UNIT 1 SECTION A – COMPUTER BASICS

Device
Components
Hardware
Software
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Memory
Control Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Input Unit
Output Unit

A piece of equipment or a machine designed for a

specific function.

A tool or instrument used for a particular purpose,

especially one related to technology or computing (e.g., a
computer mouse or keyboard).

Components

Noun

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Parts or elements that make up a larger system or

object.

Individual pieces or elements that are combined to form

a whole, particularly in a technological or mechanical
system (e.g., components of a computer system).

Hardware

Noun

The physical parts of a computer system.

The tangible, physical components of a computer or

electronic system, such as the central processing unit
(CPU), monitor, keyboard, and other peripherals.

Software

Noun

The programs and applications that run on a computer

or other electronic devices.

A collection of data, programs, and instructions that tell

a computer or device how to perform specific tasks, such
as operating systems or applications like word
processors.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Noun

The part of a computer responsible for executing

instructions and processing data.

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The primary component of a computer that interprets

and performs instructions from programs, often referred
to as the "brain" of the computer.

Memory

Noun

The storage area where data is held in a computer or

device.

The component or system in a computer used to store

and retrieve data, either temporarily (RAM) or
permanently (hard drive, SSD).

Control Unit

Noun

The part of the CPU that manages the execution of

instructions.

The component of a computer’s central processing unit

(CPU) is responsible for directing and coordinating the
operations of the computer by interpreting program
instructions.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Noun

A part of the CPU that performs mathematical and

logical operations.

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A unit within the CPU that performs arithmetic

operations like addition and subtraction, as well as
logical operations such as comparisons.

Input Unit

Noun

A part of a computer system that allows users to enter

data or commands, such as a keyboard, mouse, or
scanner.

Output Unit

Noun

A device that displays or produces the result of

computer processing.

A component that outputs the processed data from a

computer to the user, such as a monitor, printer, or
speakers.

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Initialized
Verb (Past tense of "Initialize")

To set something to its starting condition or state,

usually to prepare it for use.
To prepare a system or process by setting initial
values or configurations, such as loading a
program into memory.
System Software

Noun

Software that manages and operates the hardware

of a computer system, helping to run the
computer’s basic functions.

A collection of programs designed to control and

manage computer hardware and provide an
environment for running application software.
Examples include operating systems like Windows
or Linux.
Application Software

Noun

Software designed to help the user perform a

specific task, such as word processing, web
browsing, or graphic design.
A program or a group of programs designed to
perform a specific task or solve a problem for the

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user. Examples include Microsoft Word, Google

Chrome, and Adobe Photoshop.
Graphics

Noun (Plural)

Visual images or designs, especially computer-

generated, used to represent information or
enhance visual appeal.
The creation, manipulation, and display of visual
images using computers. Graphics can include
images, charts, and video elements.
Processors

Noun (Plural of "Processor")

Devices or components that execute instructions

to perform tasks within a computer system.
A central unit in a computer responsible for
executing instructions from programs. Examples
include CPUs (Central Processing Units) and GPUs
(Graphics Processing Units).
Processing Devices

Noun (Plural)

Devices responsible for interpreting and

performing operations on input data.

Devices that handle or process data. For example,

the CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs
arithmetic and logical operations to process input
data.

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Storage Devices

Part of Speech: Noun (Plural)

Hardware used to store data or information

permanently or temporarily.
Devices used for storing digital data. Examples
include hard drives, SSDs (Solid-State Drives), and
flash drives.
Motherboard

Noun

The main circuit board of a computer that houses

the CPU, memory, and other essential
components, and connects them to each other.
A large, printed circuit board that holds the central
components of the computer system and enables
communication between them.
Network Card

Noun

A hardware component that enables a computer to

connect to a network.

A device used to connect a computer to a network,

such as a local area network (LAN) or the internet.
Examples include Ethernet cards or Wi-Fi
adapters.

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Web Browsing

Noun

The act of navigating through the World Wide

Web using a web browser.

The process of accessing, navigating, and

viewing websites or online content on the
internet using a web browser like Chrome,
Firefox, or Safari.

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perceive Optical Character Reader (OCR) Microphone interact

resolution Mouse Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
digital interface encapsulate display socket
traverse pictorial biological pixels comparatively
prone to predefined visual photocell sensor analog
impairments communicate Barcode Reader Joystick
Graphic Tablet Light pen Keyboard Track Ball Scanner
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

A device used to input text and commands into a computer.

A set of keys used to operate a computer, entering data, text, or
commands. It typically includes alphabetic, numeric, and special
function keys.

A pointing device used to interact with a computer screen.

A hand-held input device that controls the movement of a cursor
on a computer screen, typically using a pointer or by clicking to
perform actions.

A device used for controlling a computer or video game through

directional movement.

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A handheld input device with a stick that moves in all directions,

commonly used for video games and certain computer
applications.

A pointing device that uses light to interact with a screen.

A stylus-like device used to draw or select on a screen by

detecting light. It is often used for graphics input in older systems
or specialized tasks.

A type of input device that is a stationary ball controlled by the

fingers.
An input device that consists of a ball held in a socket, allowing
the user to move the cursor by rotating the ball with fingers,
commonly used in place of a mouse in some systems.

A device used to input physical documents or images into a

computer.
A flat surface input device with a stylus, used by artists or
designers to draw directly into a computer, often used in graphic
design or digital art.

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Verb

To share or exchange information, ideas, or feelings.

To convey or express thoughts, feelings, or information to others,
typically through speaking, writing, or other forms of interaction.

Verb

To become aware of something through the senses.

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To interpret or understand something through sight, sound, or other

sensory input; to grasp the meaning of something.

Verb

To act in a way that influences or responds to someone or something

else.
To engage in actions or communication with someone or something in
a reciprocal way, often involving mutual influence or exchange

Noun (or Verb)

A point where two systems, subjects, or devices meet and

communicate.
(Noun) The interaction or connection between different systems or
devices. (Verb) To interact or communicate with a system or device

Verb

To enclose or contain something in a protective or concise manner.

To express or summarize the essential aspects of something, often in a
simplified form or in a container.

Noun/Verb

(Noun) A visual presentation of information or items; (Verb) To show

or present something to others.
(Noun) A device or surface for showing information, images, or
objects. (Verb) To exhibit or present something for others to see or
experience

Noun

A place where two devices or parts connect or fit together.

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A physical connection point used to plug in or connect electrical or

electronic devices.

Verb

To move or travel across or through something.

To cross or travel over an area, often with the idea of navigating or
moving through it.

Noun

A device that detects light and converts it into an electrical signal.

A sensor that reacts to light, commonly used to control devices based
on the amount of light present

Noun

A device that detects or measures physical property and converts it

into a signal.
A tool or instrument that measures and responds to changes in
environmental conditions (like temperature, motion, or light).

Noun

The degree of detail and clarity in an image or display.

The level of detail in an image or display, usually measured in pixels,
determining its sharpness and clarity.

Adjective

Representing data with continuous signals or values.

Referring to systems that represent information using continuous data
or variables, often contrasted with digital systems

Adjective

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Representing data in binary (discrete) form.

Relating to data or systems that process information in discrete,
binary units (0s and 1s), as opposed to continuous data.

Adjective

Representing information or objects in pictures or images.

Relating to or involving pictures or images, often used in the context
of visual representations

Adverb

In relation to something else, in a way that compares.

To make a comparison or to describe something in relation to another
thing, typically indicating differences or similarities.

Phrase (Adjective + Preposition)

Likely or susceptible to experiencing something, typically something

negative.
Likely or inclined to be affected by something (usually a negative
event or condition).

Adjective

Determined or set in advance.

Something that has been determined or specified beforehand, often
referring to settings or values in software or systems.

Adjective

Relating to living organisms or life processes.

Pertaining to biology, life, or living organisms, including their
functions, processes, and systems.

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Noun (Plural)

The smallest unit of a digital image or display.

Tiny elements of a digital image or screen, typically arranged in a
grid, that combine to form images when viewed at a certain resolution.
Visual
Adjective

Related to seeing or the ability to be seen.

Pertaining to sight or the display of information that is intended to be
seen by the eye.
Impairments
Noun (Plural)

A condition or state in which a function is diminished or lost.

Any condition that reduces the effectiveness or quality of a particular
function, often referring to disabilities or limitations

biological communicate comparatively digital

digital display encapsulates impairments
interface interact joystick keyboard light pen
mouse pictorial predefined prone to resolution
sensor socket track Ball traverse visual

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Access
Noun / Verb

(Noun): The means or opportunity to approach or enter a place,

system, or resource.
(Verb): To gain entry to or make use of (a computer, system,
etc.).
Access refers to the ability to obtain or retrieve data from a
device or system. It also refers to the means by which one can
approach or use a system.
Access time
Noun

Meaning: The time taken to retrieve data from memory.

Definition: Access time is the duration it takes for a computer's
system to locate and retrieve a piece of information from a
storage device or memory.
Classification
Noun

Meaning: The action or process of classifying something into

categories.
Definition: Classification refers to the systematic arrangement of
items, such as data or objects, into specific categories or classes.
Capacity
Noun

Meaning: The maximum amount that something can hold or

contain.
Definition: Capacity refers to the total storage space available in
a system, such as the amount of data that can be stored in
memory or a storage device.
Processing speed
Noun

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Meaning: The rate at which a computer can complete operations

or tasks.
Definition: Processing speed is the speed at which a computer's
processor performs tasks or processes data, usually measured in
hertz (Hz) or gigahertz (GHz).
Power failure
Noun

Meaning: A situation where the power supply is interrupted or

lost.
Definition: A power failure is an event where the electricity
supply is cut off, causing a loss of power to systems and devices,
potentially leading to data loss.
Semiconductor technology
Noun

Meaning: The use of semiconductor materials (such as silicon) to

fabricate integrated circuits and components in electronic devices.
Definition: Semiconductor technology refers to the science and
application of semiconductor materials to develop electronic
components, including transistors and memory chips.
Storage capacity
Noun

Meaning: The total amount of data that a storage device or

medium can hold.
Definition: Storage capacity refers to the total amount of data a
storage system (such as a hard drive or memory card) can store,
typically measured in bytes (GB, TB, etc.)
Power supply
Noun

Meaning: A device that provides electrical power to a system or

device.

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Definition: Power supply refers to the component that supplies

electrical power to the computer or electronic device, converting
electrical energy into usable power.
Flip-flop circuitry
Noun

Meaning: A type of digital circuit used for storing binary data,

typically used in memory cells.
Definition: Flip-flop circuitry is a type of bistable multivibrator
circuit that can store a single bit of data and is used in various
digital devices like memory and registers.
Speed-sensitive cache
Noun

Meaning: A cache memory that adjusts its performance based on

the speed of the CPU.
Definition: Speed-sensitive cache is a memory buffer that
optimizes data retrieval based on the processing speed of the
system's CPU, improving overall performance
Memory cell
Noun

Meaning: The smallest unit of memory storage that holds a

single bit of data.
Definition: A memory cell is a basic unit in memory technology
where a single bit of data (either 0 or 1) is stored, typically in
RAM or other memory devices.
Transistor
Noun

Meaning: A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch

electronic signals.
Definition: A transistor is a key component in modern
electronics, serving as a switch or amplifier for electronic signals
in devices like computers, radios, and other systems
Congestion rates
Noun

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Meaning: The level or degree of overcrowding or traffic in a

system or network.
Definition: Congestion rates refer to the measure of traffic or
overload in a system, often used to describe data or signal
congestion in networks, which can affect performance.
Manufacturing process
Noun

Meaning: The series of steps or methods used to produce a

product.
Definition: A manufacturing process is a set of systematic steps
used to produce goods, such as the creation of computer
components like memory or chips.
Memory
Noun

Meaning: The ability to store and recall information, or the

hardware in a computer that stores data.
Definition: Memory in computing refers to the hardware used for
storing data and instructions, as well as the ability of a system to
recall or retrieve that data when needed.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Noun

Meaning: A type of volatile memory used to store data and

machine code currently being used.
Definition: RAM is temporary memory that allows data to be
accessed randomly and is used by the computer to store data that
is actively being processed by the CPU.
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
Noun

Meaning: A type of non-volatile memory used to store data that

cannot be easily modified or erased.

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Definition: ROM is permanent memory used to store essential

system instructions that are required to boot up a computer and
perform other basic functions.
Primary Memory
Noun

Meaning: The main memory of a computer, typically including

RAM and ROM.
Definition: Primary memory refers to the internal memory in a
computer that stores data temporarily or permanently, such as
RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only
Memory). It is directly accessible by the CPU.
Volatile Memory
Noun

Meaning: A type of memory that requires power to maintain the

stored data. If the power is lost, the data is erased.
Definition: Volatile memory refers to memory that needs a
continuous power supply to retain data. When the power is turned
off, all data is lost. RAM is an example of volatile memory.
Temporary Memory
Noun

Meaning: Memory used to store data temporarily during a

session or process, which is typically erased when power is
turned off.
Definition: Temporary memory refers to memory that holds data
only during an active process or session. Once the computer is
turned off, the data is lost. RAM is an example of a temporary
memory.
Prime Memory
Noun

Meaning: Another term for primary memory, referring to the

main memory that directly interfaces with the CPU.
Definition: Prime memory is a synonym for primary memory,
which is the main memory used by the computer to execute active
programs and store necessary data while the computer is running.

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Internal Memory

Noun

Meaning: Memory that is located inside the computer and is used

for processing, such as RAM and ROM.
Definition: Internal memory refers to memory that is part of the
computer’s central system, used for immediate processing and
storage of data. This includes both primary memory (RAM and
ROM).
Cache Memory
Noun

Meaning: A small, high-speed memory area that stores

frequently accessed data for faster retrieval.
Definition: Cache memory is a small but extremely fast type of
memory that stores frequently used data or instructions to allow
the CPU to access them more quickly than from primary memory.
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
Noun

A type of RAM that stores data in capacitors and requires

periodic refreshing to retain data.
Definition: DRAM is a type of random-access memory that
stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor, which needs to be
refreshed periodically. It is slower than SRAM but more cost-
effective and widely used in computers.
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
Noun

Meaning: A type of RAM that stores data in flip-flop circuits,

does not require refreshing, and is faster than DRAM.
Definition: SRAM is a type of random-access memory that stores
data in a static manner using flip-flop circuits. Unlike DRAM, it
does not need to be refreshed and is faster, but it is more
expensive and consumes more space.
MROM (Mask Read-Only Memory)

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Noun

Meaning: A type of ROM that is pre-programmed during

manufacturing and cannot be modified.
Definition: MROM is a type of read-only memory where the data
is permanently encoded during the manufacturing process. It
cannot be modified or rewritten by the user.
PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)
Noun

Meaning: A type of ROM that can be programmed by the user

once, but the data cannot be modified afterwards.
Definition: PROM is a type of read-only memory that allows the
user to write data once, but once it is programmed, the data
cannot be erased or modified.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory
Noun

Meaning: A type of ROM that can be reprogrammed by erasing

the existing data using ultraviolet light.
Definition: EPROM is a type of programmable read-only
memory that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light,
allowing it to be reprogrammed. This makes it more flexible than
PROM
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-
Only Memory)
Noun

Meaning: A type of ROM that allows data to be erased and

rewritten electrically, without needing special equipment like
ultraviolet light.
Definition: EEPROM is a type of non-volatile memory that can
be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It is commonly used in
situations where small amounts of data need to be updated
frequently.

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GLOSSARY
1. Primary Storage Devices
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: Devices used to store data that is actively being used or processed by a
computer.
o Definition: These are storage devices such as RAM (Random Access Memory)
and cache memory that provide fast access to data that the computer needs to
function at a given time.
2. Secondary Storage Devices
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: Devices used to store data that is not in active use but is stored for
long-term retention.
o Definition: Examples include hard drives, solid-state drives, optical discs, and
flash drives, which store data persistently.
3. Tertiary Storage Devices
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: Devices used for storing data that is rarely accessed and is typically
stored off-site or on less accessible media.
o Definition: Tertiary storage devices include magnetic tape and optical media for
backup or archiving purposes.
4. Magnetic Storage Devices
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: Devices that store data using magnetic fields.
o Definition: Examples include hard disk drives (HDD), magnetic tapes, and floppy
disks, which use magnetic properties to store and retrieve data.
5. Flash Memory Devices
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: Storage devices that use flash memory technology to store data.
o Definition: Flash memory devices include USB drives, SSDs (Solid-State
Drives), and memory cards, offering fast data access and no moving parts.
6. Optical Storage Devices
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: Devices that use laser technology to read and write data on optical
discs.
o Definition: Examples include CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, where data is
encoded as pits and lands on the disc’s surface.
7. Cloud and Virtual Storage
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: Remote storage solutions accessed via the internet.
o Definition: Cloud storage refers to data stored on remote servers and accessed
online, while virtual storage simulates storage space on a virtualized server or
network.
8. DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory)
o Part of Speech: Noun

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o Meaning: A type of RAM that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor
within an integrated circuit.
o Definition: DRAM is used for the main memory of computers due to its relatively
low cost, but it needs to be periodically refreshed to maintain data.
9. SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A type of RAM that uses flip-flops to store data.
o Definition: Unlike DRAM, SRAM does not require refreshing and is faster, but it
is more expensive and is typically used for cache memory.
10. Cache Memory

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A small, high-speed memory location that stores frequently accessed data for
quick retrieval.
• Definition: Cache memory is typically used in CPUs to speed up access to data and
instructions that are frequently used.

11. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A mechanical data storage device that uses spinning disks to store data
magnetically.
• Definition: HDDs provide large storage capacities for desktop computers, laptops, and
servers.

12. Floppy Disk

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A magnetic storage medium that was widely used in the 1980s and 1990s.
• Definition: Floppy disks are thin, flexible disks used to store small amounts of data
(usually 1.44 MB in modern versions).

13. Magnetic Tape

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A storage medium that uses a magnetic material to record and store data.
• Definition: Magnetic tape is often used for archival and backup storage due to its low
cost and long lifespan.

14. Zip Disk

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A removable storage disk that can hold much more data than a floppy disk.
• Definition: Zip disks were commonly used in the 1990s and early 2000s for storing files,
offering 100 MB to 750 MB of storage.

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15. Magnetic Stripe Cards

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: Cards that have a magnetic stripe that stores data for purposes like
identification or transactions.
• Definition: These cards are typically used for credit cards, ID cards, and other forms of
secure identification.

16. Magnetic Drums

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: Early data storage devices that used a magnetic surface to record data.
• Definition: Magnetic drums were used in early computers for memory and storage before
being replaced by more modern technologies.

17. Magnetic Cards

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: Cards with a magnetic stripe used for encoding data.
• Definition: Examples include credit cards and identification cards that use magnetic
strips to store user data.

18. Magnetic Bubble Memory

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A type of non-volatile memory that uses magnetic bubbles to store data.
• Definition: Bubble memory was once used for portable storage devices but has been
largely replaced by flash memory.

19. Magnetic Random-Access Memory (MRAM)

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A type of non-volatile memory that uses magnetic storage elements.
• Definition: MRAM is used for memory storage applications, offering faster access than
traditional types of memory.

20. Compact Disc (CD)

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: An optical storage format used to store data, music, and other digital content.
• Definition: CDs hold up to 700 MB of data and are read using a laser.

21. Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A digital optical disc storage format.

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• Definition: DVDs store data (up to 4.7 GB) and are commonly used for video and
computer data storage.

22. Blu-ray Disc (BD)

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A high-capacity optical disc format for storing HD video and large data.
• Definition: Blu-ray Discs can store up to 50 GB of data, making them ideal for high-
definition content.

23. Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: An optical disc that uses holographic technology to store data.
• Definition: HVDs have the potential to store much larger amounts of data than traditional
optical discs (terabytes).

24. Flash Memory Devices

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: Devices that use flash memory to store data.
• Definition: These devices include USB drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and memory
cards.

25. Components

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: Individual parts that make up a larger system or device.
• Definition: In storage technology, components refer to parts like memory chips,
transistors, and capacitors that contribute to the functionality of a storage device.

26. Accessible

• Part of Speech: Adjective

• Meaning: Easy to approach, reach, or use.
• Definition: Refers to data or devices that can be easily accessed or retrieved.

27. Refreshed

• Part of Speech: Verb

• Meaning: To renew or update.
• Definition: In computing, refreshed refers to the process of recharging data in memory,
especially in DRAM.

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28. Periodically

• Part of Speech: Adverb

• Meaning: At regular intervals.
• Definition: Refers to actions that happen at regular, repeating intervals (e.g., refreshing
data).

29. Magnet

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A material that produces a magnetic field.
• Definition: Magnets are used in various storage devices, like hard drives and tape drives.

30. Magnetized

• Part of Speech: Adjective

• Meaning: Made into a magnet or given magnetic properties.
• Definition: In storage, data is magnetized to be stored on devices like hard drives and
magnetic tapes.
•

31. Magnetic Fields

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: A field produced by magnets or electrical currents.
• Definition: Magnetic fields are essential for the operation of magnetic storage devices.

32. Transistors

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: Semiconductor devices used to amplify or switch electronic signals.
• Definition: Transistors are key components in digital storage and processing devices.

33. Detect

• Part of Speech: Verb

• Meaning: To discover or identify something.
• Definition: In storage, to detect means to identify and retrieve data from storage devices.

34. Platters

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: Discs used in hard drives to store data.
• Definition: Platters are the magnetic disks inside HDDs that store data in the form of
magnetic patterns.

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35. Capacitors

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: Electronic components that store energy in an electric field.
• Definition: Capacitors are used in various storage devices to maintain data integrity and
manage energy.

36. Write Cycles

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: The number of times data can be written to a storage medium.
• Definition: Write cycles refer to how many times data can be written to storage before it
becomes unreliable.

37. Data Corruption

• Part of Speech: Noun

• Meaning: The accidental or intentional alteration of data that makes it unusable.
• Definition: Data corruption occurs when data is altered or destroyed due to hardware
failure, software errors, or viruses.

Vocabulary Exercises

components accessible refreshed

Periodically transistors detect
Platters capacitors Write Cycles data corruption

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box:

1. Modern hard drives use ________ to store information magnetically in circular tracks.
2. In many systems, memory needs to be ________ to ensure the most up-to-date
information is available.
3. ________ are used in memory circuits to temporarily store electric charges.
4. The reliability of a storage device can be compromised by ________ when the data is not
properly written or read.
5. Most computer systems use ________ to handle logic operations and memory storage.
6. When a system is running low on resources, the ________ can be affected, leading to
slower performance.
7. For many devices, data is written and overwritten a limited number of times in ________
before the device starts to degrade.
ELD 8
UNIT 2 SECTION C - COMPUTER NETWORK STUDENT COPY

GLOSSARY
1. Geographical
o Part of Speech: Adjective
o Meaning: Relating to the physical features of the earth's surface or geography. In
computing, it often refers to geographic information systems or network routing
based on location.
2. Protocols
o Part of Speech: Noun (plural)
o Meaning: A set of rules or conventions for communication between devices in a
network.
3. Literal Scale
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A scale that is based on the actual distance or size in real-world
measurements, often used in mapping or representation of data.
4. Interconnections
o Part of Speech: Noun (plural)
o Meaning: Connections between various systems or components within a network.
5. Subnet
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A smaller network within a larger network, created by partitioning an
IP network.
6. Twisted Pair
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A type of electrical cable where pairs of wires are twisted together to
reduce electromagnetic interference.
7. Coaxial Cable
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A type of electrical cable used for transmitting data, which has an inner
conductor surrounded by insulation and an outer conductor.
8. Accelerated
o Part of Speech: Adjective
o Meaning: Increased in speed or performance, often used in computing contexts
such as accelerated processing or graphics.
9. IP Addresses
o Part of Speech: Noun (plural)
o Meaning: A unique string of numbers separated by periods (IPv4) or colons
(IPv6) that identifies a device or network on the internet.
10. Bluetooth
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A short-range wireless communication technology that allows devices
to connect and exchange data.

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UNIT 2 SECTION C - COMPUTER NETWORK STUDENT COPY

11. Infrared
o Part of Speech: Adjective/Noun
o Meaning: Relating to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than
visible light, often used for wireless communication (e.g., remote controls).
12. Connectivity Span
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: The extent or range of connectivity, typically referring to the coverage
area of a network or signal.
13. Incorporates
o Part of Speech: Verb
o Meaning: To include or integrate something into a system or process.
14. Extensively
o Part of Speech: Adverb
o Meaning: To a large degree or in a detailed manner.
15. Encapsulate
o Part of Speech: Verb
o Meaning: To enclose or wrap something, often used in computing to refer to data
being enclosed in a packet for transmission.
16. Traverses
o Part of Speech: Verb
o Meaning: To pass through or across a network or path.
17. Frame Relay
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A wide area network (WAN) protocol for transferring data in packets
across a network.
18. Synchronous
o Part of Speech: Adjective
o Meaning: Referring to processes that occur in real time or in sync with a clock
signal in data transmission.
19. Asynchronous
o Part of Speech: Adjective
o Meaning: Referring to processes that do not require synchronization with a clock
signal, allowing for independent operations.
20. Ethernet
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A widely used networking technology for local area networks (LANs),
primarily using wired connections.
21. Cluster
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A group of computers or servers working together to perform tasks or
increase performance.
22. Microprocessors
o Part of Speech: Noun (plural)
o Meaning: Small computer processors integrated onto a single chip, acting as the
central unit of a computer.

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UNIT 2 SECTION C - COMPUTER NETWORK STUDENT COPY

23. Unidirectional
o Part of Speech: Adjective
o Meaning: Referring to something that operates in only one direction, often in
communication systems (e.g., a unidirectional link).
24. Point-to-Point Link
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A direct connection between two network devices or points.
25. Transmission
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: The process of sending or conveying data from one place to another.
26. Potential
o Part of Speech: Noun/Adjective
o Meaning: The capability or possibility of something happening in the future, such
as potential for network expansion or device capability.
27. Simultaneously
o Part of Speech: Adverb
o Meaning: Occurring at the same time.
28. Computer Network
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A system of interconnected computers that share data and resources.
29. Local Area Network (LAN)
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A network that connects computers within a limited geographic area,
such as a building or campus.
30. Personal Area Network (PAN)
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A small network, typically connecting devices like smartphones,
tablets, and laptops, within a very short range.
31. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A network that covers a larger area than a LAN, often spanning a city
or large campus.
32. Wide Area Network (WAN)
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A network that covers a broad area, such as a country or globally,
connecting multiple LANs.
33. Campus Area Network (CAN)
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A network that connects multiple buildings within a campus, typically
larger than a LAN.
34. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A local area network that uses wireless communication technologies
like Wi-Fi.

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35. System Area Network (SAN)

o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A specialized network used to connect servers and storage devices,
typically providing high-speed data transfer.
36. Storage Area Network (SAN)
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A dedicated high-speed network designed to provide access to storage
devices.
37. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A network that allows secure remote connections over the internet,
often used to connect to a private network.
38. Simplex Mode
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A mode of communication where data is transmitted in only one
direction (i.e., one-way communication).
39. Half-Duplex Mode
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A mode of communication where data can flow in both directions, but
not simultaneously (i.e., two-way communication, but not at the same time).
40. Full-Duplex Mode
o Part of Speech: Noun
o Meaning: A mode of communication where data can flow in both directions
simultaneously (i.e., two-way communication at the same time).

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS IN

THE BOX:
geographical protocols literal scale interconnections subnet
accelerated IP addresses Bluetooth Infrared connectivity span
incorporates extensively traverses Frame Relay
synchronous asynchronous Cluster microprocessors
point-to-point link transmission potential simultaneously

Fill-in-the-Blanks Exercise

1. A __________ is a network used to connect two points directly, allowing data to travel
between them.
2. The __________ of a Personal Area Network (PAN) is limited to about 10 meters.

ELD 6