Proposition: T or F statement.
The power set of a set is Negate “There is a student who
the set of all possible came late to class and there is a
Inclusive ∨, at least one of the statements is true. student who is absent from class.”
subsets of that set,
Exclusive ⊕, exactly one of the statements is true.
including the empty set L(x) x is a late student.
p→q and the set itself. A(x) x is an absent student.
¬q→¬p contrapositive {∅,{0}} ∃x L(x) ∧ ∃y A(y)
q→p converse P(S)={ ∅,{∅},{{0}},{∅,{0}} }
“The user has contacted the ∀x ¬L(x) ∨ ∀y ¬A(y)
¬p→¬q inverse 4
network administrator, but
¬(p→q) negation (k 2 − 1) (12 − 1) + (22 − 1) + (32 − 1) + (42 − 1) = 26
p→q≡¬p∨q
does not enter a valid ∑
password.” k=1
¬(p→q)≡¬(¬p∨q) c∧¬v f :ℕ→ℝ
4
¬(¬p∨q)≡p∧¬q N: input
c is true. k 2 − 1 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 − 1 = 29
p∧¬q negation v is false. R: output ∑
k=1
a→b ≡ ¬a∨b
“If 3n − 5 is even, then n is odd.”
¬p∨(q∨r)
Contrapositive: If n is even, then 3n − 5 is odd.
(¬p∨q)∨r
An integer n is even if there exists an integer k such that n = 2k
¬(p∨¬q)∨r
(p∧¬q)→r An integer n is odd if there exists an integer m such that n = 2m + 1
Assume n is even. Substitute into 3n−5:
x ∈R ∣0<x <1 3n − 5 = 3(2k) − 5 = 6k − 5 = 2(3k − 2) + 1 f ∘ g = f (g (x))
Follow the mapings.
form 2m + 1 where m = 3k − 3
Conjunction Rule: if both A and B are true, then A∧B is also true.
∃x∃y(xy=2) — There exist real numbers x and y such that xy = 2.
∃x∀y(xy=2) — There exists a real number x such that for all real numbers y, xy = 2.
∀x∃y(xy=2) — For every real number x, there exists a real number y such that xy = 2.
∀x∀y(xy=2) — For all real numbers x and y, xy = 2.
First term: a The union of the sets Ai from i = 1 to n is given by:
n
Common Ratio: r
⋃ i
A = [1,2) ∪ [2,3) ∪ [3,4) ∪ … ∪ [n , n + 1)
Common Di erence: d i=1
To nd the common ratio, we can divide the second
n
term by the rst term:
⋃ i
Union: A = [1,n + 1)
n is Number of terms - 1 i=1
a r (n+1) − 1 4(.5)(8+1) − 1 511 There are no common elements across all sets.
n
= =
⋂ i
r −1 (.5) − 1 64 Intersection: A =∅
i=1
[2 4] [c d] [2a + 4c 2b + 4d] [0 6]
3 5 a b 3a + 5c 3b + 5d 2 1
= =
General Form of a Geometric Sequence: a n = a ⋅ r (n−1) 2a + 4c = 0 ⟹ 2a = − 4c ⟹ a = − 2c
Now substitute a = -2c into Equation 1:
1 − rn 3(−2c) + 5c = 2 ⟹ −6c + 5c = 2 ⟹ −c = 2 ⟹ c = − 2
Sum of the First n Terms: Sn = a (for r ≠ 1)
1−r Now substitute c = -2 back into the expression for a:
a a = − 2(−2) = 4 ⟹ a = 4,c = − 2
Sum of an in nite series: S = (for | r | < 1) 2b + 4d = 6 ⟹ 2b = 6 − 4d ⟹ b = 3 − 2d
1−r
Now substitute b = 3 - 2d into Equation 1:
General Form of an Arithmetic Sequence: a n = a + (n − 1)d 3(3 − 2d ) + 5d = 1 ⟹ 9 − 6d + 5d = 1 ⟹ 9 − d = 1 ⟹ d = 8
n Now substitute d = 8 back into the expression for b:
Sum of the First n Terms: Sn = (a + a n ) b = 3 − 2(8) = 3 − 16 = − 13 ⟹ b = − 13,d = 8
2
[c d] [−2 8 ]
a b 4 −13
=
Finding the Common Di erence: d = a n+1 − a n
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