inoculation of plants with a mild strain of a virus to protect against a more virulent strain of the same or closely related virus. This phenomenon is based on pre-conditioning the host plant's immune system to recognize and respond to the virus more effectively upon subsequent invasions. Its application in agriculture can be crucial for managing viral diseases in crops where conventional methods are ineffective or unavailable .

Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) are pivotal in plant systemic acquired resistance. JA is mainly involved in defense responses against necrotrophs and herbivores, promoting responses such as the production of proteinase inhibitors. In contrast, SA is primarily involved in defending against biotrophic pathogens by promoting the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins. While JA and SA pathways can work synergistically, they can also antagonize each other depending on the type of pathogen .

In Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR), signaling molecules such as Jasmonic Acid (JA) and ethylene play crucial roles. JA is involved in the defense against necrotrophic pathogens and herbivorous insects by activating defense-related genes, while ethylene works synergistically with JA to enhance resistance. This coordinated action fortifies the plant's defense mechanisms against subsequent pathogen attacks .

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