Alveolar Bone
Bone
• Chemical characteristic:
By weight: 67% hydroxyapatite and 33% organic matrix.
• Structure of bone:
A. Periostium:
1. It covers the compact bone from outside.
2. Attached to bone by sharpey′s fibers.
3. It acts as a medium for attachment of
muscles and tendons.
4. It helps in nutrition to the underlying bone.
5. It consists of two layers:
• Outer fibrous layer.
• Inner cellular layer.
B. Endosteum:
• Lines the internal surfaces of
compact, marrow spaces of
cancellous bone and the
haversian canals.
• It contains a layer of
osteoproginator cells and a
layer of osteoblast cells.
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Alveolar Bone
C. Bone cells:
Osteopiogenator Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast
May be:
Origin Mesemchymal in 1. circulating blood monocytes.
Osteoprogenitor cells. Imprisoned osteoblasts.
origin. 2. Osteoprogenitor cells.
3. Aging osteocytes.
1. In the deepest On the surface of the
In bay-like depressions (Howship's
Site layer of bone & a layer of osteoid In lacunae in the mineralized bone & its
lacunae) on the resorption surface of
periosteum. tissue always separates it cytoplasmic processes in canaliculi.
the bone.
2. Endosteum. from bone surface.
1. Oval.
1. Multinucleated cell (up to 30
2. Basophilic cytoplasm
1. Spindle, nuclei).
as it contains alkaline
Branched. 1. Flat cell with several processes attached 2. Esinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm.
phosphatase.
Shape 2. Elongated, pale with each other by a gap junction. 3. The side facing the bone shows
3. Eccentric nucleus.
stained nucleus. 2. Dark nucleus. ruffled border.
4. criteria of active
3. Little, Basophilic 3. Cytoplasm has minimal organelles. 4. Rich in acid phosphatase activity.
protein secretion (5).
cytoplasm. 5. Decrease in RER and increase in
5. When became inactive
lysosomes.
termed "lining cells".
1. Pass nutrients & hormones from blood to Bone resorption in 3 steps:
other ostescytes (Gap Junction). 1. Decalcification (by organic
1. Formation of the bone
2. Respond to hormones as it can release acids).
matrix (osteoid tissue)
calcium from bone matrix to blood. This 2. Disaggregation (degradation)
Function Differentiate to 2. Deposition of the
prevents hypermineralization & death of of organic matrix (by protease&
other bone cells inorganic content
bone. collagenase).
(high alkaline
3. Osteocytes cannot divide. 3. Elimination (transport) of
phosphatase activity).
4. On rare occasion osteocyte may show debris to extracellular fluid &
bone resorption (osteocytic osteolysis) blood
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Alveolar Bone
• Types of Bone
Types of bone
Non Lamellar bone Lamellar bone Bundle bone
Compact bone Cancellous bone
I. Non-lamellar bone:
• Nomenclature:
Primary, embryonic, emergency, woven, temporary or
immature bone.
• Site:
1. Bone of fetus.
2. Extraction socket.
3. Fracture site
• Structure:
1. Irregular arrangement of collagen fiber
(woven bone).
2. Increased number of osteocyte.
3. More radiolucent in x-ray.
4. Have a high rate of turnover.
• Fate:
It never matures but it is resorbed &
replaced by lamellar bone.
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Alveolar Bone
II. Lamellar bone:
It characterized by being arranged in layers (lamellae) and considered as mature
or secondary bone. It is classified into Compact bone & Cancellous bone.
A. Compact bone:
• Nomenclature:
Cortical or ivory bone.
• Characters:
1. Very dense type of bone.
2. It has no marrow spaces but
have Haversian canals.
• Types of lamellae:
1. Circumferential lamellae:
• Inner circumferential lamellae near the
endosteum.
• Outer circumferential lamellae near the
periosteum.
2. Haversian (concentric) lamellae:
4-20 lamellae surrounding the Haversian canals.
3. Interstitial lamellae: remnants of old Haversian lamellae after
remodeling.
B. Cancellous bone:
• Nomenclature:
Spongy or trabecular bone.
• Characters:
1. Formed of network of bony trabeculae with many intervening thin irregular
marrow spaces.
2. The trabeculae are lined by endosteum.
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Alveolar Bone
III. Bundle bone (bone of attachement)
• Site and function:
1. Sites of attachment for muscles & ligaments.
2. It lines the socket of the teeth where PDL fibers (Sharpey’s)
are inserted into the bundle bone.
3. Their fibers arranged parallel to bone surface and at
right angle to Sharpy’s fiber with osteocytes between
them.
4. Have more calcium salt per unit area than woven bone.
5. More radio opaque (lamina dura).
• Incremental lines of bone
Resting line Reversal line Faint line
Represent the Represent post Change of the
incremental pattern of osteoclastic activity. collagen fibers
Cause bone formation. direction in
different bone
layers.
Dark straight or slightly dark blue scalloped faint black lines.
wavy lines lines with the
Description convexities towards
the old resorbed
bone.
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Alveolar Bone
Alveolar bone
• Definition:
It is that part of the jaws containing the sockets (alveoli) for the teeth, while the
remaining part of the jaw called basal bone.
• Structure of alveolar bone:
Alveolar bone
Supporting alveolar bone Alveolar bone proper
Cortical plates Supporting spongiosa Bundle bone Lamellar bone
Inner (lingual) Outer (labial & buccal)
I. Supporting alveolar bone:
• It is the bone that surrounds the
alveolar bone proper and gives
support to the socket.
• It consists of:
A. Cortical plates of compact bone and
form the outer and inner plates of the
alveolar process. It contains
longitudinal lamellae and Haversian
systems.
• They are thickest in the premolar and molar regions of the lower jaw
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Alveolar Bone
especially on the buccal side.
• In anterior regions usually very thin with no spongy bone.
B. Spongy bone which fills the space between the outer and inner
plates and the alveolar bone proper.
With X-ray the spongiosa of the alveolar process is divided into two
main types:
Type I Type II
Regular Irregular
Horizontal in a ladder like form Numerous and delicate
Mostly present in the mandible Mostly present in the maxilla
Trabeculae at the apex may sometimes Radiating trabeculae are not prominent in
radiate. maxilla as the maxillary sinus and the
nasal cavity are close to the roots of the
molars.
II. Alveolar Bone Proper:
• It forms the inner wall of the socket and gives
attachment to the principal fibers (Sharpey’s
fibers) of the periodontal ligament.
• It is perforated by many foramina (called
cribriform plate) called Zuckerkandle and
Hirschfield canals through which the
branches of the interalveolar nerve and
vessels pass into the periodontal ligament.
• It is also known as lamina dura because of its radiopacity due to the thick bone
without any trabeculations. But, it may also be due to the orientation of the bone
crystals.
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Alveolar Bone
• Histologically the alveolar bone proper is formed by:
1. Bundle bone:
• Form the inner most layer of alveolar bone proper (cribriform plate-lamina dura).
• Bundles of coarse-fibered woven bone. The fibers running parallel to the socket
wall and arranged in lamellae.
2. Compact bone:
• It is next to bundle bone and consists of thick layer of compact bone mostly
Haversian system.
• Physiological changes of alveolar bone:
I. In teeth eruption:
1. In which the crypt replaced by socket.
2. The roof of the crypt shows bone resorption.
3. The upper edges of the crypt show bone deposition. The newly formed bone
formed of a layer of bundle bone lining the new socket then layer of lamellar
bone behind (Alveolar bone proper).
II. In mesial drift:
1. Mesial wall shows bone resorption with periods of remission to rearrange the
structure of the socket again (bundle bone, lamellar bone, spongy bone).
2. Distal wall shows bone deposition starting with bundle bone to attach the PDL
then the old bundle bone converted into lamellar bone while the old lamellar
bone converted into spongy bone.
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