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PGCET Study Notes: Electrical Engineering

The document provides study notes for PGCET covering key topics and important points in Electrical Machines, Power Systems, Control Systems, Measurements, and Power Electronics. It includes essential formulas related to each subject area, such as efficiency calculations, stability criteria, and measurement techniques. Each section highlights crucial concepts and formulas necessary for understanding and solving related problems.

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guhamritunjoybanku
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376 views3 pages

PGCET Study Notes: Electrical Engineering

The document provides study notes for PGCET covering key topics and important points in Electrical Machines, Power Systems, Control Systems, Measurements, and Power Electronics. It includes essential formulas related to each subject area, such as efficiency calculations, stability criteria, and measurement techniques. Each section highlights crucial concepts and formulas necessary for understanding and solving related problems.

Uploaded by

guhamritunjoybanku
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PGCET Study Notes - Subject Wise with Formulas

Electrical Machines

Key Topics:
- DC Machines
- Transformers
- Induction Motors
- Synchronous Machines
Important Points:
- DC motor torque proportional to I Torque increases with current in series motor.
- Efficiency = (Output / Input) 100
- Transformers: V1/V2 = N1/N2 and Z1 = Z2 (N1/N2)
- Starting torque of induction motor: T proportional to sR2 / [(R2) + (sX2)]
- Synchronous speed: Ns = 120f / P
Key Formulae:
E = 4.44 f N (EMF of transformer)
= (Output Power / Input Power) 100
Slip s = (Ns - Nr)/Ns
Pmech = T = 2NT / 60

Power Systems

Key Topics:
- Transmission and Distribution
- Fault Analysis
- Protection
- Switchgear
Important Points:
- Ferranti Effect: Receiving end voltage > sending end voltage due to capacitance.
- Zbus and Ybus matrices help in fault and load flow studies.
- Fault types: LG, LL, LLG, LLLG
- Breaker rating = Breaking capacity 3 V
Key Formulae:
Per Unit Impedance = Z_actual (Base MVA / Base Voltage)
Surge Impedance Zc = (L/C)
Short Circuit MVA = 3 Fault Current System Voltage / 10
Relay Time = Pick-up time + Delay setting

Control Systems
Key Topics:
- Stability
- Routh-Hurwitz
- Root Locus
- Time Domain Analysis
Important Points:
- A system is stable if all poles lie in the left half of s-plane.
- Root locus ends at open-loop poles and zeros.
- Steady-state error depends on system type and input.
- Phase margin and gain margin indicate relative stability.
Key Formulae:
Transfer Function G(s) = Output(s) / Input(s)
Steady-state error ess = 1 / (1 + Kp) for type 0 system with step input
Routh array to check number of poles in RHP

Measurements

Key Topics:
- Bridges
- Measurement Devices
- Errors
- Transducers
Important Points:
- Wheatstone Bridge is used for resistance measurement.
- Schering Bridge for capacitance and loss factor.
- LVDT provides linear displacement measurement.
- Accuracy = (True Value - Measured Value)/True Value 100
Key Formulae:
Q = CV (Charge stored in capacitor)
Dynamometer wattmeter works on electrodynamic principle.
Inductive Reactance: XL = 2fL, Capacitive Reactance: XC = 1/(2fC)

Power Electronics

Key Topics:
- Converters
- Choppers
- Inverters
- SCRs
Important Points:
- Firing angle controls output voltage in SCR.
- DC chopper output Vavg = Vs (for step-down)
- Inverters convert DC to AC; 120 and 180 modes.
- Commutation is turning off SCR safely.
Key Formulae:
Vavg for full converter = (2Vm/)cos()
Duty Cycle D = Ton / (Ton + Toff)
Ripple factor = (Vrms - Vavg) / Vavg

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