Wireless Protocols for IoT
• IEEE 802.11*
• Bluetooth/Bluetooth Smart*
• ZigBee/ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0
• IEEE 802.15.6-2012: Body Area Networking
• Wireless HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol)
• International Society of Automation (ISA) 100.11a
• Z-Wave
• MiWi (Microchip Technology Wireless)
• ANT+
• Wireless MBUS
WiFi (IEEE 802-11)
• Wi-Fi is a wireless based technology that allows devices like laptops, smart
phones,TVs, gaming devices, etc to connect at high speed to the internet
without the need for a physical wired connection.
• The technology uses licence free allocations so that it is free for all to use
without the need for a wireless transmitting licence. Typically Wi-Fi uses the 2.4
and 5 GHz ISM, Industrial, Scientific and Medical, ISM bands as these do not
require a licence, but it also means they are open to other users as well and this
can mean that interference exists.
• Power levels are also low. Typically they are around 100 or 200 mW, although
the maximum levels depend upon the country in which the equipment is
located. Some allow maximum powers of a watt or more on some channels.
• The core of any Wi-Fi system is known as the Access Point, AP. The Wi-Fi access
point is essentially the base station that communicates with the Wi-Fi enabled
devices - data can then be routed onto a local area network, normally via
Ethernet and typically links onto the Internet.
Continued..
WiFi network types
• Essentially there are two basic types of Wi-Fi network:
• Local area network based network: This type of network may be loosely
termed a LAN based network. Here a Wi-Fi Access Point, AP is linked onto a
local area network to provide wireless as well as wired connectivity, often
with more than one Wi-Fi hotspot.
The infrastructure application is aimed at office areas or to provide a
"hotspot". The office may even work wirelessly only and just have a Wireless
Local Area Network, WLAN. A backbone wired network is still required and is
connected to a server. The wireless network is then split up into a number of
cells, each serviced by a base station or Access Point (AP) which acts as a
controller for the cell. Each Access Point may have a range of between 30 and
300 metres dependent upon the environment and the location of the Access
Point.
Contd..
• Ad hoc network: The other type of Wi-Fi network that may be used
is termed an Ad-Hoc network. These are formed when a number of
computers and peripherals are brought together.
• They may be needed when several people come together and need to
share data or if they need to access a printer without the need for
having to use wire connections. In this situation the users only
communicate with each other and not with a larger wired network.
IEEE Standard Frequency/Me Speed
dium
802.11a 5GHz Up to 54Mbps
802.11b 2.4GHz Up to 11Mbps
802.11g 2.4GHz Up to 54Mbps
Up to
802.11n 2.4GHz/5GHz
600Mbps
Contd..
• There are several specifications in the 802.11 family:
• 802.11 — applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in
the 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or
direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).
• 802.11a — an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides
up to 54-Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.
• 802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) — an extension to
802.11 that applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission
(with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1-Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses
only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11 standard,
allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet
802.11e — a wireless draft standard that defines the Quality of Service (QoS)
support for LANs, and is an enhancement to the 802.11a and 802.11b wireless
LAN (WLAN) specifications. 802.11e adds QoS features and multimedia
support to the existing IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11a wireless standards,
while maintaining full backward compatibility with these standards.
802.11g — applies to wireless LANs and is used for transmission over short
distances at up to 54-Mbps in the 2.4 GHz bands.
802.11n — 802.11n builds upon previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple-
input multiple-output (MIMO). The additional transmitter and receiver antennas
allow for increased data throughput through spatial multiplexing and increased
range by exploiting the spatial diversity through coding schemes like Alamouti
coding. The real speed would be 100 Mbit/s (even 250 Mbit/s in PHY level),
and so up to 4-5 times faster than 802.11g.
802.11ac — 802.11ac builds upon previous 802.11 standards,
particularly the 802.11n standard, to deliver data rates of 433Mbps per
spatial stream, or 1.3Gbps in a three-antenna (three stream) design.
The 802.11ac specification operates only in the 5 GHz frequency range
and features support for wider channels (80MHz and 160MHz) and
beamforming capabilities by default to help achieve its higher wireless
speeds.
802.11ac Wave 2 — 802.11ac Wave 2 is an update for the original
802.11ac spec that uses MU-MIMO technology and other advancements
to help increase theoretical maximum wireless speeds for the spec to
6.93 Gbps.
802.11ad — 802.11ad is a wireless specification under development that
will operate in the 60GHz frequency band and offer much higher transfer
rates than previous 802.11 specs, with a theoretical maximum transfer rate
of up to 7Gbps (Gigabits per second).
802.11ah— Also known as Wi-Fi HaLow, 802.11ah is the first Wi-Fi
specification to operate in frequency bands below one gigahertz (900
MHz), and it has a range of nearly twice that of other Wi-Fi technologies.
It's also able to penetrate walls and other barriers considerably better
than previous Wi-Fi standards.
802.11r - 802.11r, also called Fast Basic Service Set (BSS) Transition,
supports VoWi-Fi handoff between access points to
enable VoIP roaming on a Wi-Fi network with 802.1X authentication.
802.1X — Not to be confused with 802.11x (which is the term used to
describe the family of 802.11 standards) 802.1X is an IEEE standard for
port-based Network Access Control that allows network administrators to
restricted use of IEEE 802 LAN service access points to secure
communication between authenticated and authorized devices
Blue tooth
• Protocol Architecture
• Bluetooth is defined as a layered protocol architecture consisting of core protocols,
cable replacement and telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols.
• The core protocols form a five-layer stack consisting of the following elements:
• Radio. Specifies details of the air interface, including frequency, the use of frequency
hopping, modulation scheme, and transmit power.
• Baseband. Concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing,
packet format, timing, and power control.
• Link manager protocol (LMP). Responsible for link setup between Bluetooth devices
and ongoing link management. This includes security aspects such as authentication
and encryption, plus the control and negotiation of baseband packet sizes.
• Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP). Adapts upper-layer protocols to
the baseband layer. L2CAP provides both connectionless and connection-oriented
services.
• Service discovery protocol (SDP). Device information, services, and the characteristics
of the services can be queried to enable the establishment of a connection between
two or more Bluetooth devices.
Contd..
• Bluetooth uses UHF radio waves for data transfer. The technology was
originally standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the IEEE no longer
maintains that specific standard. Companies that work with Bluetooth
are often affiliated with the Bluetooth Special Interest group (SIG).
• The group currently has over 20,000 members, and must certify a
product before it can be marketed as a Bluetooth device to the
consumer or business market. That certification helps ensure that all
Bluetooth devices work in a standardized way and provide a similar
experience for consumers
• Frequency Range: 2402 - 2480 MHz (total 79 MHz band) 23 MHz in
some countries, e.g., Spain
• Data Rate: 1 Mbps using 1 MHz (Nominal) 720 kbps (User)
• Radio Frequency hopping: 1600 times/s 625 ms/hop
• Security: Challenge/Response Authentication. 128b Encryption
• TX Output Power: Class 1: 20 dBm Max. (0.1W) – 100m
• Class 2: 4 dBm (2.5 mW) Class 3: 0 dBm (1mW) – 10m
Comparison:
Summary..
Important questions:
• Name some technologies that enable device connectivity to
infrastructure-based services.
• Mention the advantages of Ricochet, Bluetooth etc. when
compared to RF-based connectivity.
• Compare the properties of Bluetooth & WiFi(IEEE802.11X)
WLAN comprises of a PHY (Physical Layer) and MAC (Physical and
Medium Access Control) it allows specific carrier frequencies in the -
--------- range bandwidths with data rates of --------- Mbps
Contd..
• Richonet modem features are ---------------- bps & ---------hour
access. The Richonet wireless network is based on ------------------
• List out working group companies with Richonet.
• List out Bluetooth Specifications.
• Explain Bluetooth Core protocols clearly.
• List the applications of IEEE 802.15.4
Contd..
• Mention security services of IEEE 802.15.4.
• Describe Interoperability evaluation.
• List out characteristics of CoAP
• Explain Bluetooth protocol stack.
• Discuss about UWB.
References:
• IEEE 802.11/Bluetooth .pdf
• A. Elahi and A. Gschwender, “ZigBee Wireless Sensor and Control
Network,” Prentice Hall, 2009, 288 pp., ISBN:0137134851, (Chapters 3
and 4) Safari Book
• O. Hersent, et al., “The Internet of Things: Key Applications and
Protocols,” Wiley, 2012, 344 pp., ISBN:9781119994350, Safari book.
• H. Schwetlick, “PSSS-Parallel Sequence Spread Spectrum – A
Potential Physical Layer for OBAN?,” [Link]
[Link]
Thank You