CE 7 – Handout No.
Engr. Ma. Gracia Antoinette T. Ley-Lorenzo, CE, RMP, MEng CE
FORMWORKS:
• in construction refers to the temporary structures used to mold and
support freshly poured concrete until it hardens and becomes self-
supporting. It essentially provides a temporary mold for shaping
concrete elements like walls, columns, and slabs. Formwork can be
made from various materials like timber, steel, or prefabricated
panels and must be strong enough to withstand the pressure of the
concrete pour.
FORMWORKS:
Function:
• Formwork's primary role is to hold the concrete in its desired shape
while it cures and gains strength. It prevents the concrete from
deforming or collapsing under its own weight or external loads.
FORMWORKS:
Types:
• Formwork systems can be broadly categorized by the materials they
are made from (timber, steel, plastic, etc.) and the type of concrete
structure they support (walls, columns, slabs, etc.)
FORMWORKS:
Materials:
• Common materials used in formwork include wood (like plywood and
timber), steel, aluminum, and plastic. The choice of material depends
on factors like cost, durability, reusability, and the specific application.
FORMWORKS:
Design:
• Proper formwork design considers factors like strength, rigidity, leak-
proofness, ease of removal (without damaging the concrete), and
safety.
FORMWORKS:
Importance:
• Formwork is crucial for the quality, safety, and accuracy of concrete
construction. It ensures that the concrete takes the desired shape and
that the structure is stable during the curing process.
FORMWORKS:
The construction of formwork takes time and involves
expenditure up to 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or
even more.
A good formwork should satisfy the
following requirements:
(1) Easy removal
(2) Economy
(3) less leakage
(4) Quality
(5) Rigidity
(6) Smooth surface
(7) Strength
(8) Supports
A good formwork should satisfy the
following requirements:
(1) Easy removal
(2) Economy
(3) less leakage
(4) Quality
(1)Easy removal :Construction of formwork should permit removal of
various parts in desired sequences without damage to the concrete.
(2)Economy :Material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available
and should be suitable for reuse
(3)less leakage :The joints in the formwork should be tight against
leakage of cement grout.
(4)Quality: Material of the formwork should not wrapper get distorted
when exposed to the elements
A good formwork should satisfy the
following requirements:
(5) Rigidity
(6) Smooth surface
(7) Strength
(8) Supports
(5) Rigidity :Rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both
horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape sequences without
damage to the concrete
(6) Smooth surface : The formwork should be set accurately to the desired
line and levels should have plane surface.
(7) Strength : Strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads
(8) Supports : As light as possible and Should rest on firm base.
ESTIMATES:
ESTIMATES:
• For rectangular and square columns:
P = 2 ( a + b) + 0.20
Where: P = lateral perimeter
a = shorter side
b = longer side
0.20 =constant value for lapping of form joints
ESTIMATES:
1. Use the formula P = 2 (a + b) + 0.20.
2. Multiply P by the height one column times the number of columns to
get the total area of the forms.
3. Divide the total area by 2.88 to get the number of pcs of plywood
forms.
4. Multiply the number of plywood by the multiplier from Table 5-1 to get
the number of board foot of frame required.
Sample Problem:
Ten reinforced concrete column with a general cross sectional
dimensions of 0.40 x 0.60m by 5m long each requires plywood form on
a 2” x 2” frame. Calculate the required materials. Use ¼” plywood.
Solution:
1. P = 2 (a + b) + 0.20
P = 2 (0.40 + 0.60) + 0.20
P = 2.20m
Sample Problem:
Solution:
2. Area = 2.20 x 5 x 10 = 110 sqm
3. Divide the area by 2.88
110 / 2.88 = 38.2 say 39pcs
4. Using Table 5-1 (2”x2” frame) multiply by 29.67.
39 x 29.67 = 1,157 bd ft *round off to the nearest whole number.
ESTIMATES:
• For beams and girders:
P = 2 (d) + b + 0.10
Where: P = perimeter of two sides form
d = two sides form
b = bottom form
0.10 =constant value for lapping of form joints
Sample Problem:
Ten reinforced concrete girder with a general cross sectional
dimensions of 0.35 x 0.50m has a uniform clear span of 6m. If 12mm
(1/2”) marine plywood will be used on a 2”x3” lumber find the
materials required.
0.35
Solution:
1. P = 2 (d) + b + 0.10 0.50
P = 2 (0.50) + 0.35 + 0.10
P = 1.45m
Sample Problem:
Solution:
2. Area = 1.45 x 6 x 10 = 87 sqm
3. Divide the area by 2.88
87 / 2.88 = 30.2 say 31pcs
4. Using Table 5-1 (2”x3” frame) multiply by 28.
31 x 28 = 868 bd ft
ESTIMATES:
Scaffolding and Staging - involves the vertical and horizontal supports,
diagonal braces plus blocks and wedges which are not shown on a detailed
plan of the building. The common practice of most estimators is to make
an estimate of this item by lump sum in the bill of materials.
ESTIMATES:
Sample Problem:
Sample Problem:
Solution:
A. Scaffolding for Columns
1. 4 x 9columns = 36m
2. Refer to Table 5-3. Using 2” x 3” vertical support, multiply:
36 x 7 = 252 bd ft
3. Refer to Table 5-3. Using 2”x 2” horizontal support, multiply:
36 x 21 = 756 bd ft
4. Refer to Table 5-3 for diagonal braces.
36 x 11.7 = 421 bd ft
Sample Problem:
Solution:
B. Scaffolding for the Beam
1. Find the total length of the 6 beams.
(4.50 x 6) + (4 x 6) = 51m
1. Refer to Table 5-3. Using 2” x 3” vertical support, multiply:
51 x 6 = 306 bd ft
3. Refer to Table 5-3. Using 2”x 2” horizontal support, multiply:
51 x 4.70 = 240 bd ft
Sample Problem:
Solution:
C. Scaffolding for Concrete Slab
1. Find the area of the concrete floor slab.
4.50 x 4 x 4 = 72sqm
2. Refer to Table 5-3. Using 2” x 3” support, multiply:
72 x 9.10 = 655 bd ft
Sample Problem:
Solution:
D. Floor Slab Forms
1. Find the floor area:
4.50 x 4 x 4 = 72sqm
2. Divide by 2.88 effective covering of one plywood.
72/2.88 = 25pcs 4’ x 8’ marine plywood.
SUMMARY OF MATERIALS:
FOR COLUMNS: FOR SLAB:
252 bd ft 2” x 3” 655 bd ft 2” x 3”
1177 bd ft 2” x 2”
FLOOR SLAB FORM:
25pcs 4’ x 8’ plywood
FOR BEAMS:
306 bd ft 2” x 3”
240 bd ft 2” x 2”
REFERENCE FOR ESTIMATES:
• Use 2” x 3” for columns and beams
• Use 2” x 3” for vertical supports
• Use 2” x 2” for horizontal and diagonal (columns only) supports.
• Use 12mm (1/2) thick plywood.
• No forms for footings (most of the time)
• Use table 5-3 for slab frame and direct counting for slab forms. (refer
to the sample problem)
REFERENCE FOR ESTIMATES:
Range: Marine Plywood ½” = 80 – 130pcs
No range provided for 2” x 2” and 2” x 3”
Add the following items to your Bill of Quantities for formworks:
• Common wire nail 4 ( 30% of no. of marine plywood) - kgs
• Common wire nail 3 (30% of no. of marine plywood) - kgs
• Common wire nail 2 (25% of no. of marine plywood) - kgs
• Concrete nail 3 (10% of no. of marine plywood) - kgs
• Concrete nail 2 (10% of no. of marine plywood) - kgs
• Concrete nail 4 (10% of no. of marine plywood) - kgs
• Tansi (20% of no. of marine plywood) - roll