Vectors 655 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

VECTORS
Scalar
A physical quantity which possesses only magnitude is called scalar. It can be specified by a
number along with [Link] example, mass, time, density, temperature, length, volume, speed, and work
are scalars.
Vector
A physical quantity which possesses both magnitude and direction is called vector.
For example, displacement, velocity, acceleration, weight, force, momentum, electric and magnetic
fields are vectors.
Unit Vector
A vector whose magnitude is one is called unit vector. Unit vector of a vector v is denoted by v̂
v
and defined as v̂ =
v
Null of Zero Vector
If terminal point B of a vector AB coincides with its initial point A , then it is called null vector.
Parallel (Collinear) Vectors
Two vectors are parallel if and only if they are non-zero scalar multiple of each other. i.e.
The vectors u and v are parallel if u = cv
If c  0 , then vectors are in same direction and If c  0 , then vectors are in opposite direction
Position Vector
The vector, whose initial point is the origin O and whose terminal point is P , is called the position
vector of the point P and is denoted by OP .
If the position vectors of points A and B are OA = a and OB = b respectively, then
by triangular law OA + AB = OB  AB = OB − OA  AB = b − a
Addition of Two Vectors
There are two laws to explain addition of two vectors.
(i) Triangle Law of Addition
If two vectors u and v are represented by the two sides AB and BC of a triangle such that the
terminal point of u coincide with the initial point of v , then the third side AC of the triangle gives
vector sum u + v . i.e.
AC = AB + BC = u + v
(ii) Parallelogram Law of Addition
If two vectors u and v are represented by the two adjacent sides AB and AC of a parallelogram,
then the diagonal AD gives the sum u + v . i.e.
AD = AB + AC = u + v
Note: This law was used by Aristotle to describe the combined action of two forces.
Vectors 656 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Magnitude (Norm or Length) of a Vector
For any vector OP =  x, y  in R2 , the magnitude or norm or length of the vector is defined as the
distance of the point P ( x, y ) from the origin O .
Magnitude of OP = OP = x2 + y 2

For any vector OP =  x, y,z  in R 3 , the magnitude or norm or length of the vector in space is defined as
the distance of the point P ( x, y,z ) from the origin O .
Magnitude of OP = OP = x2 + y 2 + z 2

Example 1 (Page # 331): For v = [1, −3] and w = [2, 5].

Solution: Given that: v = [1, −3], w = [2, 5]
(i) v + w = [1, −3] + [2, 5] = [1 + 2, −3 + 5] = [3, 2]
(ii) 4v + 2w = 4[1, −3] + 2[2, 5] = [4, −12] + [4, 10]
= [4 + 4, −12 + 10] = [8, −2]
(iii) v − w = [1, −3] − [2, 5] = [1, −3] + (−1)[2, 5]
= [1, −3] + [−2, −5] = [1 − 2, −3 − 5] = [−1, −8]
(iv) v−v = [1, −3] − [1, −3] = [1, −3] + (−1)[1, −3] = [1, −3] + [−1, 3]
= [1 − 1, −3 + 3] = [0, 0]
(v) | v | = (1)2 + (−3)2 = 1 + 9 = 10
Example 2 (Page # 331): Find the unit vector in the same direction as the vector v = [3, −4].
Solution: Given that: v = [3, −4] = 3i − 4 j
−
2 2
|v| = (3) + (−4) = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
3i − 4 j
v −
 v^ = |v|  v^ = 5
3 4
v^ = 5i−5 j
−
Example 3 (Page # 331): Find a unit vector in the direction of the vector:
(i) v = 2i + 6 j (ii) v = [−2, 4]
−
Solution:
(i) Given that: v = 2i + 6 j (MTN 17)(D.G.K 17 G-I)
−
|v| = (2)2 + (6)2 = 4 + 36 = 40 = 2 10
2i + 6 j
v − 2 6 1 3
 v^ = |v| = = i+ j = i+ j
2 10 2 10 2 10 − 10 10 −
(ii) Given that: v = [−2, 4] = −2i + 4 j
−
2 2
|v| = (−2) + (4) = 4 + 16 = 20 = 2 5
−2i + 6 j
v − 2 6 1 3
 v^ = |v| = = − i+ j = − i+ j
2 5 2 5 2 5− 5 5−
Vectors 657 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Example 4 (Page # 332): If ABCD is a parallelogram such that the points A, B and C are
respectively (−2, −3), (1, 4) and (0, −5). Find the coordinates of D.
Solution: Suppose that co-ordinates of D are(x, y)
As ABCD is a parallelogram
→ →
 AB = DC
(1+2 ) i + (4 + 3 ) j = (0 − x) i + (−5−y ) j
− −
 −x = 3 , −5− y = 7
x = −3 , y = 12
The Ratio Formula
Let a and b are position vectors of the points A and B , then position vector of a point P which
divides AB in ratio p : q is given by
qa + pb
r=
p+q
Note: If P is the mid point of AB , then p : q = 1:1
a+b
Position vector of P = r =
2
Theorem (Page # 332): (Ratio Formula): The position vector of the point P divides the line segment
⎯
AB (internally) in the ratio k1 : k2 is:
→ →
→ k1OB + k2OA
OP = k1 + k2
y
→ → → B
Proof: Let OA, OB and OP be the position vectors of the k2
points A, B and P respectively. Then from OAP, so P
→ → → k1
OA + AP = OP A
→ → →
AP = OP − OA
→ → →
From OPB, so OP + PB = OB
x
O
→ → →
PB = OB − OP
→
AP k1
= k (Given)
→ 2
PB
→ →
OP − OA k1 → → → →
= k  k2(OP − OA) = k1(OB − OP)
→ → 2
OB − OP
→ → → → → → → →
k2OP − k2OA = k1OB − k1OP  k2OP + k1OP = k1OB + k2OA
→ →
→ → → → k1OB + k2OA
OP(k1 + k2) = k1OB + k2OA  OP = k1 + k2
Vectors 658 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Example 5 (Page # 333): If a and b be the [Link] of A and B respectively w.r.t. origin O, and C be a
⎯ ⎯ a+b
point on AB such that OC = , then show that C is the mid-point of AB.
2
→ → → a+b A
Solution: Given that: OA = a, OB = b, OC = 2
According to triangle law of addition:
a C
a+b
→ → → → → →
OA + AC = OC  AC = OC − OA 2

→ a+b a + b − 2a −a + b
AC = 2 − a = 2 = 2 C b B
→ → → → → →
and OC + CB = OB  CB = OB − OC
→ a+b 2b − a − b −a + b
CB = b− 2 = 2 = 2
We see that:
→ →
AC = CB
This shows that C is the mid point of AB.
Example 6 (Page # 334): Use vectors, to prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
other.
→ → → → → →
Solution: Consider a parallelogram ABCD with OA = a , OB = b , OC = c and
→ →
OD = d . Then
→ → → → → → C D
AB = DC  OB − OA = OC − OD I
→ → → →
b − a = c − d
A B
→ → → →
d = a − b + c  (1)
→
Now, I divides AC internally in 1 : 1, so
→ → → →
→ 1 . OC + 1 . OA → c + a
OI = 1+1  OI = 2  (2)

→
Also, I divides DB internally in 1 : 1, so
→ → → →
→ 1 . OB + 1 . OD → b + d
OI = 1+1  OI = 2
→ → → → → →
→ b + a − b + c → c + a
OI = 2  OI = 2  (3)

The equation (2) and equation (3) show that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Vectors 659 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

→
Q.1 Write the vector PQ in the form of xi + yj
(i) P(2, 3) , Q(6, −2) (ii) P(0,5) , Q(−1, −6)
(i) P(2, 3) , Q(6, −2)
→
Sol: PQ = (6 − 2)i + (−2 −3) j = 4i − 5j
(ii) P(0,5) , Q(−1, −6)
→
Sol: PQ = (−1−0) i + (−6 −5) j = −i −11j
Q.2 Find the magnitude of vector u
(i) u = 2i − 7j (ii) u = i + j (iii) u = [3, −4]
(i) u = 2i − 7j (LHR 13)
Sol: |u| = (2)2 + (−7)2 = 4 + 49 = 53
(ii) u = i + j
Sol: |u| = (1)2 + (1)2 = 1+1 = 2
(iii) u = [3, −4]
Sol: u = 3i − 4j
|u| = (3)2 + (−4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
Q.3 If u = 2i − 7j, v = i − 6j and w = −i + j
Find the following vectors:
1 1 1
(i) u+v−w (ii) 2u − 3v + 4w (iii) u+ v+ w
2 2 2
(i) u+v−w
Sol:
u + v − w = 2i − 7j + i − 6j + i − j = 4i − 14j
(ii) 2u − 3v + 4w
Sol:
2u− 3v + 4w = 2(2i − 7j ) − 3(i−6j ) + 4(−i + j ) = 4i − 14j − 3i + 18j − 4i + 4j
= −3i + 8j
1 1 1
(iii) u+ v+ w
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
Sol: 2 u + 2 v + 2 w = 2 (u + v + w)
1 1
= 2 (2i − 7j + i − 6j − i + j ) = 2 (2i − 12j ) = i − 6j
Vectors 660 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
→ →
Q.4 Find the sum of the vectors AB and CD , given the four points. (LHR 14)
A(1,−1) , B (2,0) , C(−1,3) , D(−2,2)
→
Sol: AB = (2 − 1) i + (0 + 1) j = i + j
→
CD = (−2 + 1) i + (2 − 3) j = −i − j
→ →
Now, AB + CD = i + j − i − j = 0 (Null Vector)
→
Q.5 Find the vector from the point A to the origin where AB = 4i − 2j and B is the point (−2,5)
(LHR 17 G-I)(BHP 15)
Sol: Suppose the co-ordinations of A are (x, y)
A (x, y) , B(−2, 5)
→
Given that AB = 4i − 2j
(−2 − x) i + (5 − y) j = 4i − 2j
By comparing −2 −x = 4 and 5 − y = −2
x = −6 , y = 7
A(x, y) = (−6, 7)
→
AO = (0 + 6)i + (0 − 7) j = 6i − 7j
Q.6 Find a unit in the direction of the vector given below:
1 3 3 1
(i) v = 2i − j (iii) v = − i − j
2 
(ii) v = i + j
2 2 2
(i) v = 2i − j (RWP 15)
Sol: |v| = (2)2 + (1)2 = 4 +1 = 5
v 2i − j 2 1
v^ = |v| = = i − j
5 5 5
1 3
2 
(ii) v = i+ j (SRG 15)(D.G.K 17 G-II)
2
12  32 1 3 4
Sol: |v| = 2 + 2 = 4+4 = 4 = 1
   
1 3
v 2 i + 2 j 1 3
v^ = |v| = 1 = 2 i + 2 j
3 1
(iii) v =− i − j
2 2
 32
−  + −  =
12 3 1 4
Sol: |v| = +4 = 4 = 1
 2   2  4
− 3 1
v 2 i−2j − 3 1
v^ = |v| = 1 = 2 i − 2 j
Vectors 661 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.7 If A, B, C are respectively the points (2, −4), (4,0), (1, 6) use vector method to find the
co- ordinates of the point D if
(i) ABCD is a parallelogram. (ii) ADBC is a parallelogram.
(i) ABCD is a parallelogram.
Sol: Suppose that co-ordinations of D are (x, y)
As ABCD is a parallelogram. D(x, y) C(1, 6)
→ →
 AB = DC
(4 − 2)i + (0 + 4)j = (1 − x)i + (6 − y)j
2i + 4j = (1 − x)i + (6 − y)j
A(2, -4) B(4, 0)
 1 − x =2 , 6 − y = 4
x = −1 , y = 2
D(−1, 2) is required point.
(ii) ADBC is a parallelogram.
Sol: Suppose that co-ordinations of D are (x, y)
As ADBC is a parallelogram. C(1,6) B(4,0)
→ →
 AD = CB
(x − 2)i + (y + 4)j = (4 − 1)i + (0 − 6)j
(x − 2)i + (y + 4)j = 3i − 6j
A(2,-4) D(x,y)
 x − 2 = 3 , y + 4 = −6
x = 5 , y = −10
D(5, −10) is required point

Q.8 If B, C, D are respectively the points (4, 1), (−2, 3), (−8, 0) use vector method to find the
coordinates of the point.
(i) A if ABCD is a parallelogram. (ii) E if AEBD is a parallelogram.
(i) A if ABCD is a parallelogram.
Sol: Suppose the co-ordinates of A are (x, y)
As ABCD is a parallelogram. D (-8,0) C (-2,3)
→ →
 AB = DC
(4 − x)i + (1 − y)j = (−2 + 8)i + (3 − 0)j
 4 − x =6 , 1 − y = 3 A (x,y) B(4,1)
x = −2 , y = −2  A(−2, −2) is the required point
(ii) E if AEBD is a parallelogram.
Sol: Suppose the co-ordinates of E are (x, y)
As AEBD is a parallelogram. D (-8,0) B(4,1)
→ →
 AE = DB
(x + 2)i + (y + 2)j = (4 + 8)i + (1 − 0)j
(x + 2)i + (y + 2)j = 12 i + 1 j E(x,y)
A (-2,-2)
 x + 2 = 12 , y + 2 = 1
x = 10 , y = −1
E(10, −1) is required point
Vectors 662 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
→ →
Q.9 If O is the origin and OP = AB find the point P when A and B are (−3, 7) and (1, 0)
Respectively. (FSD 15)(LHR 16)
Sol: Suppose the co-ordinates of P are (x, y)
→ →
Given OP = AB
(x − 0)i + (y − 0)j = (1 + 3)i + (0 − 7)j
xi + y j = 4i − 7j
 x = 4 , y = −7
P(4, −7) is required point.
Q.10 Use vector to show that ABCD is a parallelogram. When the points A, B, C, D are
respectively (0, 0), (a, 0), (b, c), (b − a, c)
→ D (b-a,c) C(b,c)
Sol: AB = (a − 0)i + (0 − 0)j = ai + 0j
→
DC = (b − b + a)i + (c − c) j = ai + 0j
→
AD = (b − a − 0) i + (c − 0) j = (b − a)i + cj A (0,0) B(a,0)
→
BC = (b − a)i + (c − 0) j = (b − a)i + cj
→ → → →
Since AB = DC and AD = BC
→ → → →
 AB || DC and AD || BC
 ABCD is a parallelogram.
→ →
Q.11 If AB = CD find coordinates of the point A when the points B, C, D are (1, 2), (−2, 5), (4, 11)
respectively
Sol: Suppose the co-ordinates of A are (x, y)
→ →
Given AB = CD
(1 − x)i + (2 − y) j = (4 + 2)i + (11 − 5)j
(1 − x)i + (2 − y) j = 6i + 6j
 1 − x =6 , 2 − y = 6
x = −5 , y = −4  A(−5, −4)
Q.12 Find the position vectors of the point of division of the line segment joining the following
pair of points. in the given ratio.
(i) Point C with position vector 2i − 3j and Point D with position vector 3i + 2j in the ratio 4 : 3
(GUJ 16)
Sol: Let 4 P()
r 3
C(c) D(d)
Position vector of C = c = 2i − 3j
Position vector of D = d = 3i + 2j
Let −r be the position vector of point P(x, y) which divides the
→ O
line segment CD in the ration 4 : 3
Vectors 663 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
3c + 4d
−r = 3+4
3(2i − 3j) + 4(3i + 2j)
= 3+4
6i − 9j + 12i + 8j
= 7
18i − j 18 1
= 7 = 7 i − 7 j
(ii) Point E with position vector 5j and Point F with position vector 4i + j in the ratio 2:5.
(LHR 15)
Sol: Let
E(e) 2 P()
r 5 F()
f
Position vector of E = e = 0i + 5j
Position vector of F = f = 4i + j

O
→
Let −r be the position vector of point P(x, y) which divides the line segment EF in the ration 2:5
5e + 2f
−r = 2+5
5(0i + 5j) + 2(4i + j)
= 2+5
0i + 25j + 8i + 2j
= 7
8i + 27j 8 27
= 7 = 7 i + 7 j
Q.13 Prove that the line segment joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and half as long. (LHR 13, 14)
→
Sol: Let a, b, c be the position vectors of A, B, C respectively. and D,E be the mid points of sides AB,
→
AC respectively.
a+b A (a)
P.V of D = 2
a+c
P.V of E = 2 D E
→
BC = c − b
→ a+c a+b a+c−a−b c−b B(b) C(c)
DE = 2 − 2 = 2 = 2
→ 1
DE = 2 (c − b)

1 →
= 2 BC
→ → → →
Hence DE | | BC and DE is half as long as BC.
Vectors 664 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.14 Prove that the line segments joining the mid points of the sides of a quadrilateral taken in
order form a parallelogram. (LHR 15)(SRG 17)
Sol:
Let a, b, c, d be the position vectors of A, B, C, D respectively. and E, F, G,H be the mid points
→ → → →
of sides AB, BC, CD, DA respectively.
a+b D
P.V of E = 2 G
C
b+c
P.V of F = 2 H
c+d F
P.V of G = 2
A
a+d E
P.V of H = 2 B
→ b+c a+b b+c−a−b c−a
EF = 2 − 2 = 2 = 2
→ c+d a+d c+d−a−d c−a
HG = 2 − 2 = 2 = 2

→ c+d b+c c+d−b−c d−b

FG = 2 − 2 = 2 = 2
→ a+d a+b a+d−a−b d−b
EH = 2 − 2 = 2 = 2

→ → → →
Since EF = HG  EF || HG
→ → → →
and EH = FG  EH || FG
So EFGH is parallelogram.
Vectors 665 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Distance Between Two Points in Space
If P1 ( x1 , y1 ,z1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y2 ,z2 ) be the points in space, then

1 2 = OP2 − OP1 =  x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 ,z2 − z1 

PP
Distance between P1 and P2 is given by
P1 P2 = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2

Direction Angles and Direction Cosines of a Vector

Let r = OP = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ be a non-zero vector, let  ,  and  denote the angles formed between r
and unit coordinate vectors î , ˆj and k̂ respectively such that 0     , 0     and 0     . Then
(i) The angles  ,  and  are called direction angles of vector r .
x y z
(ii) The numbers cos  = , cos  = and cos  = are called direction cosines of vector r .
r r r
(iii) cos  + cos  + cos  = 1
2 2 2

Example 1 (Page # 337): For the vectors, v = [2, 1, 3] and w = [−1, 4, 0], we have the following.
Solution: Given that: v = [2, 1, 3], w = [−1, 4, 0]
(i) v+w = [2, 1, 3] + [−1, 4, 0] = [2 − 1, 1 + 4, 3 + 0] = [1, 5, 3]
(ii) v−w = [2, 1, 3] − [−1, 4, 0] = [2, 1, 3] + (−1)[−1, 4, 0]
= [2, 1, 3] + [1, −4, 0] = [2 + 1, 1 − 4, 3 + 0] = [3, −3, 3]
(iii) 2w = 2[−1, 4, 0] = [−2, 8, 0]
(iv) |v − 2w| = |[2, 1, 3] – 2[−1, 4, 0]| = |[2, 1, 3] + (−2)[−1, 4, 0]|
= |[2, 1, 3] + [2, −8, 0]| = |[2 + 2, 1 − 8, 3 + 0]|
= |[4, −7, 3]| = (4)2 + (−7)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 49 + 16 = 74
Example 2 (Page # 340): If u = 2i + 3 j + k, v = 4i + 6 j + 2k and w = −6i − 9 j − 3k, then
− − −
(a)
Find: (i) u + 2v (ii) |u − v − w|
(b)
Show that u, v and w are parallel to each other.
Solution: Given that: u = 2i + 3 j + k, v = 4i + 6 j + 2k, w = −6i − 9 j − 3k
− − −
(a) (i) u + 2v = (2i + 3 j + k) + 2(4i + 6 j + 2k)
− −
= 2i + 3 j + k + 8i + 12 j + 4k = 10i + 15 j + 5k
− − −
(ii) u − v − w = (2i + 3 j + k) − (4i + 3 j + k) − (4i + 6 j + 2k) − (−6i − 9 j − 3k)
− − − −
= 2i + 3 j + k − 4i − 6 j − 2k − 6i + 9 j + 3k = 4i + 6 j + 2k
− − − −

|u − v − w| = (4)2 + (6)2 + (2)2 = 16 + 36 + 4 = 56 = 2 14

(iii) We see that:
v = 4i + 6 j + 2k = 2(2i + 3 j + k) = 2u  (1)
− −
and w = −6i − 9 j − 3k = −3(−2i + 3 j + k) = −3u  (2)
− −
The eq. (1) and eq. (2) show that the given vectors are parallel vectors.
Vectors 666 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Direction Angles and direction Cosines of a Vector
⎯
Let r = OP = xi + yi + zk be a non-zero vector, let ,  z P

and  denote the angles formed between r and the unit 

r
coordinate vectors i, j and k respectively. ^
k

Such that 0     , 0     and 0    
O
^ y
^  j
(i) The angles , ,  are called the direction angles i
x
and
z
(ii) The numbers cos , cos  and cos  are
C (0, 0, z)
called direction cosines of the vector r.
Important Result: P(x, y, z)

Prove that cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1 O 
y
Solution: B
 (0, y, 0)
Let r = [x, y, z] = xi + yj + zk A
(x, 0, 0)
 |r| = x + y + z = r
2 2 2
x
r x y z  ⎯
then |r| =  r  r  r  is the unit vector in the direction of the vector r = OP .
 
It can be visualized that the triangle OAP is a right triangle with A = 90º.
Therefore in right triangle OAP, P

⎯
OA x
cos  = = r , similarly
⎯ L
OP
y z 
cos  = r , cos  = r 0 X A

x y z ⎯
The numbers cos  = r , cos  = r and cos  = r are called the direction cosines of OP .

x2 y2 z2 x2 + y2 + z2 r2
 cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = r2 + r2 + r2 = r2 = r2 = 1
Vectors 667 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Q.1 Let A(2, 5), B(−1, 1) and C(2, −6). Find

→ → → → →
(i) AB (ii) 2AB − CB (iii) 2CB − 2CA
→
(i) AB
→
Sol: AB = (−1 −2)i + (1 − 5) j = −3i − 4j
→ →
(ii) 2AB − CB
→ →
Sol: 2AB − CB
→
AB = (−1 −2)i + (1 − 5)j = −3i − 4j
→
CB = (−1 −2)i + (1+ 6) j = −3i + 7j
→ →
2AB − CB = 2 (−3i − 4j )−(−3i + 7j ) = −6i − 8j + 3i − 7j
= −3i − 15j
→ →
(iii) 2CB − 2CA
→ →
Sol: 2CB − 2CA
→
CB = (−1 −2)i + (1 + 6) j = −3i + 7j
→
CA = (2 − 2)i + (5 + 6) j = 0i + 11j
→ →
2CB − 2CA = 2(−3i + 7j) − 2 (0i + 11j ) = −6i + 14j − 0i − 22j
= −6i − 8j
Q.2 Let u = i + 2j − k, v = 3i − 2j + 2k, w = 5i − j + 3k
Find the indicated vector or number
(i) u + 2v + w (ii) v − 3w (iii) |3v + w|
(i) u + 2v + w
Sol: u + 2v + w = (i + 2j − k) + 2 (3i − 2j + 2k) + (5i − j + 3k)
= i + 2j − k + 6i − 4j + 4k + 5i − j + 3k
= 12i − 3j + 6k
(ii) v − 3w
Sol: v − 3w = (3i − 2j + 2k) − 3 (5i − j + 3k)
= 3i− 2j + 2k − 15i + 3j − 9k
= −12i + j − 7k
Vectors 668 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
(iii) |3v + w|
Sol:
3v + w = 3(3i − 2j + 2k) + (5i − j + 3k)
= 9i − 6j + 6k + 5i − j + 3k
= 14i − 7j + 9k
|3v + w| = (14)2 + (−7)2 + (9)2 = 196 + 49 + 81 = 326
Q.3 Find the magnitude of the vector v and write the direction cosines of v
(i) v = 2i + 3 j + 4k (ii) v = i − j − k (iii) v = 4i − 5j
− − −
(i) v = 2i + 3 j + 4k (FSD 17)
−
Sol: v = 2i + 3 j + 4k
−
|v| = (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = 4 +9 + 16 = 29
Direction cosines are
2 3 4
cos  = , cos  = , cos  =
29 29 29
 2 3 4 
   
 29 29 29
(ii) v =i − j − k
−
Sol: v =i − j − k
−
|v| = (1)2 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
Direction cosines are
1 −1 −1
cos  = , cos  = , cos  =
3 3 3
 1 −1 −1 
   
 3 3 3
(iii) v = 4i − 5j (D.G.K 17 G-II)
−
Sol: v = 4i − 5 j + 0k
−
|v| = (4) + (−5)2 + (0)2 = 16 + 25 + 0 = 41
2

Direction cosines are

4 −5 0
cos  = , cos  = , cos  = = 0
41 41 41
 4 −5 
   0
 41 41 
Q.4 Find , so that |i + ( + 1) j + 2k| = 3
−
(MTN 17)(RWP 15, 16)(FSD, SRG 15)(LHR 17 G-I)(RWP 17 G-II)
Sol: |i + ( + 1) j + 2k| = 3
−
()2 + ( + 1)2 + (2)2 = 3
Vectors 669 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Squaring both sides
 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 4 = 9
22 + 2 + 5 = 9
 22 + 2 − 4 = 0
 +  − 2 = 0
 2 + 2 −  − 2 = 0
 ( + 2) −1( + 2) = 0
 ( + 2) ( − 1) = 0 +2 = 0 , −1 = 0
 = −2 ,  = 1
Q.5 Find a unit vector in the direction of v = i + 2 j − k
−
Sol: Let v = i + 2j − k
|v| = (1)2 + (2)2 + (−1)2
= 1+4+1 = 6
i + 2j − k
^ v − 1 2 1
v = |v| = = i+ j− k
6 6 6 − 6
Q.6 If a = 3i − j − 4k , b = −2i − 4j − 3k , c = i + 2j − k (GUJ 13)
− − −
Find a unit vector parallel to 3a − 2b + 4c
Sol: Let d = 3a − 2b + 4c
d = 3 (3i − j − 4k) − 2 (−2i − 4 j − 3k) + 4 (i + 2 j − k)
− − −
d = 9i − 3 j − 12k + 4i + 8 j + 6k + 4i + 8 j − 4k
− − −
= 17i + 13 j − 10k
−
|d| = (17) + (13)2 + (−10)2
2

= 289 + 169 + 100 = 558

17i + 13 j − 10k
^ d −
d = |d| =
558
^ 17 13 10
d = i+ j− k
558 558 − 558
Q.7 Find a vector whose
(i) Magnitude is 4 and is parallel to 2i − 3 j + 6k
−
(ii) Magnitude is 2 and is parallel to −i + j + k
−
(i) Magnitude is 4 and is parallel to 2i − 3j + 6k (BHP, MTN 15)(LHR 16)(RWP 17 G-II)
−
Sol: Let v = 2i − 3 j + 6k
−
2 2 2
|v
−| = (2) + (−3) + (6) = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 = 7
2i − 3 j + 6k
−
v^ = 7
2i − 3 j + 6k
− 8 12 24
required vector = 4v^ = 4 × = 7i− 7 j + 7 k
7 −
Vectors 670 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
(ii) Magnitude is 2 and is parallel to −i + j + k. (FSD 17)
−
Sol:
Let v = −i + j + k
−
|v| = (−1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2
= 1+1+1 = 3
−i + j + k
−
v^ =
3
−i + j + k
−
required vector = 2v^ = 2 ×
3
−2 2 2
= i+ j+ k
3 3 − 3
Q.8 If u = 2i + 3j + 4k , v = −i + 3 j − k and w = i + 6 j + zk represents the sides of triangle.
− − −
Find the value of z.
Sol: As u, −
− v, w
− represents the sides of triangle
So u+− v = w w
− −
2i + 3 j + 4k − i + 3 j − k = −i + 6 j + zk v
− − −
i + 6 j + 3k = i + 6 j + zk
− − u
By comparing
 z = 3
Q.9 The position vectors of the points A, B, C, D are 2i − j + k, 3i + j , 2i + 4 j − 2k, −i − 2 j + k
− − − −
→ →
respectively. Show that AB is parallel to CD. (LHR 14)
→
Sol: AB = (3i + j ) − (2i − j + k)
− −
= (3 − 2)i + (1 + 1) j + (0 − 1)k
−
= i + 2j − k
−
→
CD = (−i − 2 j + k) − (2i + 4 j − 2k)
− −
= (−1 −2)i + (−2 −4) j + (1 + 2)k = −3i − 6 j + 3k
− −
→
CD = −3(i − 2 j − k)
−
→ →
CD = −3AB
→ →
 AB | | CD
→ →
Hence AB is parallel to CD
Vectors 671 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.10 We say that two vectors v and w are parallel if there is a scalar c such that v = cw. The vector
point in the same direction if c > 0 and the vector point in the opposite direction if c < 0
(a) Find two vectors of length 2 parallel to the vector v = 2i − 4j + 4k
−
(b) Find the constant a so that the vectors
v = i − 3j + 4k and w = ai + 9 j − 12k are parallel.
− −
(c) Find a vector of length of 5 in the direction opposite that of v = i − 2 j + 3k
−
(d) Find a and b so that the vectors 3i − j + 4k and ai + b j −2k are parallel.
− −
(a) Find two vectors of length 2 parallel to the vector (RWP, D.G.K 17 G-II)
v = 2i − 4j + 4k
−
Sol:
Let v = 2i − 4 j + 4k
−
|v| = (2)2 + (−4)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 16 + 16 = 36 = 6
2i − 4 j + 4k
−
v^ = 6
2i − 4 j + 4k
− 1
required vectors =  2v^ =  2 × 6 =  3 (2i − 4j + 4k)
2 4 4
= 3i−3 j +3k (same direction)
−
2 4 4
= − 3 i + 3 j − 3 k (opposite direction)
−
(b) Find the constant a so that the vectors
v = i − 3j + 4k and w = ai + 9 j − 12k are parallel.
− −
Sol: Since v || w
a 9 −12
 = = (Direction ratios are same)
1 −3 4
 a = −3
(c) Find a vector of length of 5 in the direction opposite that of v = i − 2j + 3k (LHR 17 G-II)
−
Sol:
Let v = i − 2 j + 3k
−
|v| = (1)2 + (−2)2 + (3)2 = 1+4+9 = 14
i − 2 j + 3k
−
v^ =
14
i − 2 j + 3k
−
required vector = −5v^ = −5 ×
14
−5 10 15
= i+ j− k
14 14 − 14
Vectors 672 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
(d) Find a and b so that the vectors 3i − j + 4k And ai + b j −2k are parallel. (MTN 15)(GUJ 16)
− −
Sol: Let v = 3i − j + 4k and w− = ai + b−j − 2k
−
since v || w
a b −2 a b −1
 = =  = =
3 −1 4 3 −1 2
a −1 b −1
 3 = 2 and = 2
−1
−3 1
a = 2 and b = 2

Q.11 Find the direction cosines for the given vector.

(i) v = 3i − j + 2k (ii) 6i − 2 j + k
− −
→
(iii) PQ where P = (2, 1, 5) and Q = (1, 3, 1)
(i) v = 3i − j + 2k (LHR 15)(D.G.K 17 G-I)
−
Sol: v = 3i − j + 2k
−
|v| = (3)2 + (−1)2 + (2)2 = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14
Direction cosines are
3 −1 2
cos  = , cos  = , cos  =
14 14 14
 3 −1 2 
   
 14 14 14
(ii) 6i − 2j + k (GUJ 17)
−
Sol: Let v = 6i − 2 j + k
−
|v| = (6) + (−2)2 + (1)2 = 36 + 4 + 1 = 41
2

Direction cosines are

6 −2 1
cos  = , cos  = , cos  =
41 41 41
 6 −2 1 
   
 41 41 41
→
(iii) PQ where P = (2, 1, 5) and Q = (1, 3, 1) (LHR 15)
→
Sol: PQ = (1 − 2) i + (3 − 1) j + (1 − 5) k = −i + 2 j − 4k
− −
→
|PQ| = (−1)2 + (2)2 + (−4)2 = 1 + 4 + 16 = 21
Direction cosines are
−1 2 −4
cos  = , cos  = , cos  =
21 21 21
 −1 2 −4 
   
 21 21 21
Vectors 673 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.12 Which of the following triples can be the direction angles of a single vector:
(i) 45, 45, 60 (ii) 30, 45, 60 (iii) 45, 60, 60
(i) 45, 45, 60
Sol: Let  = 45 ,  = 45,  = 60
cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = cos2 45 + cos2 45 + cos2 60
 1 2  1 2 12
=   +   + 2
 2  2
1 1 1 2+2+1 5
= +
2 2 4 + = 4 = 4  1
So given triple is not direction angles of a vector.
(ii) 30, 45, 60
Sol: Let  = 30,  = 45,  = 60
cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = cos2 30 + cos2 45 + cos2 60
 32  1 2 12
=   +  + 
 2   2 2
3 1 1 3+2+1 6 3
= +
4 2 4 + = 4 = 4 = 2  1

So given triple is not direction angles of a vector.

(iii) 45, 60, 60
Sol: Let  = 45,  = 60,  = 60
cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = cos2 45 + cos2 60 + cos2 60
 1 2 12 12
=   + 2 + 2
 2
1 1 1 2+1+1 4
= 2 +4 +4 = 4 = 4 = 1

Hence given triple is direction angles of a vector.

Vectors 674 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Scalar (Dot or Inner) Product of Two Vectors
If u and v be two non-zero vectors in plane or space and  be the angle between u and v , then dot
product of u and v is defined as
u . v = u v cos 
Cosine of angle between u and v is given by
u .v
cos  =
u v

If u = a1ˆi + b1 ˆj + c1kˆ and v = a2ˆi + b2 ˆj + c2 kˆ are two non-zero vectors in space, then dot product of u and v
is defined as
u . v = a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
ˆ ˆ = 1 and ˆi .ˆj = ˆj.iˆ = k.i
Note: ˆi .iˆ = ˆj.ˆj = k.k ˆˆ =0

Example 1 (Page # 344): (i) If v = [x1, y1] and w = [x2, y2] are two vectors in the plane, then v . w
= x1x2 + y1y2 (ii) If v and w are two non-zero vectors in the plane, then v . w = | v || w | cos  where
 is the angle between v and w and 0    .
Solution:
(i) Given that: v = [x1, y1], w = [x2, y2]
L.H.S. = v . w = [x1, y1] . [x2, y2] = (x1i + y1 j) . (x2 + y2 j)
− −
= x1x2 i . i + x1y2 i . j + x2y1 j . i + y1y2 j . j
− − − −
But i.i = j.j = 1 and i . j = j . i = 0, so
− − − −
= x1x2(1) + x1y2(0) + x2y1(0) + y1y2(1)
= x1x2 + 0 + 0 + y1y2 = x1x2 + y1y2 = R.H.S.
(ii) Let v are w represent the sides of a triangle, then the third side v−
will be v − w. According to the law of cosines, we take: w w
|v − w|2 = | v |2 + | w |2 − 2 | v || w | cos 
2 2 
Since v = [x1, y1]  |v| = x1 + y1 v
2 2
 |v| 2
= x1 + y1
2 2 2 2
w = [x2, y2]  |w| = x2 + y2  | w |2 = x2 + y2
v−w = [x1, y1] − [x2, y2] = [x1 − x2, y1 − y2]
2 2 2 2
 |v − w|2 = (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 = x1 + x2 − 2x1x2 + y1 + y2 − 2y1y2
2 2 2 2
= x1 + x2 + y1 + y2 − 2x1x2 − 2y1y2
2 2 2 2
= x1 + x2 + y1 + y2 − 2(x1x2 + y1y2)
So, from eq. (1)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x1 + x2 + y1 + y2 − 2(x1x2 + y1y2) = x1 + y1 + x2 + y2 − 2| v || w | cos 
−2(x1x2 + y1y2) = −2| v || w | cos   x1x2 + y1y2 = | v || w | cos 
 x1x2 + y1y2 = v . w
Vectors 675 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Example 2 (Page # 345): If u = 3i − j − 2k and v = i + 2 j − k.
− −
Solution: Given that: u = 3i − j − 2k, v = i + 2 j − k
− −
u . v = (3i − j − 2k) . (i + 2 j − k)
− −
= (3)(1) + (−1)(2) + (−2)(−1) = 3 − 2 + 2 = 3
Example 3 (Page # 345): If u = 2i − 4 j + 5k and v = 4i − 3 j − 4k.
− −
Solution: Given that: u = 2i − 4 j + 5k, v = 4i − 3 j − 4k
− −
u . v = (2i − 4 j + 5k) . (4i − 3 j − 4k)
− −
= (2)(4) + (−4)(−3) + (5)(−4) = 8 + 12 − 20 = 0
This shows that u and v are perpendicular vectors.
Example 4 (Page # 346): Find the angle between the vectors:
u = 2i − j + k and v = −i + j
− −
Solution: Given that: u = 2i − j + k
−
| u | = (2) + (−1)2 + (1)2 =
2
4+1+1 = 6
v = −i + j
−
| v | = (−1)2 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2
and u . v = (2i − j + k) . (−i + j) = (2)(−1) + (−1)(1) + (1)(0)
− −
= −2 −1 + 0 = −3
u.v −3 −3 −3 − 3
 cos  = | u || v | = = = = 2
6. 2 12 2 3
3 3  3
− cos  = 2  cos ( − ) = 2   −  = cos−1  2 
 
  6 −  5
−= 6   = −6 = 6 = 6
Perpendicular Vectors
Two non-zero vectors u and v are perpendicular to each other if and only if
u .v = 0
Example 5 (Page # 346): Find a scalar  so that the vectors 2i +  j + 5k and 3i + j + k are
− −
perpendicular.
Solution: Let u = 2i +  j + 5k, v = 3i + j + k
− −
Since u and v are perpendicular, so
u.v = 0  (2i +  j + 5k) . (3i + j + k) = 0
− −
(2)(3) + ()(1) + (5)() = 0  6 +  + 5 = 0
−6
6 + 6 = 0  6 = −6   = 6   = −1
Vectors 676 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Example 6 (Page # 347): Show that the vectors 2i − j + k, i − 3 j − 5k and 3i − 4 j − 4k from the
− − −
sides of a right triangle.
Solution: Let u = 2i − j + k, v = i − 3 j − 5k, w = 3i − 4 j − 4k
− − −
We see that:
u+v = w  2i − j + k + i − 3 j − 5k = 3i − 4 j − 4k
− − −
3i − 4 j − 4k = 3i − 4 j − 4k (True)
− −
and u . v = (2i − j + k) . (i − 3 j − 5k)
− −
= (2)(1) + (−1)(−3) + (1)(−5) = 2 + 3 − 5 = 0
This shows that the given vectors form the sides of a right triangle.
Projection of one Vector upon another Vector
If u and v be two non-zero vectors and  be the angle between u and v , then
u .v
Projection v along u = v cos  =
u
u .v
Projection u along v = u cos  =
v
Example 5 (Page # 346): Find a scalar  so that the vectors 2i +  j + 5k and 3i + j + k are
− −
perpendicular.
Solution: Let u = 2i +  j + 5k, v = 3i + j + k
− −
Since u and v are perpendicular, so
u.v = 0  (2i +  j + 5k) . (3i + j + k) = 0
− −
(2)(3) + ()(1) + (5)() = 0 
6 +  + 5 = 0
−6
6 + 6 = 0  6 = −6   = 6   = −1
Example 6 (Page # 347): Show that the vectors 2i − j + k, i − 3 j − 5k and 3i − 4 j − 4k from the
− − −
sides of a right triangle.
Solution: Let u = 2i − j + k, v = i − 3 j − 5k, w = 3i − 4 j − 4k
− − −
We see that:
u+v = w  2i − j + k + i − 3 j − 5k = 3i − 4 j − 4k
− − −
3i − 4 j − 4k = 3i − 4 j − 4k (True)
− −
and u . v = (2i − j + k) . (i − 3 j − 5k)
− −
= (2)(1) + (−1)(−3) + (1)(−5) = 2 + 3 − 5 = 0
This shows that the given vectors form the sides of a right triangle.
Example 7 (Page # 348): Show that the components of a vector are the projections of that vector
along i, j and k respectively.
−
Solution: Let v = ai + b j + ck
−
(ai + b j + ck) . i
v.i −
Projection of v along i = |i| = 1
Vectors 677 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
(a)(1) + (b)(0) + (c)(0) a+0+0
= 1 = 1 = a
v. j (ai + b j + ck) . j
− − −
Projection of v along j = |j| = 1
−
−
(a)(0) + (b)(1) + (c)(0) 0+b+0
= 1 = 1 = b
(ai + b j + ck) . k
v.k −
Projection of v along k = |k| = 1
(a)(0) + (b)(0) + (c)(1) 0+0+c
= 1 = 1 = c
Hence the components of a vector are the projections of that vector along i, j and k respectively.
−
Example 8 (Page # 348): Prove that in any triangle ABC:
(i) a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A (Cosine law)
(ii) a = b cos C + c cos B (Projection law)
Solution:
(i) a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A

 -C C

b a

 -B
A
 -A c B

→ → →
Let the vectors a, b, c be along the sides BC , CA , AB of the triangle ABC respectively.
 a+b+c = 0
 a = −(b + c)
now a•a = (b + c) • (b + c)
a.a = b.b+ b.c + b.a + c.c
a2 = b2 + 2|b| |c| cos ( − A) + c2  cos ( − ) = − cos 
a2 = b2 + 2bc(−cos A) + c2
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
(ii) a = b cos C + c cos B
 a+b+c = 0
 a = −b −c
taking dot product with a
a . a = −b . a − a . c
a2 = −|b| |a| cos ( − C) − |a| |c| cos ( − B)
a2 = −ab (−cosC) − ac(−cos B)  cos ( − ) = − cos 
Vectors 678 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
a = b cos C + c cos B
Vectors 679 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Example 9 (Page # 349): Prove that: cos ( − ) = cos  cos  + sin  sin 
y
Solution:
A
→ →
Let OA and OB be two unit vectors making angles  and  with
the positive x-axis
→ → B
So that BOA =  −  and |OA| = |OB| = 1 −

→ 
Now OA = cos i + sin  j x
− O
→
OB = cos  i + sin j
−
→ →
Now OA•OB = (cosi + sin  j ) • (cosi + sin j )
− −
→ →
|OA||OB| cos(− ) = cos cos + sin sin
1.1 cos(− ) = cos cos + sin sin
 cos(− ) = cos cos + sin sin
Hence proved.
Vectors 680 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Q.1 Find the cosine of the angle  between u

− and −
v
(i) u = 3i + j − k , −
v = 2i − j + k (ii) u = i − 3 j + 4k, v = 4i − j + 3k
− − − −
(iii) u = [−3, 5] , v = [6, −2] (iv) u = [2, −3, 1] , v = [2, 4, 1]
(i) u = 3i + j − k , − v = 2i − j + k
− −
Sol: u.v = (3i + j − k)•(2i − j + k) = 3(2) + (1) (−1) + (−1) (1) = 6 − 1 − 1= 4
− −
|u| = (3)2 + (1)2 + (−1)2 = 9+1+1 = 11
|v| = (2)2 + (−1)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
u.v 4 4
cos  = |u||v| = =
11. 6 66
(ii) u = i − 3j + 4k, v = 4i − j + 3k (D.G.K 17 G-I)
− −
Sol: u.v = (i − 3 j + 4k)•(4i − j + 3k) = 1 (4) + (−3) (−1) + 4 (3) = 4 + 3 + 12 = 19
− −
|u| = (1)2 + (−3)2 + (4)2 = 1 + 9 + 16 = 26
|v| = (4)2 + (−1)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 1 + 9 = 26
u.v 19 19
cos  = |u||v| = = 26
26. 26
(iii) u = [−3, 5] , v = [6, −2]
Sol: u = −3i + 5 j , v = 6i − 2 j
− −
u.v = (−3i + 5 j )•(6i − 2 j ) = −3 (6) + 5 (−2) = −18 − 10= −28
− −
|u| = (−3)2 + (5)2 = 9 + 25 = 34
|v| = (6)2 + (−2)2 = 36 + 4 = 40
u.v −28 −28
cos  = |u||v| = =
34. 40 1360
−28 −7
= =
4 85 85
(iv) u = [2, −3, 1] , v = [2, 4, 1]
Sol: u = 2i − 3 j + k , v = 2i + 4 j + 1k
− −
u.v = (2i − 3 j + k)•(2i + 4 j +k) = 2(2) + (−3) (4) + 1 (1) = 4 − 12 + 1 = −7
− −
|u| = (2)2 + (−3)2 + (1)2 = 4+9+1 = 14
|v| = (2)2 + (4)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 16 + 1 = 21
u.v −7 −7 −7 −7 −1
Cos  = |u ||v| = = = = =
14. 21 14 × 21 7×2×7×3 7 6 6
Vectors 681 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.2 Calculate the projection of −
a along b
− and projection of b along a.
(i) a= i−k , b = i+k (ii) a = 3i + j − k , b = −2i − j + k
(i) a = i−k , b = i+k (LHR 13, 15)(SRG 15)
Sol: a.b = (i − k)•( j + k) = 0 + 0 − 0 − 1 = −1
−
|a| = (1)2 + (−1)2 = 1+1 = 2
|b| = (1)2 + (1)2 = 1+1 = 2
a.b −1
Projection of − b = a . b^
a along − = |b| =
2
b.a −1
Projection of b along a = b . ^a = |a| =
2
( a. b = b. a )

(ii) a = 3i + j − k , b = −2i − j + k
− −
a.b = (3i + j − k) • (−2i− j + k)) = −6 − 1 − 1 = −8
− −
2 2 2
|a| = (3) + (1) + (−1) = 9 + 1 + 1 = 11
2 2 2
|b| = (−2) + (−1) + (1) = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
a.b −8
Projection of −
a along −b = a . b^ = |b| =
6
b.a −8
Projection of b along a = b . ^a = |a| =
11
( a. b = b. a )

Q.3 Find a real number  so that the vectors u and v are perpendicular.
(i) u = 2i + j − k , v = i +  j + 4k (ii) u = i + 2 j − k , v = i +  j + 3k
− − − −
(i) u = 2i + j − k , v = i +  j + 4k (SRG 17)(LHR 17 G-II)
− −
Sol: As u and v are perpendicular.
So u.v = 0
(2i + j – k) • (i +  j + 4k) = 0
− −
(2)(1) +(1)( ) +(−1)( 4) = 0
2 +  − 4 = 0
3 = 4
4
 =3
(ii) u = i + 2 j − k , v = i +  j + 3k (LHR 15)
− −
Sol: As u and v are perpendicular.
So u.v = 0
(i + 2 j − k) • (i +  j + 3k) = 0
− −
()(1) +( 2)()+ (−1)( 3) = 0
 + 22 − 3 = 0
 22 +  − 3 = 0
22 − 2 + 3 − 3 = 0
 2( − 1) + 3( − 1) = 0
( − 1)(2 + 3) = 0
Vectors 682 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
−1 = 0 , 2 + 3 = 0
−3
  =1 ,  = 2

Q.4 Find the number z so that the triangle with vertices A(1, −1, 0) , B(−2, 2 ,1), C(0, 2, z) is a
right angle with right angle at C. (RWP 16)
Sol:
→ B(-2,2,1)
AC = (0 −1) i + (2 + 1) j + (z − 0)k
−
= −i + 3j + zk
→
CB = (−2 −0)i + (2 −2) j + (1 − z)k
−
= −2i + 0 j + (1 − z)k A(1,-1,0) C(0,2,2)
−
→ →
Since right angle is at C so AC ⊥ CB
→ →
 AC • CB = 0
(−i + 3 j + zk)(−2i + 0 j +(1 − z)k) = 0
− −
(–1)(–2) + (z)(0) + (z)(1–z) = 0
2 + 0 + z − z2= 0
 z2 − z – 2 = 0
z − 2z + z − 2 = 0
2

z(z − 2) + 1(z − 2) = 0
(z − 2) (z + 1) = 0
z−2 =0 ,z+1= 0
 z = 2, z = −1
Q.5 If v is the vector for which v.i = 0, v. j = 0, v.k = 0 find v (SRG 17)
−
Sol: Let v = ai + b j + ck
−
As v•i = 0  (ai + b j + ck) •i = 0  a = 0
−
v• j = 0  (ai + b j + ck) • j = 0  b = 0
− − −
v•k = 0  (ai + b j + ck) •k = 0  c = 0
−
 v = 0i + 0 j + 0k
−
Q.6 (i) Show that the vectors 3i − 2j + k , i − 3 j + 5k and 2i + j − 4k form a right triangle.
− − −
(ii) Show that the set of points.P(1, 3, 2), Q(4, 1, 4), R(6, 5, 5) form a right triangle.
(i) Show that the vectors 3i − 2j + k , i − 3j + 5k and 2i + j − 4k form a right triangle.(GUJ 13)
− − −
Sol: Let a = 3i − 2 j + k , b = i − 3 j + 5k and c = 2i + j − 4k
− − −
b + c = i − 3 j + 5k + 2i + j − 4k = 3i − 2 j + k = a
− − −
Vectors 683 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
 Given vectors form a triangle
Now, a • c = (3i − 2 j + k) • (2i + j − 4k)
− −
= (3)(2) +(–2)(1)+(1)(–4)
= 6−2−4 = 0
 a⊥c
So, a, b, c form a right triangle
(ii) Show that the set of points.
P(1, 3, 2), Q(4, 1, 4), R(6, 5, 5) form a right triangle.
Sol:
→
PQ = (4 – 1)i + (1 – 3) j + (4 – 2)k = 3i −2 j + 2k
− −
→
QR = (6 – 4)i + (5 – 1) j + (5 – 4)k = 2i + 4 j + k
− −
→
PR = (6 – 1)i + (5 – 3) j + (5 – 2)k = 5i + 2 j + 3k
− −
→ → →
PQ + QR = 3i – 2 j + 2k + 2i + 4 j + k = 5i + 2 j + 3k = PR
− − −
 P, Q and R form a triangle.
→ →
Now PQ • QR = (3i − 2 j + 2k) • (2i + 4 j + k)
− −
= (3)(2)+(–2)(4)+(2)(1)
= 6 −8 + 2 = 0
→ →
 PQ ⊥ QR
So P, Q and R form a right triangle.
Q.7 Show that mid point of hypotenuse a right triangle is equidistant from its vertices.
(MTN 15)
Sol:
Consider a right triangle OAB with vertices
B(0, b)
O(0, 0) , A (a, 0) and B (0, b)
Let M be the mid point of hypotenuse
a + 0 0 + b  a  b  a b
Coordinates of M  2  2  = 2 2 M , 
 2 2
   
→ a  b  −a b
Now, AM = 2 − ai + 2 − 0 j = i + 2 −j
   − 2
→  a 2 b2 a2 b2
AM| = | −2 + 2
   
= 4 + 4 ... (1) O(0, 0) A(a, 0)

→ a  b  a b
BM = 2 − 0 i + 2 − b j = 2 i − 2 j
   − −
→ a 2 −b2 a2 b2
|BM | = 2 + 2
   
= 4+ 4 ... (2)
Vectors 684 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
→ a  b  a b
OM = 2 − 0 i + 2 − 0 j = 2 i + 2 j
   − −
→ a 2  b 2 a2 b2
|OM | = 2 + (2)  =
    4+ 4 ... (3)
From (1), (2) and (3)
→ → →
| | |
AM = BM = OM | | |
Hence proved that mid point of hypotenuse a right triangle is equidistant from its vertices.
Q.8 Prove that perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Sol:
A(a)

F E
O

B(b) D C(c)
Let a, b, c be the position vectors of A, B, C. and
→ → →
Let D, E and F be the mid points of sides BC , CA and AB respectively.
→ b+c
Position vector of D = OD = 2
→ a+c
Position vector of E = OE = 2
→ a+b
Position vector of F = OF = 2
→ → →
AB = b − a , BC = c − b , CA = a − c
→ →
Suppose that two perpendicular bisectors OD and OE of ABC intersect at O
→ → → →
As OD ⊥ BC  OD • BC = 0
b + c
 2  • (c − b) = 0  (c + b) • (c − b) = 0
 
c − b = 0 ........ (i)
2 2

→ → → →
Also OE ⊥ CA  OE •CA = 0
a + c
 2  • (a − c) = 0  (a + c) • (a − c) = 0
 
a − c = 0 ........ (ii)
2 2

Equation (i) + Equation (ii)

a2 − b2 = 0  b2 − a2 = 0
b + a
(b + a)(b − a) = 0   2  • (b − a) = 0
 
→ → → →
OF • AB = 0  OF ⊥ AB Hence proved
Vectors 685 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.9 Prove that altitude of a triangle are concurrent. (MTN 17)
Sol:
A(a)
E
F
O

B(b) D C(c)
Let a, b, c be the position vector of A, B, C. then
→ → →
OA = a, OB = b, OC = c
→ → → → → →
Suppose that AD , BE and CF be the altitudes of sides BC , CA and AB respectively.
→ →
and two altitude AD and BE intersect at O.
→ → → → → →
As AD ⊥ BC  AO ⊥ BC  AO . BC = 0
− a • (c − b) = 0  − a•c + a•b = 0  a•c = a•b ....... (i)
→ → → → → →
As BE ⊥ CA  BO ⊥ CA = 0  BO • CA = 0
−b • (a − c) = 0  −b•a + b•c = 0  a•b = b•c ....... (ii)
from equation (i) and (ii)
a•c = b•c  b•c − a•c = 0  c • (b − a) = 0  − c • (b − a) = 0
→ → → → → →
CO • AB = 0  CO ⊥ AB  CF⊥ AB
Hence proved
Q.10 Prove that angle in a semi circle is right triangle. (MTN, FSD 15)(GUJ 17)(LHR 17 G-II)
Sol: Consider a semicircle with centre at origin O(0, 0) and A, B are ends of diameter having position
vectors −a , a respectively.
Let P(x, y) be any point on semicircle having position vector r. P(r)
→ → →
|OB| = |OA| = |OP|
| a | = |−a| = | r |
 a = a = r
A(-a) O B(a)
→ →
Now AP = r + a and BP = r − a
→ →
consider AP • BP = (r + a) • (r − a)
= r2 − a2
= r2 − r2 | a | = | r |
= 0
→ →
 AP ⊥ BP
 mAPB = 90º
Hence proved
Vectors 686 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.11 Prove that cos( + ) = cos cos − sin sin (BHP 15)(GUJ 13)
Sol:
→ → A
Let OA and OB be two unit vectors making angles  and − with the
positive x-axis
→ → 
So that BOA =  +  and |OA| = |OB| = 1 O -
Now
→
OA = cos i + sin  j B
−
→
OB = cos(−)i + sin(−) j = cosi − sin  j
− −
→ →
Now OA • OB = (cosi + sin  j ) • (cosi − sin j )
− −
→ →
| || |
OA OB cos( + ) = cos cos − sin sin
1.1 cos( + ) = cos cos − sin sin
 cos( + ) = cos cos − sin sin
Hence proved.
Q.12 Prove that in any triangle ABC
(i) b = c cos A + a cos C (ii) c = a cos B + b cos A
(iii) b2 = c2 + a2 − 2ca cos B (iv) c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
(i) b = c cos A + a cos C (LHR 15)(LHR 17 G-I)
Sol:

 -C C

b a

 -B
A
 -A c B

→ → →
Let the vectors a, b, c be along the sides BC , CA , AB of the triangle ABC respectively.
 a+b+c = 0
 b = −a −c
taking dot product with b
b . b = −b . a − b . c
b2 = −|b| |a| cos ( − C) − |b| |c| cos ( − A)
b2 = −ab (−cosC) − bc(−cos A)  cos ( − ) = − cos 
Vectors 687 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
b = a cos C + b cos A
(ii) c = a cos B + b cos A (SRG 15)
Sol:

 -C C

b a

 -B
A
 -A c B

→ → →
Let the vectors a, b, c be along the sides BC , CA , AB of the triangle ABC respectively.
 a+b+c = 0
 c = −a − b
taking dot product with c
c.c = −c.a − c.b
c2 = −|c| |a| cos( − B) − |c| |b| cos( −A)
c2 = −ac (−cos B) − bc(−cos A)  cos ( − ) = − cos 

c = a cos B + b cos A
(iii) b2 = c2 + a2 − 2ca cos B
Sol:

 -C C

b a

 -B
A
 -A c B

→ → →
Let the vectors a, b, c be along the sides BC , CA , AB of the triangle ABC respectively.
 a+b+c = 0
 b = −(a + c)
now b•b = (a + c) • (a + c)
b.b = a.a + a.c + c.a + c.c
b2 = a2 + 2|a| |c| cos ( − B) + c2  cos ( − ) = − cos 
Vectors 688 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
b2 = a2 + 2ac(−cos B) + c2
b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos B
(iv) c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C (FSD 17)
Sol:

 -C C

b a

 -B
A
 -A c B

→ → →
Let the vectors a, b, c be along the sides BC , CA , AB of the triangle ABC respectively.
 a+b+c = 0
 c = −(a + b)
now c•c = (a + b) • (a + b)
c.c = a.a + a.b + b.a + b.b
c 2
= a2 + 2|a||b| cos ( − C) + b2
c2 = a2 + 2ab (−cosC) + b2  cos ( − ) = − cos 

c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
Vectors 689 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Cross (Vector) Product of Two Vectors
If u and v be two non-zero vectors and  be the angle between u and v , then cross product of u
and v is defined as
u  v = u v sin  nˆ
Where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular the plane of u and v .
Note: u  v is perpendicular to both u and v .
Sine of angle between u and v is given by
u v
sin  =
u v

If u = a1ˆi + b1 ˆj + c1kˆ and v = a2ˆi + b2 ˆj + c2 kˆ are two non-zero vectors in space, then cross product of u and
v is defined as
ˆi ˆj kˆ
u  v = a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
ˆ ˆ = 0 and ˆi .ˆj = kˆ , ˆj.kˆ = ˆi , k.i
Note: ˆi .iˆ = ˆj.ˆj = k.k ˆ ˆ = ˆj

Parallel Vectors (GUJ 17)

If u and v are parallel vectors (  = 0 ) , then
u  v = u v sin 0 nˆ  u  v = 0
Note: Null vector is both parallel and perpendicular to every vector.
Area of Parallelogram
If vectors u and v represent adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then
Area of Parallelogram = u  v
Area of Triangle
If vectors u and v represent adjacent sides of a triangle, then
1
Area of triangle = uv
2
Example 1 (Page # 353): Find a vector perpendicular to each of the vectors
a = 2i + j + k and b = 4i + 2 j − k. (SRG 17)
− −
Solution: Given that: a = 2i + j + k, b = 4i + 2 j − k
− −

i j k
−  1 1 2 1 2 1
 ab = 2 1 1 = i − j  +k
 2 1  − 4 1 

4 2
4 2 1
= i(1 − 2) − j(2 − 4) + k(4 − 4) = i(−1) − j(−2) + k(0)
− −
= −i + 2 j + 0 = −i + 2 j
− −
Vectors 690 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Example 2 (Page # 353): If a = 4i + 3 j + k and b = 2i − j + 2k. Find a unit vector perpendicular to
− −
both a and b. Also find the sine of the angle between the vectors a and b.
Solution: Given that: a = 4i + 3 j + k, b = 2i − j + 2k
− −

 i j
−
k

 ab =
4   3 1
= i
4 1
− j 
4 3 
+k 
 3 1
  −1 2  −  2 2   2 −1 
2 −1 2
= i(6 + 1) − j(8 − 2) + k(−4 − 6) = i(7) − j(6) + k(−10)
− −
= 7i − 6 j − 10k
−
|a  b| = (7) + (−6)2 + (−10)2 = 49 + 36 + 100 = 185
2

7i − 6 j − 10k
ab − 7 6 10
Unit vector = = = i− j− k
|a  b| 185 185 185 − 185
Now, |a| = (4)2 + (3)2 + (1)2 = 16 + 9 + 1 = 26
and |b| = (2)2 + (−1)2 + (2)2 = 4 + 1 + 4 = 9 = 3
|a  b| 185 185
So, sin  = | a || b |  sin  =  sin  =
26 . 3 3 26
Example 3 (Page # 354): Prove that sin ( + ) = sin  cos  + cos  sin  (GUJ 17)
Solution:
→ →
Let OA and OB be two unit vectors making angles  and  with positive x-axis such that
y
→ →
mBOA =  +  and |OA | = |OB | = 1
Now
→ A
OA = cos i + sin j
→
OB = cos(−)i + sin(−)j = cos i − sin  j   − (−) =  + 
x
We know that O −
B
→ → → →
OB  OA = |OB| |OA| sin ( + )k
→ →
OB  OA = sin ( + ) k....(i)
 i j
−
k

→ → 
OB  OA = cos −sin 0

 
 cos sin 0 
= i (0 − 0) − j(0 − 0) + k(sin  cos  + cos  sin )
= k(sin  cos  + cos  sin )
(i)  sin ( + ) k = (sin  cos  + cos  sin )k
sin ( + ) = sin  cos  + cos  sin 
Vectors 691 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Example 4 (Page # 355): In any triangle ABC, prove that
a b c
= = (Law of sines) (LHR 17 G-II)
sin A sin B sin C
Solution:
Suppose vectors a, b and c are along the side
A
BC, CA and AB respectively of the triangle ABC. - A
 a+b+c=0
 b + c = −a (i) c
b

Take cross product with c

- C
b × c + c × c = −a × c B
a C
b×c=c×a ( c × c = 0)
- B
 |b × c| = |c × a|
|b| |c| sin ( − A) = |c| |a| sin ( − B)
 bc sin A = ca sin B  b sin A = a sin B
b a
 sin B = sin A (ii)
similarly by taking cross product of (i) with b, we have
a c
=
sin A sin C (iii)
a b c
From (ii) and (iii), we get sin A = sin B = sin C
Example 5 (Page # 356): Find the area of the triangle with vertices A(1, −1, 1), B(2, 1, −1) and
C(−1, 1, 2). Also find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane ABC.
Solution:
⎯
AB = (2 − 1)i + (1 + 1)j + (−1 − 1)k = i + 2j − 2k
⎯
AC = (−1 − 1)i + (1 + 1)j + (2 − 1)k = −2i + 2j + k

⎯ ⎯  i j k

Now AB × AC =  1 2 −2  = (2 + 4)i − (1 − 4)j + (2 + 4)k = 6i + 3j + 6k
 −2 2 1 
⎯ ⎯
The area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides AB and AC is given by
⎯ ⎯
|AB × AC| = |6i + 3j + 6k| = 36 + 9 + 36 = 81 = 9
1 ⎯ ⎯ 1 9
 Area of the triangle = 2 |AB × AC| = 2 |6i + 3j + 6k| =2
⎯ ⎯
AB × AC 1 1
A unit vector ⊥ to the plane ABC = = 9 (6i + 3j + 6k) = 3 (2i + j + 2k)
⎯ ⎯
| AB × AC|
Example 6 (Page # 356): Find area of the parallelogram whose vertices are
P(0, 0, 0), Q(−1, 2, 4), R(2,−1, 4) and S(1, 1, 8).
Solution:
Area of parallelogram = |u × v|
Where u and v are two adjacent side of the parallelogram
Vectors 692 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
⎯
PQ = (−1 − 0)i + (2 − 0)j + (4 − 0)k = −i + 2j + 4k
⎯
and PR = (2 − 0)i + (−1 − 0)j + (4 − 0)k = 2i − j + 4k

⎯ ⎯  −1 2 4 
i j k
Now PQ × PR =   = (8 = 4)i − (−4 − 8)j + (1 − 4)k
 2 −1 4 
⎯ ⎯
 Area of parallelogram = |PQ × PR| = |12i + 12j − 3k|
= 144 + 144 + 9 = 297
Be Careful!
⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯
Not all pairs of vertices give a side e.g. PS is not a side, it is diagonal since PQ × PR = PS
Example 7 (Page # 357): If u = 2i − j + k and v = 4i + 2 j − k, find by determinant formula
− −
(i) u  u (ii) u  v (iii) v  u.
Solution: Given that: u = 2i − j + k, v = 4i + 2 j − k
− −

i j
−
k
  −1 1  2 1  2 −1 
(i) uu = 2 −1 1 =
i − j 
 −1 1  −  2 1 
+k
 2 −1 

2 −1 1
= i(−1 + 1) − j(2 − 2) + k(−2 + 2) = i(0) − j(0) + k(0)
− −
= 0i + 0 j + 0k = 0
−

i j
−
k
  −1 1  2 1   2 −1 
(ii) uv = 2 −1 1 =
i − j 
 2 −1  −  4 −1 
+k
4 2 

4 2 −1 
= i(1 − 2) − j(−2 − 4) + k(4 + 4) = i(−1) − j(−6) + k(8)
− −
= −i + 6 j + 8k
−

i j
−
k
  2 −1   4 −1  4 2 
(iii) vu = 4 2 −1  =
i − j 
 −1 1  −  2 1 
+k 
 2 −1 
2 −1 1 
= i(2 − 1) − j(4 + 2) + k(−4 − 4) = i(1) − j(6) + k(−8)
− −
= i − 6 j − 8k
−
Vectors 693 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Q.1 Compute the cross product a × b and b × a. Check your answer by showing that each a and
b is perpendicular to a × b and b × a
(i) a = 2i + j − k, b = i − j + k (ii) a = i + j , b = i − j
− − − −
(iii) a = 3i − 2 j + k, b = i + j (iv) a = −4i + j − 2k , b = 2i + j + k
− − − −
(i) a = 2i + j − k , b=i− j +k (MTN 17)
− −
Sol: a = 2i + j − k , b=i− j +k
− −
 i −j  k
a×b= 2 1
 −1
 = i(1 − 1) − j (2 + 1) + k(−2 − 1) = 0i − 3 j − 3k
  − −
 1 −1 1 
 i −j k 

b × a = 1 −1 1
 = i(1 − 1) − j (−1 − 2) + k(1 + 2) = 0i + 3 j + 3k
  − −
 2 1 −1 
Now
a.(a × b) = (2i + j − k).(0i − 3 j − 3k)
− −
= (2)(0)+(1)(–3)+(–1)(–3) = 0 − 3 + 3 = 0
So a and a × b are perpendicular
b. (a × b) = (i − j + k).(0i − 3 j − 3k)
−
= (1)(0)+(–1)(–3)+(1)(–3) = 0 + 3 – 3 = 0
So b and a × b are perpendicular
a.(b × a) = (2i + j − k).(0i + 3 j + 3k)
− −
= (2)(0)+(1)(3)+(–1)(3) = 0+3−3 = 0
So a and b × a are perpendicular
b. (b × a) = (i − j + k).(0i + 3 j + 3k)
− −
= (1)(0)+(–1)(3)+(1)(3) = 0−3+3 = 0
So b and b × a are perpendicular
(ii) a = i + j, b = i − j
− −
 i −j k 
Sol:

a×b= 1 1 0
 = i(0 − 0) − j (0 – 0) + k(−1 −1) = 0i + 0 j − 2k
  − −
 1 −1 0 
 i −j k 

b × a= 1 −1 0
 = i(0 −0) − j (0 − 0) + k(1 + 1) = 0i + 0 j + 2k
  − −
1 1 0
Vectors 694 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Now
a. (a × b) = (i + j + 0k).(0i + 0 j − 2k)
− −
= (1)(0)+(1)(0)+(0)(–2) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
So a and a × b are perpendicular
b. (a × b) = (i − j + 0k).(0i + 0 j −2k)
− −
= (1)(0)+(–1)(0)+(0)(–2) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
So b and a × b are perpendicular
a. (b × a) = (i + j + 0k).(0i + 0 j + 2k)
− −
= (1)(0)+(1)(0)+(0)(2) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
So a and b × a are perpendicular
b. (b × a) = (i − j + 0k).(0i + 0 j + 2k)
− −
= (1)(0)+(–1)(0)+(0)(2) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
So b and b × a are perpendicular
(iii) a = 3i − 2j + k, b = i + j (LHR 17 G-I)
− −
Sol:

 i −j k 
 
a × b = 3 −2 1 = i(0 −1) − j (0 −1) + k(3 + 2) = −i + j + 5k
  − −
1 1 0
 i −j k 
 
b × a = 1 1 0 = i(1 + 0) − j (1 − 0) + k(−2 −3) = i − j − 5k
  − −
 3 −2 1 
Now
a. (a × b) = (3i − 2 j + k).(−i + j + 5k)
− −
= (3)(–1)+(–2)(1)+(1)(5) = −3 −2 + 5 = 0
So a and a × b are perpendicular
b. (a × b) = (i + j + 0k).(−i + j + 5k)
− −
= (1)(–1)+(1)(1)+(0)(5) = −1 + 1 + 0 = 0
So b and a × b are perpendicular
a. (b × a) = (3i − 2 j + k).(i − j − 5k)
− −
= (3)(1)+(–2)(–1)+(1)(–5) = 3 + 2 − 5 = 0
So a and b × a are perpendicular
b. (b × a) = (i + j + 0k).(i − j −5k)
− −
= (1)(1)+(1)(–1)+(0)(–5) = 1 − 1 + 0 = 0
So b and b × a are perpendicular
Vectors 695 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
(iv) a = −4i + j − 2k, b = 2i + j + k (D.G.K 17 G-II)
− −
Sol:
 i −j k 

a × b = −4 1 −2
 = i(1 + 2) − j (−4 + 4) + k(−4 −2) = 3i − 0 j − 6k
  − −
2 1 1
 i −j k 

b×a= 2 1 1
 = i(−2 −1) − j (−4 + 4) + k(2 + 4) = −3i − 0 j + 6k
  − −
 −4 1 −2 
Now
a.(a × b) = (−4i + j − 2k).(3i − 0 j − 6k)
− −
= (–4)(3)+(1)(–0)+(–2)(–6) = −12 − 0 + 12 = 0
So a and a × b are perpendicular
b.(a × b) = (2i + j + 1k).(3i − 0 j − 6k)
− −
= (2)(3)+(1)(–0)+(1)(–6) = 6 − 0 − 6 = 0
So b and a × b are perpendicular
a.(b × a) = (−4i + j − 2k).(−3i − 0 j + 6k)
− −
= (–4)(–3)+(1)(–0)+(–2)(6) = 12 − 0 − 12= 0
So b and a × b are perpendicular
b.(b × a) = (2i + j + 1k).(−3i + 0 j + 6k)
− −
= (2)(–3)+(1)(0)+(1)(6) = −6 + 0 + 6 = 0
So b and b  a are perpendicular
Q.2 Find a unit vector perpendicular to plane containing a and b. also find sine of the angle
between them
(i) a = 2i − 6 j − 3k , b = 4i + 3 j − k (ii) a = −i − j −k , b = 2i − 3j + 4k
− − − −
(iii) a = 2i − 2 j + 4k , b = −i + j − 2k (iv) a = i + j , b=i− j
− − − −
(i) a = 2i − 6j − 3k , b = 4i + 3 j − k
− −
Sol:

 i −j k 

a  b = 2 −6 −3

 
 4 3 −1 
= i(6 + 9) − j (−2 + 12) + k(6 + 24) = 15i − 10 j + 30k
− −
|a  b| = (15)2 + (−10)2 + (30)2
= 225 + 100 + 900 = 1225 = 35
Vectors 696 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
15i − 10 j + 30k
ab − 3 2 6
Unit vector = = = 7i−7 j +7k
|a  b| 35 −
Now |a| = (2)2 + (−6)2 + (−3)2 = 4 + 36 + 9 = 49 = 7
|b| = (4)2 + (3)2 + (−1)2 = 16 + 9 + 1 = 26
We know that
|a  b| 35 5
sin  = |a||b| = =
7 26 26
(ii) a = −i − j −k , b = 2i − 3 j + 4k
− −
Sol:

 i −j k 

a  b = −1 −1 −1

 
 2 −3 4 
= i(−4 −3) − j (−4 + 2) + k(3 + 2) = −7i + 2 j + 5k
− −
|a  b| = (−7)2 + (2)2 + (5)2 = 49 + 4 + 25 = 78
a×b −7i + 2j + 5k −7 2 5
Unit vector = |a × b| = = i+ j+ k
78 78 78 78
Now |a| = (−1)2 + (−1)2 + (−1)2 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
|b| = (2)2 + (−3)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
We know that
|a  b| 78 26
sin  = |a||b| = = 29
3 29
(iii) a = 2i − 2j + 4k, b = −i + j − 2k (GUJ 16)
− −
Sol:

 i −j k 

a  b = 2 −2 4

 
 −1 1 −2 
= i(4 − 4) − j (−4 + 4) + k(2 −2) = 0i + 0 j + 0k
− −
Since |a × b| = 0 So, unit vector is not possible.
Now |a| = 4 + 4 + 16 = 24
|b| = 1+1+4 = 6
We know that
|a  b| 0
Sin  = |a||b| = =0
24 . 6
Vectors 697 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
(iv) a=i+ j , b=i− j
− −
Sol:

 i −j k 

ab= 1 1 0

 
 1 −1 0 
= i(0 − 0) − j (0 − 0) + k(−1 −1) = 0i + 0 j − 2k
− −
|a  b| = (0)2 + (0)2 + (−2)2
= 0+0+4 = 4 = 2
0i + 0 j − 2k
ab −
Unit vector = = = 0i + 0 j − k
|a  b| 2 −
|a| = (1)2 + (1)2 + (0)2
= 1+1+0 = 2
|b| = (1)2 + (−1)2 + (0)2 = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2
|a  b| 2 2
sin  = |a||b| = = 2 = 1
2 2

Q.3. Find the area of the triangle, determined by the point P, Q and R
(i) P (0,0,0) , Q (2,3,2) , R(−1,1,4) (ii) P (1, − 1, − 1) , Q (2, 0, −1) , R (0,2,1)
(i) P (0,0,0) , Q (2,3,2) , R (−1,1,4)
→
Sol: PQ = (2 − 0)i + (3 − 0) j + (2 − 0)k = 2i + 3 j + 2k
− −
→
PR = (−1 −0)i + (1 − 0) j + (4 − 0)k = −i + j + 4k
− −

 − 
i j k
→ →
PQ  PR =
 
2 3 2 = i(12 − 2) −−j (8 + 2) + k(2 + 3) = 10i − 10−j + 5k
 
 −1 1 4 
→ →
| |
PQ  PR = (10)2 + (10)2 + (5)2
=
100 + 100 + 25 = 225 = 15
1 → → 1 15
| |
Area of triangle PQR = 2 PQ  PR = 2 (15) = 2 sq. unit

(ii) P (1, − 1, − 1) , Q (2, 0, −1) , R (0,2,1) (BHP 15)(FSD 17)

Sol:
→
PQ = (2 − 1) i + (0 + 1) j + (−1 + 1) k = i + j + 0 k
− −
→
PR = (0 − 1)i + (2 + 1) j + (1 + 1)k = −i + 3j + 2k
−
Vectors 698 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

 i j k

→ →
PQ  PR =
 1 1 0  = i(2 − 0) − j (2 + 0) + k(3 + 1) = 2i − 2 j + 4k
  − −
 −1 3 2 
→ →
PQ  PR  = (2)2 + (−2)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 4 + 16 = 24 = 2 6
1 → → 1
Area of triangle PQR = 2 PQ  PR  = 2 (2 6) = 6 sq. unit

Q.4 Find the area of parallelogram whose vertices are

(i) A(0,0,0) , B(1,2,3) , C(2,−1,1) , D(3,1,4)
(ii) A(1,2, −1) , B(4,2,−3) , C(6,−5,2) , D(9, −5,0)
(iii) A(−1, 1, 1) , B(−1,2,2), C(−3,4,−5) , D(−3,5,−4)
(i) A(0,0,0) , B(1,2,3) , C(2,−1,1) , D(3,1,4) (D.G.K 17 G-II)
→
Sol: AB = (1 − 0)i + (2 − 0) j + (3 − 0)k = i + 2 j + 3k
− −
→
AD = (3 − 0)i + (1 − 0) j + (4 − 0)k = 3k + 1 j + 4k
− −

i j k

→ →
AB  AD

= 1 2 3  = i(8 − 3) − j (4 − 9) + k(1 − 6) = 5i+ 5 j − 5k
  − −
3 1 4 
→ → 
AB  AD  = (5)2 + (5)2 + (−5)2 = 25 + 25 + 25 = 75 = 5 3
→ → 
Area of parallelogram = AB  AD  = 5 3
(ii) A (1,2, −1) , B (4,2,−3) , C (6,−5,2) , D (9, −5,0)
→
Sol: AB = (4 − 1)i + (2 − 2) j + (−3 + 1)k = 3i + 0 j − 2k
− −
→
AD = (9 − 1)i + (−5 −2) j + (0 + 1)k = 8i − 7 j + 1k
− −

i j
−
k

→ →
AB  AD

= 3

−2 = i(0 − 14) − −j (3 + 16) + k(−21 + 0) = − 14i − 19 j − 21k
 0
 −
8 −7 1 
→ → 
AB  AD  = (−14)2 + (−19)2 + (−21)2 = 196 + 361 + 441 = 998
→ → 
Area of parallelogram = AB  AD  = 998
Vectors 699 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

(iii) A (−1, 1, 1) , B (−1,2,2) , C (−3,4,−5) , D(−3,5,−4)

→
Sol: AB = (−1 + 1)i + (2 − 1) j + (2 − 1)k = 0i + j + k
− −
→
AD = (−3 + 1)i + (5 − 1) j + (− 4 − 1)k = −2i + 4 j − 5k
− −

 i j k

→ →
AB  AD =
 0 1 1  = i(− 5 − 4) − j (0 + 2) + k(0 + 2) = −9i − 2 j + 2k
  − −
 −2 4 −5 
→ → 
AB  AD  = (−9)2 + (−2)2 + (2)2 = 81 + 4 + 4 = 89
→ → 
Area of parallelogram = AB  AD  = 89
Q.5 Which vectors, if any, are perpendicular or parallel?
(i) u = 5i − j + k , v = j − 5k ; w = −15i + 3 j − 3k
− − −
 
(ii) u = i + 2j − k ; v = −i + j + k ; w= i − j + k
− − 2 − 2
(i) u = 5i − j + k , v = j − 5k ; w = −15i + 3 j − 3k
− − −
Sol:
u.v = (5i − j + k).(0i + j − 5k) = 0 − 1 − 5 = −6  0
− −
so u and v are not perpendicular
u.w = (5i − j + k) . (−15i + 3 j − 3k)
− −
= −75 − 3 − 3 = −81  0
so u and w are not perpendicular
v.w = (0i + j − 5k) . (−15i + 3 j − 3k)
− −
= 0 + 3 + 15 = 18  0
so v and w are not perpendicular
As w = −15i + 3 j − 3k = −3(5i − j + k) = −3u
− −
 u || w So u and w are parallel
 
(ii) u = i + 2 j − k ; v = −i + j + k ; w= i − j + k
− − 2 − 2
Sol:
As u.v = (i + 2 j − k) . (−i + j + k) = −1 + 2 − 1 = 0
− −
u⊥v so u and v are perpendicular
Vectors 700 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
     
u.w = (i + 2 j − k) . −2 i −  j + 2 k = − 2 −2 −2 = −3  0
−  − 
so u and w are not perpendicular
     
v.w = −i + j + k . −2 i −  j + 2 k = 2 −  + 2 = 0
( − )  − 
 v⊥w so v and w are pendicular
   
w = − 2 i −  j + 2 k = − 2 (i + 2 j − k) = − 2 u
− −
 s u || w so u and w are parallel
Q.6 Prove that a  (b + c) + b  (c + a) + c  (a + b) = 0 (SRG 17)
Sol: a  (b + c) + b  (c + a) + c  (a + b)
=ab+ac+bc+ba+ca+cb
=ab−ca+bc−ab+ca−bc
= 0 = R.H.S
Q.7 If a + b + c = 0 then prove that a  b = b  c = c  a (LHR, MTN 15)(FSD 17)(RWP, LHR 17 G-II)
Sol:
a+b+c=0 ........ (1)
Taking cross product with a
a  (a + b + c) = a  0
aa+ab+ac=00+ab−ca=0
 a  b = c  a .........(i)
Taking cross product on both sides of (1) with b
b  (a + b + c) = b  0
b  a + b  b + b  c = 0  −a  b + 0 + b  c = 0
 b  c = a  b .........(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
ab=bc=ca
Q.8 Prove that sin ( − ) = sin  cos  − cos  sin  (SRG 17)(RWP, MTN 15)
→ →
Sol: Let OA and OB be two unit vectors making angles  and  with positive x-axis such that
→ → y
mBOA =  −  and |OA | = |OB | = 1 A
Now
→
OA = cos i + sin j
B
→ −
OB = cosi + sinj
We know that 
→ → → → 
OB  OA = |OB| |OA| sin ( − )k x
O
→ →
OB  OA = sin ( − ) k....(i)
Vectors 701 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

 i j
−
k

→ →
OB  OA

= cos

 sin 0

 cos sin 0 

= i (0 − 0) − j(0 − 0) + k(sin  cos  − cos  sin )

= k(sin  cos  − cos  sin )

(i)  sin ( − ) k = (sin  cos  − cos  sin )k

sin ( − ) = sin  cos  − cos  sin 

Q.9 If a  b = 0 and a.b = 0 what conclusion can be drawn about a and b

(GUJ 13)

Sol: ab=0  a || b

a.b = 0  a⊥b

Which is only possible either a = 0 or b = 0

Vectors 702 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Scalar Triple Product of Vectors (GUJ 17)
Let u = a1ˆi + b1 ˆj + c1kˆ , v = a2ˆi + b2 ˆj + c2 kˆ and w = a3ˆi + b3 ˆj + c3 kˆ be three vectors. The scalar triple
product of u , v and w is defined by
u.( v  w ) or v.( w  u ) or w.( u  v )

The scalar triple product u.( v  w ) can also be written as u.( v  w ) = u v w

Determinant formula for scalar triple product is
a1 b1 c1
u.( v  w) = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

Note: u.( v  w ) = v.( w  u ) = w.( u  v )

u  ( v  w ) is called vector triple product.
Volume of Parallelepiped
If u , v and w are the conterminous edges of a parallelepiped, then
Volume of Parallelepiped = u.( v  w )
1
Volume of Tetrahedron = u.( v  w)
6
Coplanar Vectors
Three vectors u , v and w are said to be coplanar if u.( v  w ) = 0
Work Done
If a constant force F is acting on a body, displaces it from A to B , then
Work done = F .AB = F .d
Moment of Force
The moment or torque M of a force F acting at a point A about the point O is given by
M = OA  F = r  F

Example 1 (Page # 361): Find the volume of the parallelepiped determined by

u = i + 2 j − k, v = i − 2 j + 3k, w = i − 7 j − 4k.
− − −

Solution: Given that: u = i + 2 j − k, v = i − 2 j + 3k, w = i − 7 j − 4k

− − −

 1 2 −1 
 Volume of parallelepiped = u . v  w =  1 −2 3 

 1 −7 −4 
 −2 3  1 3   1 −2 
= 1 −2  + (−1)  
 −7 −4   1 −4   1 −7 
= 1(8 + 21) − 2(−4 − 3) − 1(−7 + 2)
= 1(29) − 2(−7) − 1(−5) = 29 + 14 + 5 = 48
Vectors 703 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Example 2 (Page # 362): Prove that four points A(−3, 5, −4), B(−1, 1, 1), C(−1, 2, 2) and
D(−3, 4, −5) are coplaner.
→
Solution: AB = (−1+3)i +(1− 5) j +(1+ 4)k = 2i − 4 j + 5k
− −
→
AC = (−1+3)i +(2− 5) j +(2+ 4)k = 2i − 3 j + 6k
− −
→
AD = (−3+3)i +(4− 5) j +(−5+ 4)k = −j − k
− −
 2 −4 5 
→ → →
 AB . AC  AD =  2 −3 6 
 0 −1 −1 
 −3 6   −3 6   2 6  + 7  2 −3 
= 2  − (−4)   − (−4)    
 −1 −1   −1 −1   0 −1   0 −1 
= 2(3 + 6) + 4(−2 − 0) + 5(−2 + 0) = 2(9) + 4(−2) + 5(−2)
= 18 − 8 − 10 = 0
This shows that the given points are coplaner.
Example 3 (Page # 362): Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are
A(2, 1, 8), B(3, 2, 9), C(2, 1, 4) and D(3, 3, 10).
Solution:
→
Now, AB = (3−2)i +( 2−1) j +( 9−8)k = i + j + k
− −
→
AC = (2−2)i +( 1−1) j +( 4−8)k = −4k
−
→
and AD = (3−2)i +( 3−1) j +( 10−8)k = i + 2 j + 2k
− −
1 1 1 
1 → → →
= 6 (AB . AC  AD) = 6  0 0 −4 
1
Volume of tetrahedron
1 2 2 
1   0 −4   0 −4   0 0 
= 6 1   − 1 +1 
 2 2  1 2   1 2 
1
= 6 [1(0 + 8) − 1(0 + 4) + 1(0 − 0)]
1 1
= 6 [1(8) − 1(4) + 1(0)] = 6 (8 − 4 + 0)
1 2
= 6 (4) = 3

Example 4 (Page # 362): Find the value of , so that i + j, i + j + 3k and 2i + j − 2k are

− − −
coplaner.
Solution: Given that: u = i + j, v = i + j + 3k, w = 2i + j − 2k
− − −
Since the vectors are coplaner, so
Vectors 704 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
 1 0 
u.vw = 0   1 1 3  = 0
 2 1 −2 
 1 3   1 3  1 1
 −1 +0  = 0
 1 −2   2 −2  2 1
(−2 − 3) − 1(−2 − 6) + 0 = 0  (−5) − 1(−8) = 0
8
−5 + 8 = 0  5 = 8   = 5
Example 5 (Page # 363): Prove that the points whose position vectors are
A(−6i + 3 j + 2k), B(3i − 2 j + 3k), D(−13i + 17 j − k) are coplaner.
− − −
→ →
Solution: Given that: OA = −6i + 3 j + 2k , OB = 3i − 2 j + 4k
− −
→ →
OC = 5i + 7 j + 3k , OD = −13i + 17 j − k
− −
→ → →
Now, AB = OB − OA = (3i − 2 j + 4k) − (−6i + 3 j + 2k)
− −
= 3i − 2 j + 4k + 6i − 3 j − 2k = 9i − 5 j + 2k
− − −
→ → →
AC = OC − OA = (5i + 7 j + 3k) − (−6i + 3 j + 2k)
− −
= 5i + 7 j + 3k + 6i − 3 j − 2k = 11i + 4 j + k
− − −
→ → →
and AD = OD − OA = (−13i + 17 j − k) − (−6i + 3 j + 2k)
− −
= −13i + 17 j − k + 6i − 3 j − 2k = −7i + 14 j − 3k
− − −

→ → →  9 −5 2 
 AB . AC  AD =  11 4 1 
 −7 14 −3 
 4 1   11 1   11 4 
= 9  − (−5)  +2 
 14 −3   −7 −3   −7 14 
= 9(−12 − 14) + 5(−33 + 7) + 2(154 + 28)
= 9(−26) + 5(−26) + 2(182) = −234 − 130 + 364
= −364 + 364 = 0
This shows that the given points are coplaner.
Example 6 (Page # 364): Find the work done by a constant force F = 2i + 4 j, if its points of
−
application to a body moves it from A(1, 1) to B(4, 6). (Assume that | F | is measured in Newton
and | d | in meters).
Solution: Given that: F = 2i + 4 j
−
→
d = AB = (4−1)i + (6−1) j = 3i + 5 j
− −
Work done = F . d = (2i + 4 j) . (3i + 5 j) = (2)(3) + (4)(5)
− −
= 6 + 20 = 26
Vectors 705 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Example 7 (Page # 364): The constant forces 2i − 5 j + 6k and −i + 2 j − k act on a body, which is
− −
displaced from position P(4, −3, −2) to Q(6, 1, −3). Find the total word done.
Solution: Let F⎯1 = 2i + 5 j + 6k ; F2 = −i − 2 j − k
− ⎯ −
 F = F1 + F2 = (2i + 5 j + 6k) + (−i − 2 j − k)
⎯ ⎯ − −
= 2i − 5 j + 6k − i − 2 j − k = i + 3 j + 5k
− − −
→
d= PQ = (6−4)i + (1+3) j +(−3+2) k = 2i + 4 j − k
− −
Now, Work done = F . d = (i + 3 j + 5k) . (2i + 4 j − k)
− −
= (1)(2) + (3)(4) + (5)(−1) = 2 + 12 − 5 = 9
Example 8 (Page # 365): Find the moment about the point M(−2, 4, −6) of the force represented
→
by AB, where coordinates of points A and B are (1, 2, −3) and (3, −4, 2) respectively.
Sol: Let A (1, 2, −3) and B (3, −4, 2)
→
F = AB = (3 − 1)i + (−4 − 2) j + (2 + 3 )k = 2i −6 j +5k
− −
→
r = MA = (1 + 2)i + (2 − 4) j + (−3 + 6 )k = 3i −2 j +3k
− −

→ →
Moment = MA  F


i j k
−  −2 3  3 3  3 −2 
= 3 −2 3 =
i − j 
 −6 5  −  2 5 
+k
 2 −6 

2 −6 5
= i(−10 + 18) − j(15 − 6) + k(−18 + 4) = i(8) − j(9) + k(−14)
− −
= 8i − 9 j − 14k
−
Vectors 706 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Q.1 Find the volume of the parallelepiped for which the given vectors are three edges.

(i) u = 3i + 2k , v = i + 2j + k , w = − j + 4k
− −

(ii) u = i − 4j − k , v = i − j − 2k , w = 2i − 3 j + k
− − −

^
(iii) u = i − 2j + 3k , v = 2i − j − k , w = j+ k
− − −

(i) u = 3i + 2k , v = i + 2 j + k , w = − j + 4k
− −

Sol: Volume of the parallelepiped = u . v  w

3 0 2

u.vw =
1 2 1 
 
0 −1 4 

= 3 (8 + 1) − 0 (4 − 0) + 2 (−1 − 0) = 27 − 0 − 2 = 25

(ii) u = i − 4j − k , v = i − j − 2k , w = 2i − 3 j + k
− − −

Sol: Volume of the parallelepiped = u . v  w

−4 −1
1 
u.vw =
1 −1 −2 
 
2 −3 1 

= 1 (−1 − 6) + 4 (1 + 4) − 1 (−3 + 2) = −7 + 20 + 1 = 14

^
(iii) u = i − 2j + 3k , v = 2i − j − k , w = j + k
− − −

Sol: Volume of the parallelepiped = u . v  w

−2
1 3

u.vw =
2 −1 −1

 
0 1 1 

= 1 (−1 + 1) + 2 (2 + 0) + 3 (2 + 0) = 0 + 4 + 6 = 10
Vectors 707 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.2 Verify that a . b  c = b . c  a = c . a  b

Sol: a = 3i − j + 5k , b = 4i + 3 j − 2k , c = 2i + 5 j + k
− − −

−1
3 5

a . (b  c) =
4 3 −2

 
2 5 1 

= 3 (3 + 10) + 1 (4 + 4) + 5 (20 − 6) = 39 + 8 + 70 = 117

−2
4 3

b . (c a) =
2 5 1 
 
3 −1 5 
= 4 (25 + 1) − 3 (10 − 3) − 2 (−2 − 15) = 104 − 21 + 34 = 117

2 5 1

c . (a  b) =
3 −1 5 
 
4 3 −2 

= 2 (2 − 15) − 5 (−6 − 20) + 1 (9 + 4) = −26 + 130 + 13 = 117

Hence a .bc= b.ca = c.a b

Q.3 Prove that the vectors i − 2j + 3k , −2i + 3 j − 4k and i − 3j + 5k are coplanar.

− − −

(FSD, GUJ, MTN 17)(SRG 15)(D.G.K 17 G-I)(LHR 17 G-II)

Sol: Let a = i − 2 j + 3k , b = −2i + 3 j − 4k , c = i − 3 j + 5k

− − −

−2
 1 
3

a . (b  c) =
 −2 3 −4 
 
 1 −3 5 

= 1 (15 − 12) + 2 (−10 + 4) + 3 (6 − 3) = 3 − 12 + 9 = 0

Hence the vectors are coplanar.

Vectors 708 Calculus and Analytic Geometry

Q.4 Find the constant  such that the vectors are coplanar.
(i) i− j +k , i − 2j − 3k and 3i −  j + 5k
− − −
(ii) i − 2 j − k , i − j + 2k and i − 2 j + k
− − −
(i) i− j +k , i − 2j − 3k and 3i −  j + 5k (LHR 15)
− − −
Sol: Let a = i− j +k b = i − 2 j − 3k c = 3i −  j + 5k
− − −
Since given vectors are coplanar, therefore a . b  c = 0
−1
1 1

a . (b  c) =
1 −2 −3  = 0
 
3 − 5 
= 1 (−10 − 3) + 1 (5 + 9) + 1 (− + 6) = 0
 −10 − 3 + 14 −  + 6 = 0
10 5
= −4 + 10 = 0  −4 = −10  = 4 = 2

(ii) i − 2 j − k , i − j + 2k and i − 2j + k
− − −
Sol: Let a = i − 2 j − k b = i − j + 2k c = i − 2 j + k
− − −
Since given vectors are coplanar, therefore
a .bc =0
−2 −1
1 
1 −1 2  = 0
 
 −2 1 
(−1 + 4) + 2 (1 − 2) − 1 (−2 + ) = 0
3 + 2 − 42 + 2 −  = 0
−42 +  + 5 = 0
42 −  − 5 = 0
42 − 5 + 4 − 5 = 0
 (4 − 5) + 1 (4 − 5) = 0
(4 − 5) ( + 1) = 0
4 − 5 = 0 , +1 =0
5
 = 4 ,  = −1
Vectors 709 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.5 (a) Find the values of
(i) 2i  2j . k (BHP 15)(LHR 17 G-I)
−
Sol: 2i  2 j . k
−
= 4(i  j ) . k (As i  j = k)
− −
= 4 k . k = 4 (1) = 4 (As k . k = 1)
(ii) 3j . k  i (LHR 16)(LHR 17 G-I)(RWP 17 G-II)
−
Sol: 3 j . k  i = 3 j . j = 3(1) = 3
− − −
(iii)
[k i −j ] (LHR 17 G-I)

Sol: = k . (i  j ) = k . k
[k i −j ] −
= 1

(iv) [i i k] (D.G.K 17 G-II)

Sol: [i i k] = i . (i  k) = i . (− j ) = (i . j ) = 0
− −
(b) Prove that
u. (v  w) + v. (w  u) + w. (u  v) = 3u (v  w)
Sol: As u. (v  w) = v. (w  u) = w. (u  v)
u. (v  w) + v. (w  u) + w. (u  v) = u. (v  w) + u. (v  w) + u. (v  w)
= 3u . (v  w)
Q.6 Find volume of the tetrahedron with the vertices.
(i) (0, 1, 2) , (3, 2, 1) , (1, 2, 1) , (5, 5, 6)
(ii) (2, 1, 8) , (3, 2, 9) , (2, 1, 4) , (3, 3, 10)
(i) (0, 1, 2) , (3, 2, 1) , (1, 2, 1) , (5, 5, 6) (LHR 13, 14, 15)(SRG 15)
Sol: Let A (0, 1, 2) , B (3, 2, 1) , C (1, 2, 1) and D (5, 5, 6)
→
AB = (3 − 0) i + (2 − 1) j + (1 − 2) k = 3i + j − k
− −
→
AC = (1 − 0) i + (2 − 1) j + (1 − 2) k = i+ j −k
− −
→
AD = (5 − 0) i + (5 − 1) j + (6 − 2) k = 5i + 4 j + 4k
− −
1 → → →
Volume of a tetrahedran = 6  AB AC AD 

1 −1
3 
=
1 1 1 −1
 1
= 6 [3 (4 + 4) −1 (4 + 5) −1 (4 − 5)]
6  
5 4 4 
1 1 8
= 6 (24 − 9 + 1) = 6 (16) = 3
Vectors 710 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
(ii) (2, 1, 8) , (3, 2, 9) , (2, 1, 4) , (3, 3, 10) (MTN 15)(LHR 16)(MTN 17)(D.G.K 17 G-I)

Sol: Let A (2, 1, 8) , B (3, 2, 9) , C (2, 1, 4) and D (3, 3, 10)

→
AB = (3 − 2) i + (2 − 1) j + (9 − 8) k = i+j+k
→
AC = (2 − 2) i + (1 − 1) j + (4 − 8) k = 0i + 0j − 4k
→
AD = (3 − 2) i + (3 − 1) j + (10 − 8) k = i + 2j + 2k
1 → → → 
Volume of a tetrahedran = 6  AB AC AD 

1 1 1

1
−4 
1
= 6
0 0 = 6 [1 (0 + 8) −1 (0 + 4) + 1 (0 − 0)]

1 2 2 

1 1 2
= 6 (8 − 4 + 0) = 6 (4) = 3

Q.7 Find work done. If the point at which the constant force F = 4i + 3 j + 5k is applied to an
−
object, moves from P (3, 1, −2) to P2 (2, 4, 6) (RWP 16)

⎯→
Sol: d = P1P2 = (2 − 3)i + (4 – 1) j + (6 + 2)k = −i + 3 j + 8k
− −
Work done = F.d = (4i + 3 j + 5k) . (−i + 3 j + 8k)
− −
= (4)(–1)+(3)(3)+(5)(8) = −4 + 9 + 40 = 45

Q.8 A particle, acted by constant forces 4i + j − 3k and 3i − j − k is displacement from

A(1, 2, 3) to B (5, 4, 1)

→
Sol: d = AB = (5 − 1)i + (4 – 2) j + (1 − 3)k = 4i + 2 j − 2k
− −
F1 = 4i + j − 3k , F2 = 3i − j − k
−
F = F1 + F2
F = 4i + j − 3k + 3i − j − k = 7i + 0 j − 4 k
− − −
Work done = F . d = (7i + 0 j − 4k) . (4i + 2 j − 2k)
− −
= (7)(4)+(0)(2)+(–4)(–2) = 28 + 0 + 8 = 36
Vectors 711 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.9 A particle, is displaced from the point A(5, −5, −7) to B (6, 2, −2) under the action of
constant forces 10i − 6j + 11k , 4i + 5 j + 9k and −2i + j − 9k. Show that total work done
− − −
by the forces is 67 unit.
→
Sol: d = AB = (6 − 5)i + (2 + 5)j + (−2 + 7)k = i + 7j + 5k
F1 = 10i − 6 j + 11k , F2 = 4i + 5 j + 9k F3 = − 2i + j − 9k
− − −
F = F1 + F2 + F3
F = 10i − 6 j + 11k + 4i + 5 j + 9k − 2i + j − 9k = 12i + 0 j + 11k
− − − −
→ →
Work done = F . d = (12i + 0 j + 11k) . (i + 7 j + 5k)
− −
= (12)(1)+(0)(7)+(11)(5) = 12 + 0 + 55 = 67 unit
Q.10 A force of magnitude 6 unit acting parallel to 2i − 2 j + k displaces, the point of application
−
from A(1, 2, 3) to B(5, 3, 7). Find the work done. (LHR 14)(MTN 15)
→
Sol: Let F1 = 2i − 2 j + k
−
→
 F1 = = 3
^ →
let F1 be unit vector in the direction of F1
→
^ F1 2i − 2j +k
then F1 = =
→ 3
 F1 
^ 2i − 2j + k
Required force F = 6F1 = 6  
 3 
= 2(2i − 2 j + k) = 4i − 4 j + 2k
− −
→
d = AB = (5 − 1)i + (3 – 2) j + (7 − 3)k = 4i + j + 4k
− −
Work done = F . d = (4i − 4 j + 2k) . (4i + j + 4k)
− −
= (4)(4)+(–4)(1)+(2)(4) = 16 − 4 + 8 = 20 unit
Q.11 A force F = 3i + 2 j − 4k is applied at the point (1, −1, 2). Find the moment of force about
−
the point (2, −1, 3).
Sol: Let A (1, −1, 2) and B (2, −1, 3)
→
r = BA = (1 − 2)i + (−1 + 1) j + (2 − 3)k = −i + 0j − k
−
F = 3i + 2 j − 4k
−
 i j k

Moment of force about B = r  F =
 −1 0 −1 
 
 3 2 −4 
= i (0 + 2) − j (4 + 3) + k (−2 + 0) = 2i − 7 j − 2k
− −
Vectors 712 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.12 A force F = 4i − 3k passes through the point A (2, −2, 5). Find the moment of force about
the point B (1, −3 ,1).
Sol: Let A (2, −2, 5) and B (1, −3, 1)
→
r = BA = (2 − 1)i + (−2 + 3) j + (5 − 1)k = i + j + 4k
− −
F = 4i + 0 j − 3k
−
 i −j k 
Moment of force about B = r  F =
1 
 1 4

4 0 −3 
= i (−3 − 0) − j (−3 − 16) + k (0 − 4) = −3i + 19j − 4k
Q.13 Give a force F = 2i + j − 3k acting at a point A (1, −2, 1). Find the moment of force about
−
the point B (2, 0,−2).
Sol: Let A (1, −2, 1) and B (2, 0, −2)
→
r = BA = (1 − 2)i + (−2 – 0) j + (1 + 2)k = −i − 2j + 3k
−
F = 2i + j − 3k
−
 i −j k 
Moment of force about B = r  F =
 −1 −2

 3

 2 1 −3 
= i (6 − 3) − j (3 − 6) + k (−1 + 4)
−
= 3i + 3 j + 3k
−
Q.14 Find the moment about A(1, 1, 1) of each of the concurrent forces i − 2 j , 3i + 2 j − k ,
− −
5i + 2k , where P(2, 0, 1) is their point of concurrency.
Sol: Let A (1, 1, 1) and P (2, 0, 1)
→
r = AP = (2 − 1)i + (0 – 1)j + (1 − 1)k = i − j + 0k
−
F1 = i − 2 j , F2 = 3i + 2 j − k , F3 = 5i + 2k
− −
→ → →
F = F1 + F2 + F3 = i − 2j + 3i + 2 j − k + 5i + 2k
−
= 9i + 0j + k
 i −j k 
Moment of force about B = r  F =
 
−1 0
1 
9 0 1 
= i (−1 − 0) − j (1 − 0) + k (0 + 9)
−
= −i − j + 9k
−
Vectors 713 Calculus and Analytic Geometry
Q.15 A force F = 7i + 4 j − 3k is applied at the point P (1, −2, 3). Find the moment of force about
−
the point Q (2, 1, 1). (MTN 15)
Sol: Let P (1, −2, 3) and Q (2, 1, 1)
→
r = QP = (1 − 2)i + (−2 – 1) j + (3 − 1)k = −i − 3 j + 2k
− −
F = 7i + 4 j − 3k
−

 i j
−
k

Moment of force about Q = r  F =
 −1 −3

 2

 7 4 −3 
= i (9 − 8) − j (3 − 14) + k (−4 + 21)
−
= i + 11 j + 17k
−