KITCHEN TOOLS & EQUIPMENT
REVIEWER
1. CLASSIFICATION OF KITCHEN TOOLS
Measuring Tools
● Measuring spoons – Measure small amounts of liquid or dry ingredients.
● Measuring cups – Measure the volume of liquid and dry ingredients.
● Weighing scale – Measures large quantities of ingredients.
Cutting Tools
● Paring knife – Slices small fruits and vegetables.
● Kitchen knife – Cuts meat, chicken, and fish.
● Butcher’s knife – Cuts large portions of meat and bones.
● Bread knife – Slices bread.
Mixing & Preparatory Tools
● Mixing bowl – Prepares ingredients and mixtures.
● Tong – Handles hot food.
● Strainer – Separates liquid from fine solid particles.
● Colander – Drains food.
● Chopping board – Used for cutting ingredients.
● Wooden spoon – Mixes and tosses ingredients.
● Blending fork – Tests meat tenderness.
● Grater – Grates food into fine pieces.
● Rubber scraper – Scrapes mixtures from bowls.
● Cake spatula – Spreads frosting on cakes.
● Ladle – Mixes and scoops food.
● Flipper/Turner – Turns food while frying.
Kitchen Equipment
● Deep fryer – For deep frying.
● Saucepans and pots – For cooking dishes with gravy or sauce.
● Rice cooker – Cooks rice quickly.
● Frying pan – Used for frying and sautéing.
● Pressure cooker – Makes meat and grains tender.
● Steamer – Cooks food by steaming.
● Double boiler – Prevents sauces from scorching.
● Blender – Mixes and purees food.
● Oven – Used for baking and reheating.
● Refrigerator – Preserves food and prevents bacterial contamination.
2. CLEANING & SANITIZING
● Cleaning – Removing dirt, food, and bacteria from kitchen tools and surfaces.
● Sanitizing – Reducing harmful bacteria through heat or chemicals.
Types of Cleaning Agents
1. Detergent – Removes dirt and grease (e.g., dishwashing soap).
2. Solvent cleaner (Degreaser) – Removes burnt-on grease.
3. Acid cleaner – Removes mineral deposits (e.g., lime scale).
4. Abrasive cleaner – Removes tough dirt and sometimes disinfects.
3. MEASUREMENTS & CONVERSIONS
Liquid Measurements
● Fluid ounce ([Link])
● Tablespoon (T/tbsp.)
● Teaspoon (t/tsp)
● Cup (C)
● Gallon (gal)
Quick Conversions for Liquids
● 1 teaspoon = 5 mL
● 1 tablespoon = 15 mL
● 1 cup = 250 mL
● 4 cups (1 quart) = 1 liter
Dry Measurements
● Ounce (oz)
● Pound (lbs.)
● Kilogram (kg)
Quick Conversions for Dry Ingredients
● 1 tablespoon = 15 g
● 1 cup = 250 g
● 4 cups (1 kg) = 1 kg
Temperature Conversion Formulas
● °C to °F → °C × 1.8 + 32 = °F
● °F to °C → (°F - 32) ÷ 1.8 = °C
4. COSTING, MARKUP & SELLING PRICE
● Costing – The process of computing the price of an item.
● Markup – The difference between the cost and selling price (profit).
Formula: Markup = Selling Price − Cost Price {Markup} = {Selling Price} -
{Cost Price} Markup = Selling Price − Cost Price
● Markup Percentage – Determines the profit percentage.
● Selling Price – The price a vendor sets for a product.
Formula: Selling Price = Cost Price + Markup {Selling Price} = {Cost Price} +
{Markup} Selling Price = Cost Price + Markup
Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis Reviewer
Chromosomes
● Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain genetic material (DNA).
● They are composed of chromatin, which condenses into visible chromosomes
during cell division.
MITOSIS
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Phases of Mitosis:
1. Interphase
○ The cell grows and DNA is replicated.
2. Prophase
○ Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
○ The nuclear envelope breaks down.
○ Centrosomes move to opposite poles.
○ Spindle fibers begin to form.
3. Metaphase
○ Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate.
○ Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of chromosomes.
4. Anaphase
○ Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
○ Each chromatid is now considered a chromosome.
5. Telophase
○ Chromosomes reach opposite poles and begin to uncoil.
○ The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.
○ Spindle fibers disassemble.
6. Cytokinesis
○ The cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
○ In animal cells, a contractile ring pinches the membrane.
○ In plant cells, a cell plate forms to divide the cells.
MEIOSIS
Meiosis is the process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half,
producing four genetically unique haploid cells.
Phases of Meiosis:
Meiosis I (Reduction Division)
1. Interphase
○ The cell grows, and DNA is replicated.
2. Prophase I
○ Chromosomes condense, and homologous chromosomes pair up.
○ Crossing over occurs, leading to genetic variation.
3. Metaphase I
○ Homologous chromosome pairs align randomly along the metaphase
plate (independent assortment).
4. Anaphase I
○ Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
5. Telophase I & Cytokinesis I
○ Two haploid cells are formed, each with half the original chromosome
number.
Meiosis II (Similar to Mitosis)
6. Prophase II
○ Chromosomes condense, and spindle fibers reform in each haploid
cell.
7. Metaphase II
○ Chromosomes align single file along the metaphase plate.
8. Anaphase II
○ Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
9. Telophase II & Cytokinesis II
○ Four haploid daughter cells are formed.
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Feature Mitosis Meiosis
Purpose Growth, repair, Formation of gametes
asexual reproduction (sperm and egg cells)
for sexual
reproduction
Number of Divisions 1 2
Number of Daughter 2 (Diploid) 4 (Haploid)
Cells
Genetic Makeup of Identical to parent cell Genetically different
Daughter Cells from parent cell
Chromosome Diploid (same as Haploid (half of parent
Number parent cell) cell)
Where it occurs Somatic (body) cells Reproductive organs
(testes and ovaries)
Crossing Over No Yes, during Propase I
(Genetic Variation)
Importance of Meiosis
● Ensures genetic diversity through crossing over and independent
assortment.
● Maintains the correct number of chromosomes in sexually reproducing
organisms.
● Produces gametes with half the genetic material needed for fertilization.
English Reviewer: Idea Development,
Outlining, and Using Sources
IDEA DEVELOPMENT AND GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS
Definition
● Idea development is essential in writing. It organizes ideas logically and
clearly based on the writer's purpose.
● Grammatical signals (transitional devices, connectors, determiners, and
repetition) help maintain text coherence.
● Coherence ensures logical connections between ideas in sentences
and paragraphs.
Patterns of Idea Development
1. General to Particular
○ Begins with a general idea and presents specific supporting details.
○ Example: Classification of clouds into high, middle, and low based on
altitude.
○ Grammatical Signals: for example, specifically, in particular
2. Cause and Effect
○ Explains the reasons (causes) or results (effects) of an event or
situation.
○ Example: Regular exercise benefits health by improving circulation
and reducing heart disease risk.
○ Grammatical Signals: because, due to, as a result, therefore, thus
3. Claim and Counterclaim
○ Presents an argument (claim) with supporting evidence and refutes the
opposing viewpoint (counterclaim).
○ Example: Rock music does not necessarily cause teenage rebellion
despite some controversial lyrics.
○ Grammatical Signals: however, on the other hand, admittedly,
nevertheless
4. Problem-Solution
○ Identifies a problem and presents possible solutions.
○ Example: Air pollution is a major issue that can be addressed by
stricter environmental regulations.
○ Grammatical Signals: to solve this, as a solution, one way is, in order
to
5. Persuasion
○ Convinces readers to believe in or act upon an idea.
○ Example: A school bazaar offers fun activities while supporting
the school financially.
○ Grammatical Signals: undoubtedly, certainly, it is important to
note, in conclusion
EXPANDING CONTENT USING OUTLINES
What is an Outline?
● A tool that organizes ideas logically before writing.
● Helps writers determine the order of topics.
Types of Outlines
1. Sentence Outline
○ Uses complete sentences.
○ Example:
■ Thesis Statement: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the
economy and education system.
■ I. The economy declined due to reduced consumer spending.
■ A. Tourism industry shutdown
■ B. Loss of jobs and income
■ II. Education faced major challenges.
■ A. Delay in school openings
■ B. Transition to online learning
2. Topic Outline
○ Uses words and phrases instead of full sentences.
○ Example:
■ I. Economic effects of COVID-19
■ A. Decreased consumer demand
■ B. Job losses
■ II. Educational impact
■ A. Shift to remote learning
■ B. Need for increased funding
Contents of an Outline
● Thesis Statement: Main idea of the essay.
● Major Topics: Broad points related to the thesis.
● Subtopics: More specific ideas within the major topics.
● Supporting Details: Additional explanations, examples, and evidence.
Steps in Writing an Outline
1. Choose a topic and define your purpose.
2. Identify major topics.
3. List subtopics under each major topic.
4. Add supporting details.
5. Review and refine for coherence.
USING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
Primary Sources
● Firsthand information from original evidence.
● Examples:
○ Diaries, letters, and original documents
○ Interviews, speeches, and government records
○ Research reports and statistical data
○ Creative works (e.g., literature, artwork, music)
Secondary Sources
● Secondhand information derived from primary sources.
● Examples:
○ Journal articles analyzing research
○ Textbooks, dictionaries, and encyclopedias
○ Political commentaries and biographies
○ Newspaper editorials and literary criticism