Pak. j. sci. ind. res. Ser. A: phys. sci.

2018 61A(3) 173-182

Review
A Review on the Effect of Delamination on the Performance
of Composite Plate
Muhammad Imran*, Rafiullah Khan and Saeed Badshah
Department of Mechanical Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan

(received April 8, 2018; revised May 17, 2018; accepted May 22, 2018)

Abstract. Composite materials are the utmost widely used materials and terms of their strength to weight
ratios make them most attractive materials for aerospace applications and other high load bearing structures
where strength to weight ratio is critical. In the preliminary designs of aircraft components, laminated
composites subjected to compressive loadings play a vital role and their performance is one of the most
important parameters. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the performance of composite
structures subjected to buckling loads and other behaviours. This review also lightens some of the attempts
to understand the buckling behaviour of composite plates by numerical and experimental methods.
Keywords: buckling analysis, composite plate, delamination

Introduction zation methods of the laminates of these composites

Mankind has discovered and developed several materials will also be reviewed in this article.
which suit its various purposes. There are very few Analysis of the buckling behaviour of composite
materials which have wide range of applications. One plate. There are two levels to investigate the laminates
of those rare materials is fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite material’s mechanical behaviour. These two
composites (Imran et al., 2018a; 2018b; Imran, 2015). levels are large scale macro mechanics and small scale
It is an advanced product of engineering work. This micromechanics. In case of small scale micromechanics,
material is very light weighted but it has fairly high representative volume (RVE) analysis is used to define
specific stiffness and strength which makes it very the relationship between each lamina and its constituent
desirable for the aerospace technology. The very first material. This analysis assumes that properties of
time, this material was employed in 1940s for the
construction of airplanes and ships (Imran et al., 2018b;
Barbero, 2017). This material is unique because it is
non-magnetic, energy absorbent, and non-corrosive
(Imran et al., 2018b; Bakis et al., 2002). These character-
istics make it a fine choice for automobiles (Subramani,
2017), and building structure because it can absorb the
energy from the ground to reduce the impact of the
earthquake. Currently, aircraft industry is commonly using
composite material because it has light weight. The
wing structure and fuselage of the airbus A350 XWB
were constructed from the reinforced fibre plastic known
as CFRP (Tavares and Castro, 2017) shown in Fig. 1.
This was the first airbus to use the FRP composites.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the buckling behaviour
of fibre reinforced polymer composites and delamination Fig. 1. The A350 XWB is the first airbus with
effect on this buckling. The testing methods and optimi- fuselage and wing structures fibre-rein-
*Author for correspondence: forced made plastics (CFRP) (Bakis et al.,
E-mail: [Link]@[Link] 2002).

173
174 Muhammad Imran et al.

individual layers are already known and this analysis occur in materials with thin-walled design. FRP com-
focuses on the effects of individual layers of the compo- posites also have thin-walled design because it contains
site material on each other and entire laminate. On the polymer which has low stiffness and fibres which have
contrary, in case of large scale micro-mechanics the very high strength due to which, FRP are susceptible
interface between matrix and fibre is ignored because to global and local buckling even before the failure of
it is considered that each lamina in the composite strength of the material as shown in Fig. 2.
material is homogeneous/orthotropic. Currently, macro
Leonhard Euler is the pioneer of investigating buckling
mechanics is used in the designing of composite
in laminates. He studied the stability of the compressed
laminates because macro mechanical equations of this
and flexible columns in the composite material. These
type of designing are well established therefore macro
assumptions are that columns are either straight or have
mechanics is also used to analyse buckling of composite
known curvature and cross sections of these columns
plates.
are uniform. When the structure faces the in-plug
Buckling is one of the most prominent issues in the compression load its plates do not displace until that
laminated composite materials. This buckling behaviour compression load reaches the critical buckling load
is under study for several years and it is more likely to denoted by Pcr. After this point failure occurs and this
failure is referred as buckling. It is important to under-
stand few terms and conditions to further investigate
the buckling behaviour (Bakis et al., 2002).
Le/k = slenderness ratio (This ratio relates the cross
section’s radius of gyration to the effective length of
strut).

K = radius of gyration

k = __
1

Ö A

Le = the effective length of the strut

__
Le ___
p2 E
If k < 0.3 Ö syc then the strut will be thick and
compressive theory will be applied

__
Le ___
p2 E
If k < 2 Ö syc then the strut will be thin and buckling
theory will be applied
Here syc = comprehensive yield stress
The classical laminated plate theory (CLPT) is used to
analyze the plate buckling (Barbero, 2010). Figure 2 is
showing the lamens under biaxial compression. Here,
it is assumed that the material is symmetric and it is
made up of plies with q=45°. T is the thickness of all
plies and there are N plies in the composites. The critical
value (Acr) is the threshold. The load beyond this level
will cause buckling. Figure 3 is showing the scheme of
biaxial loading and geometry of plates (Haftka and
Walsh, 1992).
where:

Fig. 2. Local buckling in airplane fuselage (Belesis h = thickness of laminates; z = distance from the plate
and Labeas, 2010). of symmetry; q = ply-orientation angle; Pk = variable
Review: Delamination Effect on Composite Plate Performance 175

Geometry and loading Figure 4 is showing some curves. Curves number 1, 2

lNy and 3 define the classical buckling analysis. In these
curves n is the in-plane loading force and w is the out
of the place displacement. If the load is applied at the
middle of the plate and plate is perfectly symmetric
then out of plane displacement will not occur in this
situation. As per the curves 1 and 2 the loading on the
lNx a lNx plates can increase to the yield point but bifurcation
b
will occur if stability happens at N=Ncr. It means
buckling will occur and important thing to note here is
the Ncr, which is a perturbation, will be created out of
the plane displacement. Euler buckling is generalized
into critical linear analysis and it indicates that w
lNy
number of jumps happen to the infinity at the point
N=Ncr. This phenomenon is shown in the curve 3. After
Ply geometry
displacement nonlinear effect occurs and it increases
t further to next level. In this case plates can sustain the
load beyond the critical point Ncr before collapsing.
Z1
Laminate
plane of
This phenomenon is shown in the curve 4. This curve
__
h Z2 symmetry is known as the post buckling curve.
2

The second type, difficulty classical effect, arises when

Z non-homogeneous variable thickness, nonlinear relation
between stress and strain, shear deformation, springs,
Fig. 3. The geometry of laminated plate and biaxial and vibrations are present in the structure.
loading scheme (Haftka and Walsh, 1992).
The non-classical analysis of buckling involves the
investigation of dynamic effects of loading, non-elastic
whose value is 1 if kth ply is occupied. Its value is if behaviour, and imperfections. The Fig. 4 is showing 5
0th ply is empty. curves and buckling behaviour will follow the path
There are two ways for plates to buckle as per the of these curves if the plates have symmetry or flatness.
intensity of bending energy. These two ways are limit It is impossible to distinguish buckling point in this
point buckling and bifurcation buckling. The instability case. The deviation in the plates or of the plates disturbs
points are referred as the bifurcation buckling and these
points occur at the intersection of two equilibrium
N
points. Limit point buckling occurs when strain energy
releases and negative stiffness occurs. The equilibrium
path does not change abruptly during limit point. If the
2
load keeps on increasing then there are chances that
4
structure will snap towards out of the plane displacement
3
curve. This phenomenon is known as the snap-through N cr
buckling because it creates a whole new equilibrium
position for the structure. The curve between out of 5

plane displacement and load show zero slope at 1

maximum load point. This point is referred as maximum
load (Por) or limit point. There are three types of buckling
analysis which are: W

· Classical buckling analysis

· Difficult classical effects Fig. 4. Variation of displacement versus in plane
· Non-classical phenomenon load (Beznea and Chirica, 2011).
176 Muhammad Imran et al.

the symmetry and this deviation is referred as delami- reported frequently. These schematic diagrams in
nation and traversal imperfection (Beznea and Chirica, Fig. 5 follow the trend which is portrayed.
2011).
There are several effects which play an important role
Local buckling is also studied by several scholars. in the buckling behaviour of the plates. These effects
Reddy et al. (1985) studied that the beams of tin epoxy/ include second order effect, plasticity, and initial
graphite I is studied under axial compression. FRP imperfection (Van der Burg, 2011). In this research
beams are studied with both thin-walled close and open Euler plate buckling stress (scr) is measured against
conditions by Tarján et al. (2009). The resistance toward plate slenderness. This is the stress level at which perfect
buckling can be increased through optimization. This plate experiences buckling if the material is elastic.
optimization is studied by Onoda (1985) for laminated Calculated buckling load of rectangular laminates
cylindrical shells which were undergoing axial com- composite plates undergoing biaxial and in plate uniaxial
pression. The fundamental frequency of the composite loading. Von Karman type nonlinearity and first order
material, thin-wall, is studied through torsional and shear deformation theory is used for this purpose. The
bending modes. Starnes et al. (1985) studied that the impact of fibre orientation angles. These angles affect
post-buckling behaviour was of curved graphite panel the critical and non-dimensional loads. In this experiment
and it was studied through analytical and experimental the critical load was higher at q = 0° and aspect ratio
methods. The panel was going through axial compression of CSCS plates was 0.5. These plies were subjected to
in that study. The crippling and post-buckling of shallow x-axis directed uniaxial loading. The y-axis directed
curve laminates are studied by Arnold et al. (1986). In critical loading occurred at zero degree and biaxial load
this study only the edges of the plates were stiffened. occurred at 55° (Shukla et al., 2005).
In a study by Bisagni and Lanzi (2002), neutral methods
The connection between non-directional critical load
are used to optimize post-buckling in the stiffened
and fibre orientation angle for four different layers of
composite panels. Stevens et al. (1995) analysed both
CSCS square plates have asymmetric angle-ply. Micro
buckling and post-buckling. In another study by
cracking occurs in this situation but laminate can reach
Bambach (2009), edge-stiffened material was used to
a strain even before the happening of micro cracking.
inspect the photography measurements of interaction
This strain depends on the characteristics of the resin
in channels and buckling behaviour.
system. If the resin system is brittle like that of polyester
Figure 5 is showing the load-displacement scheme when then this point of strain can occur way before the failure
buckling occurs in the isotopic plates and this issue was of laminates. Fibres in the structure also play important

Primary load path

Load Primary load path Load

Secondary load path

Secondary load path
Elastic
buckling Bifurcation point Elastic
Bifurcation point load buckling
load

Displacement Displacement

Fig. 5. The ideal load-in plate displacement diagram of a plate (left) and a column (right) for elastic buckling
(Van der Burg, 2011).
Review: Delamination Effect on Composite Plate Performance 177

role in the strength of the material therefore, micro investigated the hydrothermal effects on the local
cracks of resin do not weaken the structure right away. buckling of these delaminated areas through numerical
Here it is important to note that the resin should be able analysis.
to distort as much as fibre in order to achieve same
The research work of Parlapalli and Shu (2004) is about
component’s complete mechanical properties when
the analysis of two layer beam's buckling behaviour.
laminates experiences tension (Shukla et al., 2005).
The beam has a single asymmetric delamination. This
Effect of delamination on buckling performance of delamination was clamped and they only analyzed the
FRP composite plates. In laminated materials, delami- boundary conditions. According to Kyoung et al. (1998),
nation is a type of deformation of layers. It can be the cross-ply composites are used with several delami-
caused by repeated pressure or stresses on the material. nations to investigate both post-buckling and buckling.
In-service failures can cause this type of failure. The An embedded delamination was created in the laminates
imperfect curing processes put irregular pressure on to study the post-buckling and buckling behaviour. They
different areas and create delami-nated areas. The used finite element analysis for the investigation. They
presence of these delaminated spots in the material can found that if the buckling size is smaller than the
lose its strength during compressive loading due to the buckling load then it does not affect the post-buckling
buckling of the laminated structure. There are different behaviour but when the size of delamination increases
models of this mode of failure; one of the most common it also decreases the buckling load.
is the interlaminar delamination. In thin-walled laminated
FRP material, the structural stability is a serious issue Tri-layer beams were analysed by Parlapalli and Shu
and buckling in the structure can cause catastrophic (2004). Those beams had symmetrical enveloped
results therefore this model of failure should be delaminations and they used classical engineering
considered during the design phase (Hwang and Mao, solutions to examine the beam’s buckling behaviour.
2001). In-plane, the delaminated structure faces the They found that shorter enveloped delamination do not
compressive dominated load which can create the local affect the critical buckling load but this load is sensitive
buckling of the laminates even before the global buckling to longer enveloped delamination. Aslan and Sahin
of the composite. Sometimes the mixed mode of (2009) examined the compressive behaviour and
buckling also occurs. In this mode, both local and global buckling behaviour of laminates with several delami-
buckling occurs in the laminated composite. In the mode nated region. The findings indicated that the near-surface
of failure, it is recommended to analyse the delamination and large sized delamination affect the compressive
after the buckling (Hwang and Mao, 2001). failure load and critical buckling load of the structure.
The size of delamination far from the surface does not
A delaminated circular plate was used to carry out its
greatly affect the compressive failure load and critical
elastic post-buckling analysis using asymmetric com-
buckling load of the composite laminates.
pression. This analysis was done along the clamped
boundaries of the plate and it was evaluated by Chen The diameter of critical delamination of composite
and Bai (2002) and Yin and Fei (1988) who used the plates was studied by Arman et al. (2006). The composite
debond sandwich plates to describe the post-buckling plates were studied under buckling loads. They found
behaviour. This behaviour was described in the face/core a relationship with the diameter of delamination and
interface. Avilés and Carlsson (2007) described this critical buckling load because this load decreased when
behaviour in the sandwich panels. Debond composite the diameter of delamination increased to a certain
is also described after exposing them to the in-plane value. They also examined fibre orientation and its
compression. They predicted the initiation of propagation effects on the buckling load. The buckling and post-
and debonding of sandwich panels through nonlinear buckling behaviour of cylindrical shells of composite
FEM analysis. Cappello and Tumino (2006) studied the laminates are studied by Tafreshi (2004) under high-
post-buckling and buckling behaviour of the cross-ply pressure condition. They also found that small area of
and unidirectional plates. They investigated multiple delamination does not affect the buckling load but the
delaminations through numerical analysis. Wang and critical load of the buckling reduces greatly when the
Dong (2007) took laminated shells' cylinders and made size of delamination increases or it is closer to the
the delamination of lemniscates and triangular shapes surface of the laminates. The stacking sequences of the
close to the surface of those cylindrical plates. They laminates which support the growth of delaminations
178 Muhammad Imran et al.

highly influence the buckling load. The structure which IR thermography is also used to test bonded single lap
shows high resistance to delamination does not affect joints to spot the stress concentration. In this technique
the buckling behaviour (Tafreshi, 2004). The overall data is acquired through the schematic of TSA and IR
conclusion of these studies is that the delamination in camera is used to capture the image of the surface at
the structure reduce the buckling load especially when the speed of 400 frames per second (Johnson, 2006).
they are closer to the surface. They synchronized the images through load signals to
get the images corresponding to the maximum loading
Common non-destructive testing methods used for
values. They used quantitative IR thermography to
evaluation of damage in FRP laminates. Damages in
measure fatigue damage in GFRP laminates. The quasi-
the FRP can be identified with the help of non-destructive
isotropic specimen is used and life cycle of fatigue
tests (NDT). These tests are used when the material
damages of this specimen. The damage of this specimen
selected adequately and the processes of designing and
was due to the delamination and matrix cracking close
manufacturing are completed successfully. In this
to the surface. The expansion of these damages led to
scenario visual inspect and non-destructive tests are
the fibre orientation. At the last 90,505th cycle, the stress
used as the first phase to check the quality of the final
concentration is below the mark. The in-phase is signal
product. These methods are effective because they help
of TSA. This signal is for the area near the crack tip.
organizations to keep quality high without damaging
Eccentrically loaded single-edge-notched (tension), also
the product and incepting high cost. Two most common
referred as ESE(T), specimens with thick protruded
techniques for non-destructive tests are computer
section is used in the test. The shapes in the figure are
thermography and infrared thermography. Both of these
showing the stresses in the material. The location of
methods are discussed here in detail.
the stress and tip of the crack can be located when the
a) Infrared thermography. Thermography is a field of crack propagates toward failure (Johnson, 2006).
science which measures the temperature on the surface
Sultan et al. (2013) reported that the thickness and
of a given material to investigate the changes in the
depth of the delamination in the GFRP laminates are
temperature. The temperature on the surface of the
determined. The delamination was introduced artificially
material can be increased through stress or excited
at various thicknesses and at several lengths. They
source of heat. Usually heat transfers uniformly through-
inserted aluminum between different layers to introduce
out the surface with a perfect structure. If the temperature
delamination artificially. Delamination acts as the barrier
at different points of the surface is different then it
to heat and sends heat back to the front surface if heat
indicates that there is some abnormality in the structure.
is transferring from front to rare surface. It results in
The principle of thermography is simple but the question
the higher temperature at areas with delamination and
is how to observe or visualize the changes in temperature.
offers a fine way to detect the fault. Boritu et al. (2011)
Infrared (IR) rays and television photography can be
and Sultan et al. (2012) reported the detection of
used for this purpose and this process is known as
delamination through thermography.
thermal imaging. The wavelength of infrared rays varies
from 0.9 µm to 1 mm. It is relatively difficult to detect b) Computer tomography. Computer thermography,
the faults in the material with higher thermal conductivity also known as CT scan, is used to detect the fault in the
like CFRP. Transient heat transfer and rapid scanning material using X-rays. These rays pass through the
are used as a remote monitoring technique. In this material at different angles and fall on the receiver
process, thermal fields are scanned on the TV compatible which then generates three-dimensional image of the
with IR images. This process is the base of pulse video object. All faults including cracks, delamination, and
thermography (PVT) (Harris, 1999). fibre breakage are visible. The pine tree shaped effect
is showing the growing delamination which is progres-
There are several methods to analyze the strain on the
sing deep into the material and growing big. The oblong
laminated composite plates; one of those methods is IR
delamination is the main cause of this fault (Amos,
thermography. Johnson (2006) reported that quantitative
2011). They used both CT and IR thermography to
IR thermography is used to test the fatigue loading in
detect the damages in the buckled laminates of GRRP.
the GFRP. The technique of thermoelastic stress analysis
(TSA) is used to define a relationship between IR Optimisation method of composites laminate. Optimi-
emission and the deformation of the surface of the sation of the buckling laminates is the selection of most
laminates in order to visualize and interpret the results. favourable stacking sequence because this sequence
Review: Delamination Effect on Composite Plate Performance 179

significantly affects the critical buckling load of the · Steepest descent algorithm
composite laminates. In the process of optimisation, a · Line search method
large number of different factors plays their roles and · Unconstrained problems method
it is important to understand those parameters and · Rate of convergence method
develop the sequence accordingly. Some of these para-
SQP has been explained by several researchers who
meters include:
used basic theories to explain it (Gill and Wong, 2012;
· Types of design variable like discrete, continuous, Morales et al., 2011; Bomze et al., 2010).
and mixed
· Global and local optima Genetic algorithm (GA). The generic algorithm is an
· Number of design variables advanced and powerful tool to optimise functions (Deb,
· Shape of practical design space 2001; Golberg, 1989). This tool is simple in its approach
· Number of constraints as it looks for the improvements in the consecutive
· Constrained problems generations of the given function (Nagendra et al.,
· Unconstrained problems 1992). The word "genetic" is used for this algorithm
· Objective function’s type like linear or nonlinear because it mimics the natural survival extinct of living
organisms. Humans and other existing species went
All these parameters should be considered to optimise through the process of evolution at some level. This
the composite laminates. There are four methods to algorithm also evolves the solution as per the require-
optimise the laminated FRP plates. All these four ments. This algorithm also employs the mechanism of
methods are discussed below. population genetics to get the results. The best thing
Enumeration or exhaustive search method (ESM). about GA is that it does not require the differentiability
The exhaustive or enumeration method is used to of constraints and objective functions (Nagendra et al.,
optimise the design after analyzing all possible combina- 1992). In the case of laminated composite plates, the
tions of design variable. The best combination is then best design is the one which possesses fixed number of
selected after setting the criterion to assess the design. plies for laminate stiffness and strength. Kogiso et al.
This method is very effective as it has the ability to (1994) reported the tournament selection scheme that
provide the best global solution and lightest composite was employed for the selection process. The crossover
structure (Ghiasi et al., 2010; Verette, 1970). probability of 0.75 and 0.1% of mutilation probability
was used in single point crossover. The design requi-
There are several exhaustive and probabilistic compu-
rements were stored in the memory of GA. The
tational based techniques which are currently used in
requirements were about the ply, buckling, and strength
the construction sector. These techniques have provided
conditions of least depth laminates.
several innovative and interesting results to revolutionize
the construction sector. According to Muc and Gurba (2001) GS is used to
optimise the layout of the composite with finite elements
Sequential quadratic programming (SQP). SQP is
and objective function. Sivakumar et al. (1999) studied
mathematical programming which uses the rules of
that composite structure with cut outs going through
mathematics and computational power of computing
big amplitude oscillations is optimised through GA.
machines to optimise the design. SQP has been examined
There are several aspects of GA which are similar to
and discussed thoroughly but it is not widely applied
other such algorithms but GA is better in all those
in laminated composite structures so far (Boggs and
aspects. The problems of vibrations, buckling, and
Tolle, 1995).
bending are also studied by several researchers through
Besides SQP, there are some other continuous optimisa- closed form of solutions.
tion methods which are explained comprehensively in
In some cases, closed-form solution are not feasible. In
different studies. These methods include:
such cases FEM is used to optimise the structure. There
· Newton’s method are some important factors which affect the buckling
· Nonlinear programming’s duality theory load and it is important to investigate those factors for
· Primal-dual interior points method applying GA. These factors are the crossover, mutation
· Semi-definite programming probabilities, aspect ratio, and cut-out size. The phrase
180 Muhammad Imran et al.

"survival of the fittest" is best suited to explain the edge conditions. Buckling phenomenon is the breakdown
evolutionary optimisation technique. It increases the of the structure of the composite but out of plane
number of solutions through this technique. GA works displacement usually occurs after the bifurcation. The
best with the suitably large magnitude if the local buckling behaviour depends a lot on the material and
optimisation is required. In the case of global optimi- structure of the composite. The way of loading also
sation, unlimited numbers of iterations are required to plays its role in it.
get success. GA has high cost but still is the most com-
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