DC Electrical Machines

Sakib Hossen
Dept. of EEE
RUET
 Electrical Machine

 Faraday’s law is the basis of generator action (Art. 1.5

and 1.7)

 Ampere’s force law is the basis of motor action (Art. 1.6)

 Faraday’s Law (1)

The law presents in two different forms:

 A moving conductor cutting flux lines of a

constant magnetic field has a voltage induced in
it.

 A changing magnetic flux inside a loop of

conducting material will induce a voltage in the
loop.
Faraday’s Law (2) Art. 1.7
 Direction of Induced emf
The direction of induced voltage in a conductor in
magnetic field is determined by Fleming’s right
hand rule:
If Forefinger points direction of flux from North to
South and Thumb points direction of motion of the
conductor, the Middle finger will point the direction
of the induced voltage.
 Ampere’s Force Law (1)

 A force is generated on a current carrying

conductor located in a magnetic field.
Ampere’s Law (2) Art. 1.6
 Direction of Force
The direction of the force on a conductor in
magnetic field is determined by the Fleming’s left
hand rule:
If Forefinger points the direction of flux from North
to South and Middle finger points the direction of
current in the conductor, the Thumb will point the
direction of force on the conductor.
 Loading Effect-Lenz’s Law
Lenz’s law:
An induced electromotive force (emf) always gives
rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the
change in original magnetic flux.

Lenz’s law explains that

 An increased force is required to drive the
generator as its load increases.
 An increased current supply to the motor is
required as its load increases.
Direct current (dc) Machine
 Application of dc Machine

DC motors are used in a wide variety of industrial

drives, such as-
Robots, machine tools, petrochemical, pulp, paper
and steel mills, oil drilling rigs, and mining. They are
also used extensively in automotive systems and
railroads.
Like ac machines, dc machines have ac voltages
and currents within them.
Practical dc Machine (2)
 Different Parts of a dc Machine (1)
Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine and made up of
cast iron or steel. It provides mechanical strength to the
whole assembly as well as carries the magnetic flux
produced by the field winding.
 Different Parts of a dc Machine (2)

Pole: In old machines pole core are solid piece of cast iron
or cast steel. In new construction, laminated steel are used
for pole core construction.
 Different Parts of a dc Machine (3)
Armature: The moving part of the dc generator is called
the armature. It consists of a shaft upon which all parts are
mounted. Armature is made of laminated sheet steel and it
houses the conductor or coils where emf (voltage) is
induced.
 Different Parts of a dc Machine (4)
Commutator: Its function is to facilitate collection of
current from the armature conductor and converts it from
alternating into unidirectional in the external circuit.
 Different Parts of a dc Machine (5)
Brushes: They are usually made of carbon or graphite; they
collect current from commutator and supply it to the external
circuit and placed in the magnetic neutral plane.
 Working Principle
Consider a single loop DC generator (as shown in the figure), in this a single
turn loop ‘ABCD’ is rotating clockwise in a uniform magnetic field with a
constant speed. When the loop rotates, the magnetic flux linking the coil
sides ‘AB’ and ‘CD’ changes continuously. This change in flux linkage induces
an EMF in coil sides and the induced EMF in one coil side adds the induced
EMF in the other.
 Working Principle
The EMF induced in a DC generator can be explained as follows
 When the loop is in position-1, the generated EMF is zero because, the movement
of coil sides is parallel to the magnetic flux.
 When the loop is in position-2, the coil sides are moving at an angle to the
magnetic flux and hence, a small EMF is generated.
 When the loop is in position-3, the coil sides are moving at right angle to the
magnetic flux, therefore the generated EMF is maximum.
 When the loop is in position-4, the coil sides are cutting the magnetic flux at an
angle, thus a reduced EMF is generated in the coil sides.
 When the loop is in position-5, no flux linkage with the coil side and are moving
parallel to the magnetic flux. Therefore, no EMF is generated in the coil.
 At the position-6, the coil sides move under a pole of opposite polarity and hence
the polarity of generated EMF is reversed. The maximum EMF will generate in this
direction at position-7 and zero when at position-1. This cycle repeats with
revolution of the coil.

It is clear that the generated EMF in the loop is alternating one.

Armature Winding in real Machines (1)
Art. 26.08 to 26.30 BL Theraja

Z=number of total conductors

C=number of coils
Nc=number of turns per coil

Coil Coil sides

Armature Winding in real Machines (2)
Two types of armature winding are generally used to
place the conductors on the armature namely; Lap and
wave winding.
 Features of Lap winding
1) The total brush number is equal to the number of
poles.

2) Number of parallel paths is equal to the number of

poles.

3) The emf between +ve and –ve brushes is equal to

the emf in any of the parallel paths. Therefore,
generated emf =(average induced
emf/conductor)xZ/P.

4) If IA is the armature current of the machine, then

current in a parallel path is IA/P.
 Features of Wave winding
1) The total brush number is only two.

2) Number of parallel paths is also two.

3) The emf between +ve and –ve brushes is equal to

the emf in any of the parallel paths. Therefore,
generated emf =(average induced
emf/conductor)xZ/2.

4) If IA is the armature current of the machine, then

current in a parallel path is IA/2.
 Comparison of Lap & Wave windings

For a given number of poles and conductors, wave

winding gives more emf than lap winding.

Equalizer connection is not necessary in wave winding,

but it must in lap winding.

Lap wound is suitable for low voltage high current

machines.
 Equalizer connection
There are many parallel paths in lap-wound machine. The reluctance of
each path may be different which causes the voltage in each parallel
path to differ, and the unequal voltages in turn cause flow of a
circulating current through the windings and brushes. To reduce the
circulating current, points on the winding, which should be at the same
potential, are brought to the same potential by connecting them with a
conductor. These connections, called equalizer connections, confine the
circulating current to the winding, thus reducing the sparking at the
brushes.
A wave winding requires no equalizer connections. This is because
each path has conductors in series under all poles of the machine. Any
difference in the magnetic flux from the poles will produce a different
voltage in the conductors, but both paths will be equally affected and
the total induced emf of each path will always be the same.
 Generated emf of a real Generator
(Art. 8.5)
Voltage induced in a single conductor:

Voltage of a parallel path:

=Flux/pole in Weber
Z=Total number of armature conductor
P=No. of poles
n=Armature rotation in revolution per minute (rpm)
a=No. of parallel paths
 Induced Torque of a real Motor
(Art. 8.5)
Torque induced in a single conductor:

Induced torque on a motor:

=Flux/pole in Weber
Z=Total number of armature conductor
P=No. of poles
IA=Armature (Motor) current in A
a=No. of parallel paths
 Types of dc Generators (1)
(Art. 9.11~9.17)
Generators are classified according to the way in
which their field circuits are excited : (a) Separately
excited generators and (b) Self-excited generators.

(a)Separately excited generators: The field coils are

energized from an independent external source of dc
current to produce magnetic flux.

(b)Self-excited generators: The field coils are

energized by the current produced by the generators
themselves. There are three types of self-excited
generators named according to the manner in which
their field coils are connected to the armature.
 Types of Self-excited Generators
(i) Shunt generator: Field coil/circuit is connected in parallel
with the armature circuit. Full voltage of the generator
applies across both of the circuits.
(ii)Series generator: Field coil/circuit is connected in series with
the armature circuit. These generators have very rare use.
(iii)Compound wound: Uses both a series and a shunt field
windings; and can be either short-shunt or long-shunt. When
the series field aids the shunt field, generator is said to be
commutatively compounded. However, if the series field
opposes the shunt field, the generator is said to be
differentially compounded.
Noted that series field windings uses very few turns and has
low resistance; the shunt field always has a very high
resistance.
Types of dc Generators (2)
 DC Generator

The various types of dc generators differ in their

terminal (voltage-current) characteristics.

DC generators are compared by their voltages,

power ratings, efficiencies, and voltage regulations.
 Separately Excited Generator(1)
(Art. 9.12)

Open Circuit
Characteristic (OCC)
Separately Excited Generator(2)
Terminal Characteristic (Art. 9.12)
 Separately Excited Generator (3)
Control of terminal voltage
(Art. 9.12)

Terminal voltage can be controlled in two ways:

Change the speed: If ω , then EA =Kω, so VT = EA - IARA

Change the field current (widely used): If RF , IF = VF/RF .

Therefore, flux  .
EA = Kω, so VT = EA - IARA.
 Shunt Generator(1) (Art. 9.13)

Conditions for voltage build-up in a shunt generator:

 There must be some residual magnetism in the generator pole.
 Field connection and armature rotation should be such that the
induced voltage due to residual magnetism must produce flux in
the same direction as the residual flux.
 Shunt field resistance should be less than the critical
resistance.
 Shunt Generator(2) (Art. 9.13)

Vc

Ic

To determine the critical resistance Rc, draw a tangent to the

lower part of the OCC. If Vc is the voltage corresponding to the
field current Ic, then the critical resistance Rc is given by:
Rc = (Vc / Ic)
Lower value of the field circuit resistance will cause the shunt
generator to build-up faster to a higher voltage; the generator
will not build-up if the field resistance is greater or equal to the
critical resistance.
 Shunt Generator (3) (Art. 9.13)
Load/External Characteristic

In a shunt generator, the rate of decrease in output

voltage is higher than that of separately excited
generator, because increase in load current increases
the armature resistance drop as well as decreases the
field flux.
 Shunt Generator (4) (Art. 9.13)
Control of terminal voltage

Terminal voltage can be controlled in two ways:

Change the speed: If ω , then EA =Kω, so VT = EA - IARA

Change the field resistance(widely used): If RF , IF = VT/RF

. Therefore, flux  .
EA = Kω, so VT = EA - IARA.
 Series Generator (Art. 9.14)

The output voltage of a series generator varies with load

current. This is undesirable in most applications. This is why
this type of generator is rarely used.
Cumulative Compound Generator (1)
Long-shunt Connection (Art. 9.15)
Cumulative Compound Generator (2)
Short-shunt Connection
 Cumulative Compound Generator (3)
Terminal Characteristic

If IA increases

1) IA(RA+RS) drop increases; the output voltage VT

decreases
2) Series field flux as well as the induced voltage EA
increases; the output voltage VT increases

Which of the above effect predominates in a machine

completely depends on how many series turns are placed
on the poles of the machine.
Cumulative Compound Generator (4)
 Cumulative Compound Generator (5)
Control of terminal voltage

Terminal voltage can be controlled in two ways:

Change the speed: An increase in ω causes EA =Kω to

increase; increasing the terminal voltage VT.

Change the field resistance(widely used): A decrease in RF

causes IF to increase, which increases the flux , and EA =
Kω increases. Finally, an increase in EA increases VT.
Cumulative Compound Generator (6)

Compound Generator with diverter resistor

Differentially Compound Generator (1)
Long Shunt (Art. 9.16)
Differentially Compound Generator (2)
Terminal Characteristic
If IA increases

1) IA(RA+RS) drop increases; the output voltage VT

decreases
2) Total machine flux as well as the induced voltage
EA decreases; the output voltage VT also
decreases

Since both effects tend to decrease VT, the terminal

voltage drops drastically in comparison to other
generators.
Differentially Compound Generator (3)
Terminal Characteristic
 Causes of Voltage Drops in DC Generator

The major causes of voltage drop in a dc generator are:

1) Armature resistance drop

2) Brush contact drop

3) Armature reaction voltage drop

4) Voltage drop due to flux weakening in shunt generator.

 Voltage Regulation of a DC Generator

It can be seen from the external characteristics that the

terminal voltage of a dc generator falls slightly as the load
current increases. Voltage regulation is defined as the
percentage change in terminal voltage when full load is
removed from the generator terminals. It is expressed by
the following equation:
 Problems
A dc shunt generator has an induced voltage on open circuit of 127 Volts.
When the machine is on load, the terminal voltage is 120 Volts. Find the load
current if the field circuit resistance is 15 ohms and the armature resistance is
0.02 ohm. Ignore armature reaction loss and brush drop.
 Problems
A separately excited dc generator, when running at 1000 rpm supplied 200 A
at 125 V. What will be the load current when the speed drops to 800 rpm if If
is unchanged? Given that the armature resistance is 0.04 ohms and brush
drop is 2V.
 Problems
A 4-pole lap wound dc shunt generator has a useful flux per pole of 0.07 Wb.
The armature winding consists of 220 turns each of 0.004 ohm resistance.
Calculate the terminal voltage when running at 900 rpm if the armature
current is 50 A.

Here P=a=4, =0.07 Wb, N=900 rpm and z=220x2=440

Armature resistance/path=(220*0.004)/4=0.22 ohm. Therefore Ra=0.22/4

=0.055 ohm.
 Problems
A 100-kW, 250-V DC shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.05  and field
circuit resistance of 60 . With the generator operating at rated voltage, determine
the induced voltage at (a) full load, and (b) half-full load.

(a) At full load,

Vt=Eg-IaRa
If=250/60=4.17 A
IL_FL=100,000/250=400 A
Ia=IL_FL+If=400+4.17=404.17 A
Eg=Vt+IaRa=250+404.17*0.05=270.2 V

(b) At half load,

If=250/60=4.17 A
IL_HL=50,000/250=200 A
Ia=IL_HL+If=200+4.17=204.17 A
Eg=Vt+IaRa=250+204.17*0.05=260.2 V
Problems
Problems
 Problems
The OCC for a certain self-exited, 125V, 50kW, 1750rpm shunt generator is
shown in the following. The no load voltage with the rheostat shorted is
156V. Determine (a) The field circuit resistance; (b) Field-rheostat setting
that will provide a no load voltage of 140V; (c) Armature voltage if the
rheostat is set to 14.23; (d) Field-rheostat setting that will cause critical
resistance; (e) Armature voltage at 80% rated speed, and the rheostat
shorted; (f) Rheostat setting required to obtain a no load armature voltage
of 140V at 1750rpm if the shunt field is separately excited from a 120V dc
source. (Hubert: Example 12.1, pp 479)
 Problems
A 4-pole, long shunt, compound generator supplies
100 A at a terminal voltage of 500V. If armature re-
sistance is 0.02 ohm, series field resistance is 0.04
ohm and the shunt field resistance 100 ohm, find the
generated voltage. Assume drop per brush is 1 Volts
and neglect armature reaction. (Ans: 508.3 V)
 Home Work

A 20 kW compound generator works on full load with

a terminal voltage of 250V. The armature, series and
shunt winding resistances are, 0.05 ohm, 0.025 ohm,
and 100 ohm, respectively. Calculate the
generated voltage assuming the generator is
connected as short-shunt. (Ans: 256.13 V)
 Terminal Characteristic of Shunt Generator

1) For a fixed IF , read IA RA (difference between OCC and Field-resistance line; find
IA.
2) Calculate IL from IL=IA-IF.
3) For a fixed IF , field-resistance line with gives the terminal voltage VT.
4) At IL=0, the intersection of field-resistance line and OCC gives VT.
5) The minimum IL is obtained from Vres/RA.
 HW
The magnetization characteristic of a dc generator is given as
follows:
IF(A): 0 0.4 0.8 2 5 6 8 10 12 14
EA(V) 20 22.5 25 82.5 200 232.5 275 300 320 335
The shunt field resistance is 24.5 . What will be the no load
voltage if the generator is used as a shunt generator? If the
generator is used as separately excited with its field supplied
from a 120V dc source, what will be its no load voltage?

An 8-pole wave wound dc shunt generator is supplying a load of

12.5 resistor at 250V. The voltage regulation is found to be
2.016%. If the generator is used as separately excited with its
field connected to a 250V dc source, what will be its voltage
regulation? Assume the armature resistance of the machine is
0.24.
DC Motor
 Application of DC Motor

Direct current motors are seldom used in

ordinary industrial applications because all
electric utilities supply AC. However, for
special applications such as in steel mills,
mines, cars, and electric trains, it is
sometimes advantageous to use DC motors.
The reason is that the torque-speed
characteristics of DC motors can be varied
over a wide range while retaining high
efficiency.
 Working Principle of dc motor
After the field coil is excited if a dc current is passed
through the armature conductors from a dc source
connected across the armature terminal, the
armature experiences a torque and armature starts
rotating. The direction of rotation can be obtained
from the Fleming’s left hand rule. The rotation of the
armature also induces emf in the armature coils
which is known as back emf (counter emf). This
back emf is less than the supply voltage thus the
current flow is in the reverse direction to that of
generator case. The back emf serves to limit the
armature current to the value just sufficient to take
care of the developed mechanical power to drive
the load.
 Classification of dc motors

1. Separately excited dc motor

2. Shunt dc motors

3. Series dc motors

4. Compound dc motors

5. Permanent magnet dc motor

 Analysis of dc motors

EA in the case of motor is known as back emf or

counter emf.
The above two equations, KVL and magnetization
curve are the basis of dc motors analyses.

For a motor, the output quantities are shaft torque

and speed, the terminal characteristic of a motor is
thus a plot of its output torque versus speed.
Separately excited motors
Shunt motors
 Loading effect on Shunt motors
In motors, there are two torques (load torque and
induced torque). At running condition, these two
torques are equal except the losses.

If load torque exceed the induced torque, motor will

start to slow down. Thus EA=K decreases, so
IA=(VT – EA)/RA increases. The increase in IA will
eventually increase the induced torque. Finally
induced torque will balance the load torque at a lower
motor speed.
If induced torque exceeds the load torque, motor will
start to accelerate.
Terminal Characteristics of Shunt
motors (1)

Normal operating
range
Terminal Characteristics of Shunt
motors (2)
Terminal Characteristics of Shunt
motors (3)
Speed control of Shunt motors (1)

Most common methods are:

1)Field resistance/field flux control

2)Terminal voltage control

Less common method:

Armature resistance control

 Speed control of Shunt motors (2)
Field resistance/field flux control:
1) Increasing RF decreases IF.
2) Decreasing IF decreases .
3) Decreases  lowers EA.
4) Decreasing EA increases IA.
5) Increasing IA increases induced torque.
6) Increasing ind makes ind> load and the speed  increases.
7) Increasing  increases EA.
8) Increasing EA decreases IA.
9) Decreasing IA decreases ind until ind=load at a higher .
 Speed control of Shunt motors (3)

Under normal operating range, the increase in field

resistance increases the motor speed.
 Speed control of Shunt motors (4)

At very slow speed, the increase in field resistance

decreases the motor speed. This is because, at low
speed the increase in IA caused by the decrease in
EA is no longer enough to compensate for the
decrease in flux in the torque equation.
A shunt motor is running at 626 rpm when taking an
armature current of 50A from a 440V supply. The
armature circuit has a resistance of 0.28. If the flux
is suddenly reduced by 5%, find:
(a) The maximum value to which the current
increases momentarily and the ratio of the
corresponding torque to the initial torque;
(b) The ultimate steady value of the armature current,
assuming the torque due to the load to remain
unaltered.
(c) The speed at this new condition.
Effect of Armature Reaction on Motor

The armature reaction weakens the flux cause the

motor’s speed to rise. Over loading a motor without
compensating winding may cause runaway.
 Shunt motor: Speed control
Armature terminal voltage control:
This method implies changing the voltage applied to the
armature of the motor without changing the voltage applied
to its field. Therefore, the motor must be separately excited
to use armature voltage control.

Armature
voltage speed
control
 Shunt motor: Speed control
1) Increasing the armature voltage VA increases the armature current (IA =
(VA - EA)/RA);
2) Increasing armature current IA increases the induced torque ind (ind =
KIA);
3) Increased induced torque ind is now larger than the load torque load
and, therefore, the speed  increases;
4) Increasing speed increases the internal generated voltage (EA = K);
5) Increasing EA decreases the armature current IA…
6) Decreasing IA decreases the induced torque until ind = load at a higher
speed .
 Shunt motor: Speed
control
Armature resistance control:
 Base speed

If a motor is operated at its rated terminal voltage,

power, and field current, it will be running at the
rated speed which is also called a base speed.
 Shunt motor: Speed control
Field resistance control is mainly used for speeds
above the base speed but not below it. Trying to
achieve speeds slower than the base speed by the
field circuit control, requires large field currents that
may damage the field winding.
Since the armature terminal voltage is limited to its
rated value, no speeds exceeding the base speed can
be achieved safely while using this method. It is thus
used for speeds below the base speed.
As the insertion of resistor in armature circuit
increases the power loss, armature resistance control
is very wasteful method of speed control; thus it is
rarely used.
 Shunt motor: Example
Example 5.1: A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 rpm DC shunt motor with compensating
windings has an armature resistance (including the brushes, compensating
windings, and interpoles) of 0.06 . Its field circuit has a total resistance Radj
+ RF of 50 , which produces a no-load speed of 1200 rpm. The shunt field
winding has 1200 turns per pole.
a) Find the motor speed when its input current is 100 A.
b) Find the motor speed when its input current is 200 A.
c) Find the motor speed when its input current is 300 A.
d) Plot the motor torque-speed characteristic.
 Shunt motor: Example
The internal generated voltage of a DC machine (with its speed expressed
in rad/sec):

Since the field current is constant (both field resistance and VT are
constant) and since there are no armature reaction (due to compensating
windings), we conclude that the flux in the motor is constant. The speed
and the internal generated voltages at different loads are related as

Therefore:

At no load, the armature current is zero and therefore EA1 = VT = 250 V.

 Shunt motor: Example
a) Since the input current is 100 A, the armature current is

Therefore:

and the resulting motor speed is:

b) Similar computations for the input current of 200 A lead to n2 = 1144

rpm.
c) Similar computations for the input current of 300 A lead to n2 = 1115
rpm.
d) To plot the output characteristic of the motor, we need to find the torque
corresponding to each speed. At no load, the torque is zero.
 Shunt motor: Example
Since the induced torque at any load is related to the power converted in a
DC motor:

the induced torque is

For the input current of 100 A:

For the input current of 200 A:

For the input current of 300 A:

 Shunt motor: Example
The torque-speed
characteristic of the motor is:
 Shunt motor: The effect of an open
field circuit

Machine flux drops to residual value, E A would

drop with it. This will increase armature current,
induced torque will also increase and becomes
higher than that the shaft/load torque. Therefore
motor speed starts to rise and just keeps going
up.
Series motors: terminal characteristic
Series motors: terminal characteristic
Series motors: terminal
characteristic

In absence of sufficient load, the speed of the series

motor goes fast; this motor starts always with load.
Speed control of Series motors (1)

Methods are:

1)Terminal voltage control

2) Armature resistance control (in efficient)
Compound motors (1)
Compound motors (2)

Long Shunt

Short Shunt
 Cumulative Compound motors (3)

Speed drops more than shunt and torque increases

more than shunt.
 Cumulative Compound motors (4)
At light loads, series field has a very small effect, so
the motor behaves as a shunt motor; as the load gets
very large, the series flux becomes significant so that
its torque-speed curve begins to follow to that of a
series motor.
Cumulative compound motor has a higher starting
torque than a shunt motor ( constant flux) but a lower
starting torque than a series motor (flux is
proportional to load current).
It combines the best feature of both the shunt and the
series motor.
Like series motor, it has extra torque for starting.
Like shunt motor, it does not over speed at no load.
Cumulative Compound motors (5)
 Differential Compound motors
As load increases, IA increases which decreases flux.
As the flux decreases, speed of the motor increases.
Increased speed which further increases I A, further
decreasing flux.
Increased IA increases the speed again.
Differentially compound motor becomes unstable and
tends to run away.
Speed control of Compound motors

1)Field resistance/field flux control

2)Terminal voltage control

3)Armature resistance control

Speed control of separately excited
motors : Ward-Leonard system
 Speed Regulation of a DC Motor

The speed regulation of a dc motor is defined as

the change in speed when the load on the motor is
reduced from rated value to zero, expressed as
percentage of the rated load speed.
Mechanical Power Developed in a motor
Out of armature input (VTIA ) some is wasted
in armature resistance loss (IA2Ra) and the
rest is converted into mechanical power
which is known as developed mechanical
power.
Condition for Maximum power:
This power is given by
 Starting of dc motor (1)
At the instant of start up, there is no back emf. A
high current is thus flows in the armature that may
blow the fuse and disconnect the motor from
supply. It is therefore necessary to insert some
resistance in series with the armature circuit to
limit the current flow through the armature winding
at the starting time.
As the motor starts to rotate, this resistance is to
be taken out in steps because the back emf rise as
the motor come up to full speed. This resistance
arrangement is called starter.
R23=(R2= 2.55)-(R3=1.623)=0.93

R4= R3*35/55=1.033.

R34=1.623-1.033=0.59

R5= R4*35/55=0.6574.

R45=1.033-0.6574=0.3756

R6= R5*35/55=0.418.

R56=0.6574-0.418=0.2394
 Starting of dc motor (2)

Three point starter has one disadvantage. If

the machine is run at higher speed by field
weakening, the strength of magnet may
become so weak that it will fail to hold the
handle in the RUN position. Thus we find a
false disconnection of the motor takes place
even there is neither over load nor any
sudden disruption of supply.
 Braking of dc motor
During braking of a motor, the machine is
forced to operate as generator as that a
torque opposite to the direction of rotation will
be imposed on the shaft, helping the machine
to come to stop quickly.

Rheostatic or dynamic braking braking

Plugging
Regenerative braking
 Braking of dc motor
Rheostatic or Dynamic braking
 Braking of dc motor
Plugging
 Braking of dc motor
Regenerative braking
Power flow-diagram of DC
Generator

It includes both field and armature

resistance losses.
 Power flow-diagram of DC Motor

It includes both field and

armature resistance losses. Note that
Power: HP×746= Watt
Torque: lb-ft×0.7376= N-m
 Losses in a DC Machine

1. Copper losses;
2. Brush losses;
3. Mechanical losses;
4. Core losses;
5. Stray load losses.
 DC machine efficiency calculations
To find the copper losses, we need to know the
currents in the motor and two resistances. In practice,
the armature resistance can be found by blocking the
rotor and apply a small DC voltage to the armature
terminals, such that the armature current will equal to
its rated value. The ratio of the applied voltage to the
armature current is approximately RA.
The field resistance is determined by supplying the
rated voltage to the field circuit and measuring the
resulting field current. The field voltage to field
current ratio equals to the field resistance.
 DC machine efficiency calculations
Brush drop losses are frequently lumped together with
copper losses. If treated separately, brush drop losses
are a product of the brush voltage drop VBD and the
armature current IA.
The core and mechanical losses are usually determined
together. If the machine is running freely as a motor at no
load and at the rated speed, the current IA is very small
and the armature copper losses are negligible. Therefore,
if the field copper losses are subtracted from the input
power of the motor, the remainder will be the mechanical
and core losses. These two losses are also called the no-
load rotational losses. As long as the motor’s speed
remains approximately the same, the no-load rotational
losses are a good estimate of mechanical and core
losses in the machine under load.
 Efficiency of DC Motor

Efficiency of a dc machine is
A 8-pole, 25 kW, 120-V dc generator has a duplex lap
Lap-wound armature which has 64 coils with 16 turns
Per
A dccoil. Its rated
machine hasspeed
8-poleisand
2400 rpm. current of 100 A.
a rated
(a) How much flux per pole is required to produce
How much current will flow in each path at rated con- the
rated voltage
ditions at no load
if the armature is conditions?
(a) simplex lap wound; (b) du-
(b) What
plex is current
lap wound; andper
(c)path at the
simplex rated
wave load? and (d)
wound,
(c) What is the
duplex wave wound. induced torque at the rated load?
(d) If the resistance of this winding is 0.011 /turn,
what is the armature resistance of the machine?
Problem 9.22
Answer: 975.45 rpm
Efficiency of Dc Generator
Efficiency of Dc Generator
Efficiency of Dc Generator
Knowledge Test-1
Q1: What type of magnetic material hard or soft is
used for dc machine design?

Q2: What is the purpose of using such magnetic

material to design dc machines?

Q3: What law is the basis of dc generator operation?

Q4: How can we vary the generated voltage?

Q5: What factors can vary the motor torque?