BLOCK-2 : DIGITAL SKILLS

EMAIL HACKING
Email hacking has been defined as a form of hacking where one's email is
accessed by an unauthorized party. If the scammer gets access to your email
to your entire personal information, well as that of your friends becomes
vulnerable. There are many ways that emails can be hacked. The email
hacking is done in three most common ways, which are:
1. Email Spoofing: In email spoofing, spammer sends, email from a
known domain, so receiver thinks that he knows the person, such
emails contain suspicious links, doubtful content, request to transfer
money, opening which can land you in trouble.
2. Social Engineering: Spammers send promotional mails to different
users, tricking them with offers of huge discounts and trick them to fill
their personal data.
3. Inserting virus in a user system: The third technique is to infect the
system of victim's computer with virus or any other kind of malware
by sending suspicious links.
HOW TO DETECT IF YOUR EMAIL HAS BEEN
HACKED?
1. The recipient of spam emails includes a bunch of people you know.
2. You try to access your account and the password no longer works.
3. You try to access "forgot password" and mail goes to some other
account.
4. Your sent folder contains several spam folders, you had never sent.
PHONE HACKING:
Phone hacking is a practice of exploring a mobile device often using
computer exploits to analyzing every aspect of mobile device, its memory
and systems.
TYPES OF SMARTPHONE HACKS AND ATTACKS:
Hacking softwares: The hacker/spammer may use software like keylogger
or trojan horse to gain access to your mobile. You should be careful in
opening any link coming on your phone's message or space email.
Keylogger: It is like a stalker, it snoops information by accessing every tạp,
type or talk or your phone.
Trojans: Trojans are type of malware that can be disguised in your phone
to extract important data or banking information.
Phishing Attack: Phishing is where hackers impersonate someone you
already know, or take disguise of some Important institution and send you
email, text and send you suspicious link, which takes you to another site and
steal important information from you.
Bluetooth Attack: The phone Bluetooth have range of 30 feet, the hacker
may come any where hear to you upto 30 feet and if you have Bluetooth
switched on, may access your computer and access it.
Sim card swapping: The hacker may contact you, saying that your sim card
is deactivated or needs replacement and gain access to your sim card and
86 replace your sim card and then gain access to all your important information.
UNIT 6 I NFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES*

Structure
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Computer Systems
6.3 Internet and World Wide Web
6.4 Multimedia and Digital Communications
6.5 Email
6.6 Security and Privacy
6.7 Emerging Technologies
6.8 ICT in Business and Society
6.9 Future of ICT
6.10 Let Us Sum Up
6.11 Key Words
6.12 Some Useful Books/Articles/Links
6.13 Answer to Check Your Progress Exercises

6.0 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit, you will be able to
●● explain the fundamental principles and components of computer
systems, including computer architecture, input and output devices,
storage devices, operating systems, and networks.
●● describe the basic concepts of the Internet and the World Wide Web,
including web browsing, search engines, email, and social media.
●● explore multimedia concepts, digital imaging, audio and video
technology, digital communications, and the role of cloud computing.
●● examine security threats and attacks, learn about cyber security
measures, understand privacy issues, and consider ethical
considerations related to ICT.
●● highlight the role of emerging technologies such as virtual and
augmented reality, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and
blockchain technology.
●● recognize the impact of ICT on business and society, including
e-commerce, digital marketing, education, healthcare, and
government.

* Ms. Nisheta Gupta, Product Designer, Zomato, Gurugram, Haryana.

87
Digital Skills ●● discuss the future of ICT, including technological advancements,
the role of ICT in society and the environment, and the associated
opportunities and challenges.

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) refers to the use of
digital technologies to access, process, and communicate information. ICT
encompasses a broad range of technologies, including computers, mobile
devices, the internet, and digital media. ICT is an essential part of modern life,
and has transformed the way we work, learn, and communicate with each other.
The development of ICT can be traced back to the invention of the telegraph in
the 19th century, which allowed people to communicate over long distances
using electrical signals. The telephone was invented in the late 1800s, and
allowed people to communicate with each other in real-time. In the mid-20th
century, the development of computers and the internet revolutionized the
way people access and share information. The first computer was invented
in the 1940s, and was initially used for military and scientific purposes. The
invention of the World Wide Web in 1990 by British computer scientist Tim
Berners-Lee allowed for the creation of a global network of interconnected
computers and transformed the way people access and share information.
ICT is an essential part of modern society, and has transformed the way we
work, learn, and communicate with each other. The use of digital technologies
has made it easier for people to access information and communicate with
each other in real-time, regardless of their location. ICT has also transformed
industries such as healthcare, finance, and education, making it easier for
people to access services and resources online. The use of ICT has also
led to the development of new industries and job opportunities, such as
software development, digital marketing, and cyber security. This unit will
discuss some of these issues.

6.2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Information and communication in contemporary times cannot be imagined
without the use of computer. In simple words a computer is a machine which
is programmed to carry out sequences of operations according to the logic
defined by the engineer who developed the code or program for it. Thus,
there are two components of computer systems; one is the machine which
you see and it is called hardware. Hardware means a screen where you see
what you type, a keyboard, a Central Processing Unit or CPU, etc. The
second component is the instructions/codes/programme fed on the CPU and
it is known as software. You cannot see it because it creates a kind of virtual
world. The details are discussed in the following subsections:
Computer Architecture
Computer architecture refers to the design of computer systems, including
their hardware components and the way they interact with each other.
Computer architecture includes the CPU, memory, input/output devices,
and storage devices. The CPU is the mind of the computer and undertakes
most of the processing implementations. The data that is provided in a
computer is registered in the Memory. Storage devices are used to store
88 data and programs over a longer period, such as hard drives and flash drives.
 Information and
Communication
Technologies

Picture 1: A Laptop

Input and Output Devices

Input devices allow users to
provide input to a computer, such Solid State Drives
as text or commands. Examples of An SSD, or solid-state drive, is a type of
storage device used in computers. This non-
input devices include keyboards, volatile storage media stores persistent data
mice, touchscreens, microphones, on solid-state flash memory. SSDs have
and scanners. Output devices replaced traditional hard disk drives (HDDs)
allow a computer to provide in computers and perform the same basic
functions as a hard drive. But SSDs are
output to the user, such as text significantly faster in comparison. With an
or images. Examples of output SSD, the device's operating system will boot
devices include displays, printers, up more rapidly, programs will load quicker
and speakers. Input and output and files can be saved faster.
devices are essential components A traditional hard drive consists of a spinning
disk with a read/write head on a mechanical
of computer systems, as they allow
arm called an actuator. An HDD reads and
users to interact with and receive writes data magnetically. The magnetic
information from the computer. properties, however, can lead to mechanical
breakdowns.
Storage Devices
By comparison, an SSD has no moving
Storage devices are used to store parts to break or spin up or down. The two
data and programme over a longer key components in an SSD are the flash
controller and NAND flash memory chips.
period. There are two main types of This configuration is optimized to deliver
storage devices. Primary storage, high read/write performance for sequential
also known as memory, is used and random data requests.
to store data and instructions that ([Link]
the CPU needs to access quickly. definition/SSD-solid-state-drive)
Secondary storage devices are Optical Drives
used to store data and programs In computing, an optical disc drive is a disc
over a longer period, and include drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic
hard disk drives, solid state drives, waves within or near the visible light
and optical drives. The amount of spectrum as part of the process of reading or
writing data to or from optical discs.
storage required by a computer
system depends on the type and ([Link]
drive)
amount of data and programmes
that need to be stored.

89
Digital Skills

Picture 2: Portable Storage devices a) External Hard Disk b) Pen drive

Operating Systems
An operating system is a software programme that manages the resources
of a computer system, such as the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
Operating systems provide a user interface, such as a graphical user
interface (GUI), that allows users to interact with the computer. Operating
systems are essential components of computer systems, as they allow users
to interact with the computer and run software programs.
Networks
Networks are groups of computers that are connected together to share
resources and communicate with each other. Networks can be local area
Networks (LANs), which are used in homes and businesses to connect
computers and other devices within a building, or Wide Area Networks
(WANs), which are used to connect computers and other devices over a
larger area, such as a city or country. Networks are essential components of
computer systems, as they allow users to share resources and communicate
with each other.

6.3 INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

The internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that
allows for communication and sharing of information across the world.
The first trace of the internet goes all the way back to the 1960s when the
U.S. Department of Defense created the ARPANET, which was a network
designed to connect computers at research institutions. Over time, the
internet evolved and grew, and by the 1990s, the World Wide Web (WWW)
was developed, which allowed users to access and share information
through web pages and hyperlinks. Today, the internet is an integral part
of modern society, allowing for communication, commerce, entertainment,
and information sharing on a global scale.
Basic Internet Concepts
Basic internet concepts refer to the foundational principles and technologies
that make up the internet. These include the use of IP addresses, domain
names, and protocols such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol) that allow for communication between devices on the
internet. Other basic internet concepts include the use of web browsers to
access web pages, URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) that specify the
location of web pages, and data travels on the internet with the use of HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol).

90
Web Browsing Information and
Communication
Web browsing refers to the use of web browsers to access and navigate Technologies
the World Wide Web. For example Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and
Microsoft Edge allow users to access web pages and navigate through links
and menus. Web browsing also includes the use of web-based applications,
such as email clients and social media platforms, which can be accessed
through a web browser.
Search Engines
These are web-based applications that let customers explore and discover
information on the internet. A few examples include Firefox, Safari, and
Google. Search engines use complex algorithms to analyze web pages and
provide users with relevant search results based on their search queries.
Search engine optimization (SEO) is a practice used by website owners
to improve their search engine rankings and increase the visibility of their
websites on search engine results pages.
Email
Electronic mail is commonly known as e-mail. It is a method of
communicating with people around the world via the internet. Email allows
users to communicate with each other quickly and easily, regardless of their
location. Email clients, such as Microsoft Outlook and Gmail, allow users to
manage their email accounts, organize their messages, and send and receive
attachments such as documents and images.
Social Media
Social media refers to web-based platforms and applications that allow
users to connect with each other and share content, such as text, images,
and videos. BeReal, Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, and Snapchat are a few
types of social media that exist. Social media has become an integral part of
modern communication and has had a significant impact on the way people
communicate, share information, and interact with each other online.
Case Study: Online Learning Revolutionizing Education
In recent years, the Internet and World Wide Web have transformed the
field of education, providing unprecedented access to knowledge and
resources. Let us explore a case study that demonstrates the impact of the
Internet and World Wide Web on education:
Background:
A global online learning platform was launched with the aim of providing
quality education to individuals around the world, regardless of their
geographic location or socio-economic background. The platform offered
a wide range of courses, including academic subjects, vocational skills,
and personal development.
Access to Knowledge:
Through the Internet and World Wide Web, the platform connected
learners to a vast array of educational resources. Students could access
video lectures, interactive quizzes, e-books, and discussion forums,
enabling them to learn at their own pace and in their preferred learning
style. This access to knowledge democratized education, breaking down
traditional barriers and making learning opportunities available to anyone
with an Internet connection. 91
Digital Skills
Flexibility and Convenience:
The online learning platform provided flexibility and convenience to
learners. They could access course materials and lectures at any time
and from anywhere, accommodating diverse schedules and geographical
locations. This flexibility allowed individuals to balance their education
with other commitments, such as work or family responsibilities, making
learning more accessible and inclusive.
Collaborative Learning:
The platform fostered collaborative learning through virtual classrooms
and discussion forums. Students from different parts of the world could
engage in meaningful discussions, share perspectives, and collaborate on
projects. This interaction not only enhanced the learning experience but
also exposed learners to diverse cultures, ideas, and global perspectives.
Personalized Learning:
The platform leveraged technology to offer personalized learning
experiences. Adaptive learning algorithms analyzed students’ performance
and tailored the course content to their specific needs. This personalized
approach helped students focus on areas where they needed more
assistance and accelerated their learning progress.
Overcoming Barriers:
The online learning platform addressed various barriers to education. For
individuals in remote areas with limited access to educational institutions,
the Internet and World Wide Web provided an opportunity to access quality
education without the need to relocate. Furthermore, the platform offered
financial assistance and scholarships, making education more affordable
and accessible to disadvantaged students.
Impact and Future Implications:
The online learning platforms revolutionized education, impacting
individuals, communities, and societies worldwide. It opened up new
avenues for professional growth, career advancement, and personal
development. The success of the platform inspired the emergence of
similar initiatives, further expanding the reach and impact of online
education.
The case study exemplifies how the Internet and World Wide Web have
transformed education, revolutionizing the way knowledge can now be
accessed, shared, and disseminated. Through online learning platforms,
individuals have gained unprecedented opportunities to enhance their
skills, pursue their passions, and overcome barriers to education. The
Internet’s power to connect people, enable collaboration, and provide
personalized learning experiences has paved the way for a global learning
revolution.

6.4 MULTIMEDIA AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATIONS
The amalgamation of different types of digital media such as text, images,
video, and audio into an application is known as multimedia. Digital
communication involves the use of technology to communicate information,
92 ideas, and messages in a digital format.
Multimedia Concepts and Applications Information and
Communication
Multimedia can be used for a variety of purposes, including education, Technologies
entertainment, and advertising. The use of multimedia in education can
enhance learning by providing visual and interactive content that engages
students. In entertainment, multimedia is used to create games, films, and
music that combine visual and auditory elements. In advertising, multimedia
can be used to create interactive advertisements that engage viewers.
Digital Imaging
Digital imaging refers to the use of digital technology to capture and
manipulate images. Digital cameras, scanners, and software are used to
capture, edit, and store images. Digital imaging has revolutionized the field
of photography by making it easier and more affordable to capture high-
quality images. Digital images can be easily edited and manipulated using
software such as Adobe Photoshop.
Audio and Video Technology
Audio and video technology involve the use of digital technology to
capture, edit, and store audio and video content. Digital video cameras and
microphones are used to capture high-quality audio and video content. Video
editing software such as Adobe Premiere is used to edit and manipulate
video content. Audio editing software such as Audacity is used to edit and
manipulate audio content.

Picture 3: Audio and Video Technology

Digital Communications
Digital communications refer to the use of technology to communicate
information in a digital format. Examples of digital communication include
email, instant messaging, and video conferencing. Digital communication
has made it easier and more efficient to communicate with people all over
the world. It has also opened up new opportunities for remote work and
collaboration.
Cloud Computing
The use of remote networks to store data and information is called Cloud
Computing. Cloud computing has become increasingly popular in recent
93
Digital Skills years as it offers many benefits such as increased flexibility, scalability,
and cost savings. Cloud computing allows users to access their data and
applications from anywhere with an internet connection.
Check Your Progress 1
1. What do you understand by Computer system? Discuss.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. What is web browsing? How do search engines facilitates web
browsing? Explain.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. Do you agree that the social media is a boon as well as a bane? Give
reasons.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

6.5 Email
Email is one of the most widely used forms of communication in the world
today. It allows for quick and easy communication across vast distances, and
has become an essential tool for businesses, organizations, and individuals
alike.
The first email message was sent in 1971 by computer engineer Ray
Tomlinson. Tomlinson was working on a project to develop a way for users
to send messages to each other on different computers on the same network.
He realized that the “@” symbol, which was already in use to separate the
user name from the domain name in a computer address, could also be used
to separate the user name from the computer name in an email address.
Over the next few years, email slowly grew in popularity. However, it
wasn’t until the 1990s, with the widespread adoption of the internet, that
email use exploded. Today, there are over 4 billion email users worldwide,
and the number continues to grow.

94
The widespread adoption of email has had a profound impact on Information and
communication. It allows people to send messages quickly and easily, Communication
Technologies
without the need for a physical letter or a face-to-face conversation. This
has made it possible for businesses and organizations to communicate with
customers and stakeholders in real-time, no matter where they are located
in the world.
Email has also made it possible for people to communicate with each other
on a more personal level. Friends and family members can keep in touch
with each other, no matter where they are located, and can share photos and
other media easily. Email has also made it possible for people to collaborate
on projects and work together in real-time, even if they are located in
different parts of the world.

6.6 SECURITY AND PRIVACY

As technology continues to evolve, security and privacy have become
increasingly important concerns. In this section, we will discuss the
following:
Security Threats and Attacks
Security threats and attacks refer to intentional attempts to compromise the
confidentiality, integrity, or availability of digital information. Common
security threats include malware, phishing, and hacking. Malware is
malicious software that is designed to harm computer systems or steal
sensitive information. Phishing is the use of deceptive emails or websites
to trick users into providing sensitive information. Hacking involves
unauthorized access to computer systems or networks.
Cybersecurity Measures
Cybersecurity measures are used to protect computer systems and networks
from security threats and attacks. Firewalls are used to block unauthorized
access to computer systems or networks. The detection and removal
of malware can be done via softwares that promote anti-virus. Intrusion
detection systems are used to detect and respond to security threats in real-
time.
Privacy Issues
Privacy issues refer to concerns about the collection, use, and dissemination
of personal information in the digital age. With the growing use of technology,
personal information is being collected and shared at an unprecedented
scale. Privacy concerns include the unauthorized collection of personal
information, the misuse of personal information, and the lack of control
over how personal information is used.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations refer to the moral principles that govern the use of
technology. As technology continues to evolve, ethical considerations have
become increasingly important. Details have been discussed in Unit 9:
Digital Ethics and Etiquettes.

95
Digital Skills
Case Study: Data Breach at XYZ Healthcare
Incident Overview:
XYZ Healthcare, a large healthcare organization, experienced a significant
data breach that compromised the security and privacy of thousands of
patient records. The incident shed light on the importance of security and
privacy measures in safeguarding sensitive information.
Details of the Incident:
Hackers gained unauthorized access to XYZ Healthcare’s database,
exploiting a vulnerability in their outdated software system. This breach
exposed personal information, including patients’ names, addresses,
medical history, etc. The breach not only compromised the privacy of the
affected individuals but also put them at risk of identity theft and other
malicious activities.
Response and Impact:
Upon discovering the breach, XYZ Healthcare promptly initiated an
incident response plan to mitigate the damage. They engaged cybersecurity
experts to investigate the extent of the breach, identify the vulnerabilities,
and implement measures to prevent further unauthorized access. The
organization also notified the affected individuals, providing guidance
on monitoring their accounts and taking necessary steps to protect their
personal information.
Legal and Reputational Consequences:
The incident had severe legal and reputational consequences for XYZ
Healthcare. The organization faced potential lawsuits and regulatory
penalties due to the violation of privacy laws and failure to adequately
protect patient data. Furthermore, the breach eroded public trust, leading
to a decline in patient confidence and reputation damage.
Enhancing Security and Privacy Measures:
In response to the breach, XYZ Healthcare took significant steps
to enhance their security and privacy measures. They invested in
modernizing their software systems, implementing robust encryption
protocols, and conducting regular security audits. Additionally, they
conducted comprehensive employee training programs to raise awareness
about security best practices and the importance of safeguarding patient
information.
Lessons Learned and Industry Impact:
The data breach at XYZ Healthcare served as a wake-up call for the
healthcare industry as a whole. It highlighted the need for robust security
measures, regular system updates, and proactive measures to prevent
cyberattacks. The incident prompted other healthcare organizations to
reevaluate their security practices and invest in measures to protect patient
privacy.

96
 Information and
Conclusion: Communication
The data breach incident at XYZ Healthcare underscores the critical Technologies
importance of security and privacy in protecting sensitive information. It
serves as a reminder that organizations must prioritize the implementation
of robust security measures, regular system updates, employee training,
and incident response plans to mitigate the risks of data breaches and
protect the privacy of their customers or patients. The incident also
highlights the need for increased vigilance and ongoing efforts to stay
ahead of evolving cybersecurity threats in today’s digital landscape.

6.7 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

The world of information and communication technology is constantly
evolving, and new technologies are emerging all the time. We will now
discuss some fast growing technologies:
Virtual and Augmented Reality

Picture 4: VAR equipment

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are two related
technologies that are increasingly being used in various fields. Virtual
Reality is a network-made simulation of an interactable 3D environment in
a seemingly real or physical way. Augmented Reality, on the other hand, is
an overlay of digital information on the physical world. Both technologies
have great potential in fields such as entertainment, education, healthcare,
and engineering.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of machines to perform tasks
that typically require human intelligence, such as perception, reasoning, and
decision-making. AI is being used in various applications, such as natural
language processing, computer vision, and robotics. AI has the potential to
revolutionize many fields, including healthcare, finance, and transportation.
Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical things or
wearables, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors,
and connectivity which enables these objects to communicate data. This
technology can futurise the way we live and work, with applications in
smart homes, healthcare, transportation, and more.
97
Digital Skills

Picture 5: Internet of Things Layout

Blockchain Technology
Blockchain technology is an advanced database mechanism that allows
transparent information sharing within a business network. Originally
developed for use in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, blockchain technology
is now being explored for use in various other applications, such as supply
chain management, voting systems, and digital identity verification.

6.8 ICT IN BUSINESS AND SOCIETY

Information and communication technologies have had a significant impact
on business and society. In this section, we will explore some of the ways in
which ICT has transformed various sectors:
E-commerce
The trading of commodities and services done via the internet is known as
e-commerce. The rise of e-commerce has transformed the retail industry,
enabling consumers to shop online from anywhere in the world. E-commerce
platforms such as Amazon and Alibaba have become some of the world’s
largest retailers, and many traditional brick-and-mortar retailers have had to
adapt to the changing landscape. E-commerce has also created opportunities
for small businesses and entrepreneurs to reach a global audience.
Digital Marketing
Digital Media such as emails and social media are sometimes used to advance
the use of certain products and services is called Digital Marketing. Digital
98
marketing has become increasingly important as more people spend time Information and
online, and it offers many advantages over traditional marketing methods Communication
Technologies
such as print and TV ads. Digital marketing allows businesses to target
specific audiences with personalized messaging, and it provides valuable
data on the effectiveness of marketing campaigns.
ICT in Education
Information and communication technologies have transformed the field
of education. Online learning platforms such as Coursera and Udemy have
made it possible for anyone with an internet connection to access educational
resources from top universities and experts around the world. Educational
institutions have also integrated ICT into their teaching methods, using tools
such as interactive whiteboards, tablets, and online collaboration platforms
to enhance learning.
ICT in Healthcare
Information and communication technologies have had a significant
impact on the healthcare industry. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have
made it easier for healthcare providers to access patient information, and
telemedicine platforms have made it possible for patients to receive medical
care remotely. Wearable devices such as fitness trackers and smartwatches
have also become popular, allowing individuals to monitor their health and
wellness.
E-governance
Governments around the world are increasingly using information and
communication technologies to improve public services and engage with
citizens. E-government initiatives have made it possible for citizens to
access government services online, such as paying taxes and applying for
permits. Governments also use social media and other digital platforms to
communicate with citizens and gather feedback.

6.9 FUTURE OF ICT

The future of ICT is one of rapid change and innovation. The field of
ICT is constantly evolving, with new technologies emerging and existing
technologies improving at a fast pace. This section explores some of the key
trends that are shaping the future of ICT.
Technological Advancements
The pace of technological advancement is expected to
accelerate in the coming years. Some of the key technologies
that are expected to shape the future of ICT include artificial
intelligence, the Internet of Things, blockchain technology, and
quantum computing. These technologies are expected to bring
significant benefits to businesses and individuals, but also pose
new challenges and risks.
Picture 6: Robots

ICT in Society and Environment

As ICT continues to develop and expand, its impact on society and the
environment is likely to become more significant. The widespread use of
99
Digital Skills technology is changing the way we live and work, and is also having an
impact on the environment. The increased use of data centers and cloud
computing, for example, is leading to a significant increase in energy
consumption and carbon emissions. There is also concern about the impact
of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and automation on
jobs and the economy.
Opportunities and Challenges
The future of ICT presents both opportunities and challenges. On the one
hand, the widespread use of technology is opening up new possibilities for
businesses and individuals. It is enabling new forms of communication
and collaboration, making it easier to access information and services, and
helping to improve productivity and efficiency. On the other hand, the rapid
pace of technological change is also creating new challenges. Businesses
and individuals must be able to adapt quickly to stay competitive in a
rapidly changing environment. There is also a need to ensure that emerging
technologies are developed and used in a way that is safe, ethical, and
sustainable.
Check Your Progress 2
1. Explain the functions of email.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. What do you understand by artificial intelligence? Explain.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. Write a note on the e-commerce.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

6.10 LET US SUM UP

In this unit on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), we
have covered various aspects of computer systems, the internet and World
Wide Web, multimedia and digital communications, security and privacy,
emerging technologies, and ICT in business and society. We have learned
about the history of ICT, basic concepts, applications, and tools used in ICT,
as well as the importance of ICT in modern society.
With the rapid pace of technological advancement, it is essential to continue
learning and adapting to the changes in ICT. This requires keeping up with
the latest trends and developments, as well as continuously updating one’s
skills and knowledge. A good way to do this is to attend relevant training
programs, read blogs and articles, and participate in online forums and
communities.
100
In conclusion, ICT has become an integral part of modern society, and its Information and
impact on various sectors is undeniable. As technology continues to evolve, Communication
Technologies
it is essential to keep up with the changes and adapt to the new trends and
developments. Continued learning and adaptation in ICT will not only help
individuals to keep up with the changes but also contribute to the growth
and development of society as a whole.

6.11 KEY WORDS

Storage devices: Storage devices are used to store data and programmes
over a longer period. There are two main types of storage devices.
Operating systems: An operating system is a software programme that
manages the resources of a computer system, such as the CPU, memory,
and input/output devices. Operating systems provide a user interface, such
as a graphical user interface (GUI), that allows users to interact with the
computer.
Networks: Networks are groups of computers that are connected together
to share resources and communicate with each other.
Search engines: These are web-based applications that let customers
explore and discover information on the internet.
Email: Electronic mail is commonly known as e-mail. It is a method of
communicating with people around the world via the internet.
Social Media: Social media refers to web-based platforms and applications
that allow users to connect with each other and share content, such as text,
images, and videos.
e-commerce: The trading of commodities and services done via the internet
is known as e-commerce.

6.12 SOME USEFUL BOOKS/ARTICLES/LINKS

“Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Poverty
Reduction” by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Link: https://
[Link]/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/pol/[Link]
“ICT and Economic Growth: A Review of the Evidence” by World Bank
Link: [Link]
“Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education: A
Comparative Analysis of Technical and Vocational Education and Training
(TVET) in Bangladesh and Philippines” by Hasan Ali Md. Mukhtar, et al.
Link: [Link]
and_Communication_Technology_ICT_in_Education_A_Comparative_
Analysis_of_Technical_and_Vocational_Education_and_Training_TVET_
in_Bangladesh_and_Philippines
“The Role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals” by Muhammad Salman
Khalid, et al. Link: [Link]
“Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on Society” by Robert J. Marks II
Link: [Link]
101
Digital Skills “ICTs and Environmental Sustainability: A Review of the Literature” by
Gloria Kiconco and Mayunga Nkunya Link: [Link]
1050/12/4/1591/htm
“ICT in Health: Perspectives on the Use of ICT for Better Health Care
Delivery in Developing Countries” by Thamer Ba-Dhfari and Muneer
Abbad Link: [Link]
“Blockchain Technology and Its Potential Impacts on the Economy” by
Kateryna Marynych Link: [Link]

6.13 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

EXERCISES
Check Your Progress 1
1. See Section 6.2
2. See Section 6.3
3. See Section 6.3
Check Your Progress 2
1. See Section 6.5
2. See Section 6.7
3. See Section 6.8

102
UNIT 7 DIGITAL COMPUTER SKILLS*

Structure
7.0 Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Importance of Digital Computer Skills
7.3 Basic Computer Operations
7.4 Internet and Web Browsing
7.5 Productivity Software
7.6 Digital Communication
7.7 Data Management and Security
7.8 Digital Media Creation and Web Designing
7.9 Troubleshooting and Technical Support
7.10 Emerging Trends and Future Skills
7.11 Let Us Sum Up
7.12 Key Words
7.13 Some Useful Books/Articles/Links
7.14 Answer to Check Your Progress Exercises

7.0 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit, you will be able to:
●● explain the importance of digital computer skills in present day life;
●● highlight the relevance of digital computer skills in the modern world;
●● identify the benefits that come with acquiring and developing digital
computer skills;
●● discuss the features of different software, such as word processing,
spreadsheets, presentation tools, note-taking, collaboration platforms,
etc;
●● apply the principles and practices of digital communication;
●● practise email etiquette;
●● discuss the significance of data management and importance of
precautions necessary for data security; and
●● identify the emerging trends in the digital realm, including artificial
intelligence, machine learning, internet of things (IoT), cloud
computing, remote collaboration, automation, and data analytics and
visualization.

* Ms. Nisheta Gupta, Product Designer, Zomato, Gurugram, Haryana.

103
Digital Skills
7.1 INTRODUCTION
It will not be incorrect to state that present time can be easily termed as
digital age. It is very essential for new age learners to know the digital
computer skills. They are not only valuable for employability and
career advancement, but also relevant for personal life, education, and
communication. Developing these skills offers benefits such as increased
productivity, access to information, improved problem-solving, and digital
safety. This unit discusses the importance, relevance, and benefits of
digital communication skills. Additionally, it explains the email etiquettes,
significance of data management and emerging trends in digital world with
emphasis on artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud computing,
automation, and data analysis.

7.2 Importance of Digital Computer

Skills
In today’s digital age, having strong digital computer skills is essential.
These skills encompass a wide range of abilities that enable individuals
to effectively navigate and utilize technology. The importance of digital
computer skills can be observed in several key aspects:
1. Increased Employability: In the modern job market, employers
expect candidates to possess basic digital computer skills. Proficiency
in using computers, software applications, and digital tools is
considered a fundamental requirement across various industries
and positions. Job seekers with strong digital computer skills have
a competitive advantage and are more likely to secure employment
opportunities.
2. Advancement in Career: Digital computer skills play a crucial role
in career advancement. As technology continues to evolve, employees
who can adapt and leverage digital tools are better equipped to
excel in their roles. These skills enable individuals to streamline
work processes, enhance productivity, and contribute to the digital
transformation of their organizations.
3. Communication and Collaboration: Effective communication
and collaboration in the modern world heavily rely on digital
computer skills. From email communication to virtual meetings
and online collaboration platforms, individuals with digital literacy
can effectively interact with colleagues, clients, and stakeholders,
regardless of geographical barriers. Strong digital computer skills
empower individuals to leverage various communication channels
and tools, fostering efficient and seamless collaboration.
4. Access various services on digital platforms: For greater reach,
transparency and to reduce unnecessary human interface civic
agencies across the world have been making their service available
on the digital platforms. Digital India is flagship programme of
Government of India has a vision to transform India into a digitally
empowered society and knowledge economy.

104
Relevance in the Modern World Digital
Computer Skills
Digital computer skills are highly relevant in the modern world due to the
pervasive influence of technology in various aspects of life. Consider the
following points:
1. Personal Life: From online banking and shopping to social media
and entertainment, technology has become deeply integrated into our
personal lives. Digital computer skills enable individuals to navigate
online platforms, ensure digital security, and make informed choices
in the digital realm.
2. Education and Learning: In educational settings, digital computer
skills are vital for students to access online resources, conduct
research, and participate in digital learning platforms. These skills are
increasingly integrated into curricula to prepare students for the digital
challenges they will face in higher education and future careers.
3. Professional Life: In the workplace, technology has transformed
the way tasks are performed, and digital computer skills are crucial
for success. From data analysis and project management to content
creation and remote collaboration, proficiency in digital tools and
platforms is essential to meet the demands of modern professional
environments.
Benefits of Developing Digital Computer Skills
Developing strong digital computer skills offers numerous benefits that can
positively impact both personal and professional aspects of life:
1. Enhanced Productivity: Proficient use of digital tools and software
streamlines tasks, automates processes, and improves overall
productivity. Individuals with strong digital computer skills can work
more efficiently, save time, and accomplish more in their personal and
professional endeavours.
2. Access to Information and Resources: The digital world is a vast
repository of information and resources. Digital computer skills
empower individuals to effectively search for information, critically
evaluate sources, and leverage online platforms to access a wealth of
knowledge and educational materials.
3. Improved Problem-Solving: Digital computer skills enhance
problem-solving abilities by enabling individuals to analyze complex
situations, identify appropriate digital tools or software solutions,
and utilize them to address challenges effectively. These skills foster
a proactive and innovative mindset, essential in a rapidly changing
digital landscape.
4. Digital Citizenship and Safety: Proficiency in digital computer
skills promotes responsible digital citizenship, including ethical
online behaviour, privacy protection, and cyber security awareness.
Individuals with these skills are better equipped to navigate the digital
world safely and ethically, protecting themselves and others from
online threats.

105
Digital Skills
7.3 BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS
By mastering the basics of computer operations, you will develop a strong
foundation in understanding hardware and software components, navigating
operating systems, managing files and folders, and effectively utilizing
input and output devices. These skills are essential for performing everyday
computer tasks and will serve as a stepping stone to more advanced computer
skills. Let us revisit some of the following concepts already discussed in the
Unit-6
Understanding Hardware and Software Components
1. Hardware Components: The essential hardware components of a
computer are the CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (Random
Access Memory), hard drive, motherboard, and peripherals like
keyboard, mouse, and monitor. These are the physical instruments
through which a user gains access to the digital world. It is important
to learn about their functions and how they work together to facilitate
computer operations.
2. Software Components: Software are virtual tools through which
the various functions of the digital world are managed. There are
different types of software, including operating systems, applications,
and utility programs. Operating system is the backbone and helps in
managing the computer resources and running various applications.
Basics of Operating System
1. Introduction to Operating Systems: There are various operating
systems, such as Windows, macOS, Linux, and mobile operating
systems (e.g., Android, iOS). These systems provide the tools through
which one can make use of the computers. There are numerous
user friendly interface which facilitates management of the digital
resources. These can be accessed through taskbar and file management
systems.
Navigating File Systems and Folders
1. File System Structure: Digital data is usually stored in the drives of
the system in the forms of files. Every operating system has a specific
form of file system structure to organise the data and to provide
easy and fast access. Generally, there is a hierarchical structures like
folders, directories, and drives.
2. File Operations: Quite like the traditional office structure where files
are arranged in a particular order according to the different categories,
one can arrange data/files on a computer system. There are operations
through which file/s are created, renamed, moved/shifted according to
user’s convenience. One can copy and delete these files.
Using Input and Output Devices
1. Input Devices: Input devices are instruments through which user
feeds/ provides data to the system. Keyboards, mice, touchpads,
scanners, and microphones are some of the input devices.
106
2. Output Devices: Output devices such as monitors, printers, speakers, Digital
and headphones are instruments through which data/information is Computer Skills
shared with the user. Different devices perform different kinds of
information/data.

7.4 INTERNET AND WEB BROWSING

Internet is a one of the digital systems through which information/data is
shared online across computers. This is facilitated through a World Wide
Web. By gaining proficiency in internet and web browsing skills, you will
be able to navigate the online world effectively. You will learn how to use
web browsers, explore websites and web pages, search the web efficiently,
and critically evaluate online sources. These skills will empower you to
harness the full potential of the internet while ensuring responsible and
informed online engagement.
How to access Web Browsers
Most of the computers have provision for a file explorer (in windows
operating system it was also known as window explorer). When a computer
is linked to the internet service, these file explorers can be used to access
the World Wide Web. A user is expected to type the name/address of a web
browser to navigate through the data/information/services available on
World Wide Web.
Web Browsers and Their Features
1. Introduction to Web Browsers: Web browsers are online services
used to give access to the data/information available on the internet.
These web browsers are online tools which help in search and
segregation of information as per the request made by the user. Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari are some of the
popular web browsers.
2. Tab Management: On a web browser there is a possibility of opening
a new fresh page or within a page a user can open one or more tabs.
This facility help in simultaneous search of data/information available
on the World Wide Web.
Navigating Websites and Web Pages
1. URL Structure: Uniform Resource Locator is a kind of address
of information on the World Wide Web. URL (Uniform Resource
Locator) directs your browser to specific address/web pages. URL
is primarily governed by two types of protocol. These protocols are
HTTP and HTTPS. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is
an application layer protocol in the Internet protocol Suite model for
distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP
is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web,
where hypertext, documents include hyperlinks to other resources that
the user can easily access, for example by a mouse click or by tapping
the screen in a web browser. ([Link]
Whereas https stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. It is
the protocol where encrypted HTTP data is transferred over a secure
connection. ([Link]
107
Digital Skills 2. Navigation Tools: There are various tools and elements within a web
page, such as menus, hyperlinks, buttons, and forms which facilitate
user’s search for information/data on the internet. A user can navigate
between pages, go back and forward, and refresh a page.
Searching the Web Effectively
1. Search Engines: There are several popular search engines like Google,
Bing, and Yahoo which help a user in her/his quest for information.
It is important to carefully select the terms for search. You can try
different combination to get the desired and available information.
2. Advanced Search Techniques: A user can fine-tune search on the
internet by using techniques like putting the search in quotation marks
for exact phrases, excluding specific terms, and searching within a
specific site or domain. A user can leverage filters and search settings
for more targeted results.
Evaluating and Citing Online Sources
1. Source Evaluation: It is important to be careful regarding the
credibility and reliability of online sources/information. A user must
consider factors such as author expertise, publication date, supporting
evidence, and bias. One must use critical thinking skills to evaluate
the veracity of the information.
2. Citing Online Sources: It is very important to cite the online sources
properly. There are several citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or
Chicago, which specify the format to cite websites, articles, and other
digital resources.

7.5 PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE

In order to make optimum use of the computing capacity of a computer,
there are several software which help a user to perform a task with much less
efforts. These are termed as Productivity Software. The use of productivity
software help you in efficient creation and formatting of documents, analysis
and visualization of data, impactful presentations, organization of notes and
tasks, and effective collaboration with others. These skills will enhance your
productivity, streamline workflows, and facilitate effective communication
and collaboration in various personal and professional settings.
Word Processing
1. Introduction to Word Processing: Word processing software, such
as Microsoft Word, Google Docs, or Pages are tools to manage the
information which is usually in the form of a narrative.
2. Creating and Formatting Documents: A user can create new
documents, format text, adjust margins, use headers and footers,
apply styles, and insert images and other media. Additional features
like spell check, grammar check, and word count are also very useful.
3. Document Editing and Reviewing: A user can edit and revise
documents, track changes, accept or reject edits, and add comments.
One can also do collaborative editing and version control.

108
Spreadsheets Digital
Computer Skills
1. Introduction to Spreadsheets: Productivity Software Microsoft
Excel, Google Sheets, or Numbers are used to manage the numerical
data in very efficient manner.
2. Data Entry and Manipulation: Spreadsheet provides several
computation functions for calculation. However, it is very important
to properly enter data into cells, format cells, and apply formulas for
desired calculations. One can create tables, sort and filter data, and
create basic charts and graphs.
3. Data Analysis and Visualization: There are several advanced features
of spreadsheets, such as pivot tables, conditional formatting, and data
validation. A user can use charts and graphs to visually represent data.
Presentation Software
1. Introduction to Presentation Software: A user can make use of
presentation software like Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides, or
Keynote. These softwares serve a very important purpose of creation
of visually engaging presentations.
2. Creating Presentations: A user can create slides, add text, images,
and multimedia elements for better presentation. A user should explore
various features like slide layout, design themes, and transitions for
effective storytelling and engaging presentations.
3. Presentation Delivery: Gain knowledge about presentation delivery
techniques, including slide show navigation, presenter view, and
rehearsing timings. Learn how to incorporate animations, video, and
audio elements into presentations.
Note-Taking and Organization Tools
1. Note-Taking Software: Software like Microsoft OneNote, Evernote,
or Google Keep help in efficient and effective ways of note taking.
There are features, such as creating notebooks, organizing notes, and
adding multimedia content for .
2. Organizational Tools: A user can make use of software like Microsoft
To-Do, Trello, or Asana to create and manage tasks, set priorities,
create reminders, and collaborate with others.
Collaboration Tools
1. Cloud Storage and File Sharing: One can keep/store data/
information with the online storage system is called cloud storage.
File sharing platforms like Google Drive, Dropbox, or Microsoft
OneDrive provide facility for upload, organize, and share files with
others securely.
2. Real-Time Collaboration: There are several collaboration tools
that allow multiple users to work on documents, spreadsheets, and
presentations simultaneously. One can invite collaborators, track
changes, and communicate within the collaboration platform.

109
Digital Skills Check Your Progress 1
1. Why are digital computer skills important in today’s world?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. How can you effectively navigate through file systems and folders on
a computer?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. Name any two popular web browsers and explain one feature of each.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
4. Which software application is commonly used for creating
presentations?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

7.6 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

By mastering digital communication skills, you will be able to effectively
communicate through email, instant messaging, video conferencing, social
media platforms, and online forums. These skills will enable you to connect
with others, collaborate remotely, participate in online communities, and
maintain professional digital communication etiquettes.
Email Basics and Etiquettes
1. Understanding Email: Email is a form of personalised communication.
User is expected to create an email id (at times employees/students/
users are provided email by the organisation they are associated with).
The email is delivered to your personalised email box and can be
seen only by the person/s, with whom you share the password. One
needs to compose an email properly with an appropriate subject line,
salutation, body, and signature. A user can not only type the message
but also share file as attachment or can upload on the drive and share
the link.
2. Email Etiquettes: There are few necessary etiquettes one is expected
to follow. One should use professional and courteous language,
proper formatting, appropriate use of attachments, and effective
email organization. Learn how to manage email threads and respond
promptly.

110
Instant Messaging and Chat Applications Digital
Computer Skills
1. Introduction to Instant Messaging: Platforms like WhatsApp,
Slack, or Microsoft Teams offer instant messaging facility. Most of
these platforms offer one-on-one messaging, group chats, file sharing,
and emoji reactions.
2. Effective Messaging: Like emails or any other form of communication
it is important to use clear and concise language, appropriate tone, and
proper use of emoticons and abbreviations. One can star a message
for easy search later on.
Video Conferencing and Online Meetings
1. Conducting Online Meetings: Internet has connected us in multiple
ways. Now we can conduct online one to one meeting, or we can
conduct a group meeting. These meetings have offered possibilities
of connecting with people sitting in different corners of the world.
One must follow meeting etiquette and best practices for engagement.
2. Video Conferencing Platforms: Internet also offers possibilities
of video conferencing with the help of tools like Zoom, Microsoft
Teams, or Google Meet. These softwares allow a user to set up and
join virtual meetings, schedule meetings, and invite participants.
Users can share screens, present slides, and utilize interactive features
like polls and chats.
Social Media Platforms
1. Introduction to Social Media: Social media are interactive
technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information,
ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual
communities and networks. ([Link]
media) Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or
LinkedIn are some of the popular platforms. These platforms help you
connect with people/organisations/institutions who are not personally
known to you. The open character of these platform also necessitates
that one should be very careful about the information being shared.
2. Social Media Etiquettes: As said above most of the social media
platforms have the open access character. Therefore, it is very important
to follow a professional and respectful presence on social media. One
must make appropriate use of privacy settings, appropriate content
sharing, interacting with others, and handling conflicts or negative
comments.
3. Online Forums and Discussion Boards: Connecting people and
experts across the globe has been facilitated by the online forums
and discussion boards like Reddit, Quora, or Stack Exchange. A user
can search for topics, create and respond to threads, participate in
the discussion, share one’s expertise among the community connected
through these platforms.

111
Digital Skills
7.7 DATA MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY
By understanding and implementing data management and security
practices, you can protect your data from loss, organize your files effectively,
practice strong password management, recognize and avoid online threats,
and safeguard your data privacy. These skills will enable you to maintain
the integrity and security of your digital information and mitigate potential
risks in the digital landscape.
Data Storage and Backup
It is very important to store data in a secure and safe manner. One of the
basic methods must be used for data safety is to make immediate regular
back up. There are different strategies for storage of data including manual
backups and automated backups. There are different data storage options,
such as local storage (hard drives, SSDs) and online cloud storage services
(Google Drive, Dropbox, iCloud). There are benefits and considerations of
each option.
File Organization and Management
1. Organizing Files and Folders: It is very important to learn effective
file and folder organization techniques to keep your digital files
structured and easily accessible. One must create logical folder
hierarchies, use descriptive file names, and apply tags or labels for
efficient retrieval.
2. File Compression and Archiving: Large files take up a lot of storage
and to solve this problem there are software which compress a file to
reduce its size. File compression formats like ZIP or RAR are among
the popular ones.
Password Management and Security Practices
1. Password Creation: It is must to learn how to create strong and
unique passwords using a combination of uppercase and lowercase
letters, numbers, and special characters. Understand the importance
of avoiding common passwords and password patterns.
2. Password Managers: There are password management tools like
LastPass, 1Password, or Dashlane. These password managers can
securely store and generate passwords, simplifying the process of
managing multiple accounts.
Recognizing and Avoiding Online Threats
1. Common Online Threats: Data theft is an online theft, which
often involves theft of identity, financial information, confidential
documents, personal data of users. A user must understand different
types of online threats, including malware, phishing, social
engineering, and identity theft. Details have been shared in the Unit-8
Cyber Security of this course.
2. Safe Browsing Practices: Develop safe browsing habits, such as
avoiding suspicious websites, verifying website security (HTTPS),
112
 and regularly updating software and antivirus programme. Learn Digital
to recognize and avoid downloading malicious files or clicking on Computer Skills
malicious links.
Data Privacy and Protection
1. Privacy Settings: A user must understand the importance of privacy
settings on various platforms and applications. You must review and
adjust privacy settings on social media platforms, web browsers, and
other online services to control the information shared.
2. Data Encryption: An advanced method of data protection data
encryption methods have used, to protect sensitive information.
There are tools and techniques for encrypting files, emails, and
communication channels to ensure confidentiality.

7.8 DIGITAL MEDIA CREATION AND WEB

DESIGNING
By developing skills in digital media creation and editing, you will be able
to create visually stunning graphics, edit and enhance audio and video
content, incorporate multimedia elements into documents, create compelling
presentations, and design and develop websites. These skills will empower
you to effectively communicate and express ideas through various digital
media formats. Graphic designing has emerged as an important component
of advertisements, teaching-learning tool, in web designing and numerous
other activities where visuals are used. The art and techniques of graphic
designing is developing and evolving very rapidly. Numerous institutions
are imparting courses for developing skills in the graphic designing. The
courses have been divided into several categories, beginning with entry
level basic training to very high level of technical training. IGNOU also
offers several courses in computer applications; Bachelor's Degree
course in Computer applications, Masters and Post-graduate Diploma
in the computer applications.

7.9 TROUBLESHOOTING AND TECHNICAL

SUPPORT
Like any other mechanical devices, Computers also malfunction. At times
there are issue with the hardware and at times it is the software which
malfunctions. It is important for a learner to have some basic knowledge
about such issues and methods to manage these. Following are few common
computer problems; slow performance, software crashes, connectivity
issues, and error messages. Learner needs to understand the symptoms and
potential causes of these issues.
There is inbuilt mechanism in computer system which most of the times
identifies the error and displays it. One can learn to interpret and understand
error messages encountered during computer use and with proper knowledge
one learns how to use error message codes or descriptions to troubleshoot
and resolve the underlying problem.

113
Digital Skills Basic Troubleshooting Techniques
1. System Restart and Power Cycling: Usually restarting the computer
results in resetting the system. Restarting the computer resolves
various software and hardware issues. It is important to perform a
proper system restart and power cycling for devices, one should not
abruptly shut down the computer.
2. Software Updates and Driver Issues: Most of the software are
updated by the manufactures in response to various issues which are
noticed during its normal functioning. These updates are important for
proper function of the systems, therefore it is advised that occasionally
user should update the software.
Drivers are the interface between the operating system of a computer
and the software. Like software these drivers are also updated and at
times malfunction. Most of the times by updating or reloading the
drivers results in resolution of the issue. Moreover, it is necessary to
use the proper driver. Incompatible drivers also create problem in the
proper function of a computer system.
Seeking Online Technical Support and Resources
Most of the software manufacturers provide online technical support
resources such as knowledge bases, forums, and community-driven
platforms. A user can seek solutions, ask for help, and contribute to technical
discussions. Even the manufacturer can be approached for resolution of the
issue. In such cases it is important to provide necessary information, describe
the problem accurately, and follow the troubleshooting steps provided.
System Maintenance and Optimization
1. Disk Cleanup and Defragmentation: Any computer system while
performing various task accumulates unnecessary temporary files and
these are stored on the drive randomly. Therefore, it is necessary to
clean up unnecessary files, temporary files, and free up disk space.
It is advised that hard drives must be defragmented to optimize file
access and improve system performance.
2. Software Security and Updates: Using online resources makes
computer vulnerable to the virus and cyberattacks. The viruses lead
to malfunctioning of the computer or at times it can lead to theft of
confidential information. Therefore, it is requested that user should
install security software, such as antivirus programs, and keeping them
up to date. Details have been discussed in Unit 8: Cyber Security.

7.10 EMERGING TRENDS AND FUTURE

SKILLS
By familiarizing yourself with emerging trends and future skills such as
artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, cloud computing, automation,
robotics, and data analytics, you will be better prepared to navigate and
leverage the advancements in technology. These skills will enable you
to stay updated, adapt to evolving technological landscapes, and seize
opportunities in various industries and professional domains.
114
Artificial Learning (AI) and Machine Learning (MI) are extensively used Digital
as natural language processing, image recognition, predictive analytics, and Computer Skills
autonomous systems. There are several benefits and challenges associated
with these technologies. Cloud Computing provides remote access to data,
applications, and services. There are several benefits of cloud computing,
such as scalability, cost-efficiency, and collaboration.
Automation and robotics technologies, including robotic process automation
(RPA), industrial robots, and autonomous systems are fast developing.
Learn about their applications in manufacturing, logistics, healthcare, and
other sectors.
Data Analytics is emerging as very important tool in making informed
decisions. Basics of data analytics includes data collection, cleansing,
analysis, and interpretation helps in making better use of the information.
The Internet of Things or IoT, is a network of interrelated devices that
connect and exchange data with other IoT devices and the cloud. IoT
devices are typically embedded with technology such as sensors and
software and can include mechanical and digital machines and consumer
objects. Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT
to operate more efficiently, deliver enhanced customer service, improve
decision-making and increase the value of the business. ([Link]
[Link]/iotagenda/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT)
Check Your Progress 2
1. What do you understand by Productivity Software? Provide a few
examples.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. Explain different kinds of digital communication.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. What is data management? What is the significance of data security?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
4. Write a note on importance of digital media creation and web
designing.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

115
Digital Skills 5. Explain emerging trends in the digital technology.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

7.11 LET US SUM UP

In this comprehensive unit on digital computer skills, various important
aspects were covered. The unit began by understanding the significance of
digital computer skills in today’s world, highlighting their relevance and the
benefits they offer. It then delved into basic computer operations, including
knowledge of hardware and software components, operating systems, and
file management.
Next, the unit explored internet and web browsing skills, such as using web
browsers effectively, navigating websites, conducting efficient searches, and
evaluating online sources. It also discussed productivity software, including
word processing, spreadsheets, presentation tools, and collaboration
software, which enhance productivity and organization of data and
information. Digital communication skills were addressed, emphasizing
email etiquettes, instant messaging, video conferencing, social media, and
online forums. Data management and security were highlighted, emphasizing
proper data storage, backup, organization, password management, online
threat awareness, and data privacy protection.
Troubleshooting and technical support were covered, focusing on common
computer issues, basic troubleshooting techniques, seeking technical
assistance, and system maintenance. Ethical and responsible computer use
was addressed, emphasizing digital citizenship, copyright awareness, cyber
security, digital footprint management, and responsible technology use.
Lastly, the unit discussed emerging trends and future skills, such as artificial
intelligence, IoT, cloud computing, automation, robotics, and data analytics,
preparing individuals for the evolving digital landscape. By mastering
these digital computer skills, individuals can navigate the digital world
confidently, communicate effectively, manage data securely, create and edit
digital media, troubleshoot technical issues, and use technology ethically
and responsibly. Embracing continuous learning and adaptation, individuals
can stay relevant and thrive in our modern, technology-driven society.

7.12 KEY WORDS

●● Digital computer skills: Refers to the abilities and knowledge
required to effectively use computers and digital technology.
●● Operating system: The software that manages and controls the basic
operations of a computer, providing an interface for users to interact
with the hardware and run applications.
●● File systems: The hierarchical structure used to organize and store files
on a computer or storage device, enabling efficient data management
and retrieval.

116
●● Productivity software: Applications and tools designed to enhance Digital
efficiency and productivity in tasks such as word processing, spreadsheet Computer Skills
management, presentations, note-taking, and collaboration.
●● Word processing: Creating, editing, and formatting textual
documents using software applications like Microsoft Word, Google
Docs, or Apple Pages.
●● Note-taking: The practice of recording and organizing information
during meetings, lectures, or personal research using digital tools like
note-taking apps, digital notebooks, or cloud-based platforms.
●● Collaboration tools: Software and online platforms that facilitate
teamwork and collaborative work, enabling users to share documents,
communicate, and work together remotely.
●● Digital communication: The use of digital technology and platforms
to exchange information, ideas, and messages with others, including
email, instant messaging, video conferencing, social media, and
online forums.

7.13 SOME USEFUL BOOKS/ARTICLES/LINKS

“Digital Literacy: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications” by
Information Resources Management Association
“Computer Literacy Basics: A Comprehensive Guide to IC3” by Connie
Morrison and Dolores Wells
“The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and
Business” by Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen
“The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Computer Basics” by Joe Kraynak

7.14 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

EXERCISES
Check Your Progress 1
1. See Section 7.1
2. See Section 7.2
3. See Section 7.3
4. See Section 7.4
Check Your Progress 2
1. See Section 7.4
2. See Section 7.5
3. See Section 7.6
4. See Section 7.7
5. See Section 7.8

117
 UNIT 8 CYBER SECURITY*

Structure
8.0 Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Need of Cyber Security
8.3 CIA TRIAD Model in Cyber Security
8.4 Types of Cyber Attack
8.5 Important Fundamentals of Cyber Security
8.6 Cyber Security: Best Practices
8.7 Handling Mis-information, Fake Identities, Fake News and Legal
Consequences
8.8 Cyber Crime Offences and Penalties
8.9 Important Dos and Don’ts
8.10 Let Us Sum Up
8.11 Key Words
8.12 Some Useful Books/Articles/Links
8.13 Answer to Check Your Progress Exercises

8.0 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit, you will be able to:
●● discuss the basic need and requirement of cyber security;
●● explain the basic concepts of computer and some nuances of cyber
security;
●● identify the basic do’s and don’ts of cyber world; and
●● analyze the various types of cyber- attacks and ways to deal with
them. The study also shows the legal consequences attached with the
same.

8.1 INTRODUCTION
Internet has opened up a new medium for exchange of information among
users. Digital technology and new communication systems have made
dramatic changes in our lives. Business transactions are being done by
using computers. Business community as well as individual are increasingly
using Computer to create, transmit and store information in electronic form
instead of traditional paper documents. Information stored in electronic
form is cheaper, easier to store, retrieve and speedier to communicate.
Computers have brought a revolution in the way people transact in business
and in other forms. This free flow of information has its own advantages and
disadvantages. The legal framework for cyber security, digital transactions
in India is greatly lacking. Not only the substantive laws, in fact even the

118 * Ms Vani, Advocate, Delhi

Evidence Act, is not sufficiently equipped to tackle the challenges showed Cyber Security
by cyber-crime.

8.2 NEED OF CYBER SECURITY

The omnipresence of internet and growing access to it have made it easier
than ever before for cyber criminals to target business and gain access to
personal information about their employees or customers. The concept of
cyber security is no longer limited to only safeguarding against external
threat but also to prevent unauthorized access in the organization’s computer
network, it must also ensure security of its network. No matter what field
you operate in or how secure your data is, there will always be online threat,
keeping your data or the data of the organization at risk.
Learning about the basic concepts of cyber security helps equip the
individual with the knowledge they need to safeguard their networks from
potential attacks and safely maintain privileged user access.
There has been a turbulent history of cyber threats. It was challenging
to carry out a cyber-attack earlier, as the technology was very limited,
however now-a-days with giant electronic machines and all machines
being connected through network, it has been very easy to hack a computer
network or a machine.

8.3 CIA TRIAD MODEL IN CYBER SECURITY

CIA is the basic of any security system. The undermentioned three word
completely encompasses the entire basics of computer security system.

CONFIDENTIALITY

INTEGRITY AVAILABILITY

Fig. 8.1: CIA Triad

Confidentiality: The principles of confidentiality asserts that only
authorized parties access sensitive information and functions. It is all the
more important in the present world where privacy is given huge importance,
keeping data, confidential and protected is very important. WhatsApp keeps
our messages in encrypted form and only the sender and receiver of the
message can see it.
Integrity: The principles of integrity assert that only authorized people and
means can alter, add or remove sensitive information and functions. Safety
of information is very important as incorrect information can be detrimental.
Access of any third party to such data should only be in “ read only” mode
as allowing any third person to edit the information may allow uploading

119
Digital Skills of false information. Further websites like Wikipedia are not considered
authentic source of information as they allow third party to edit information
uploaded on their website.
Availability: The principles of availability assert that authorized personnel
have access to the data or information when needed. Information should
be available for access at all time, non- access of information at any
point of time is detrimental. Same is also important for maintaining data
confidentiality and data integrity.

8.4 TYPES OF CYBER ATTACK

1. Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDOS): It is an attack used
to restrict a user from accessing the resources by flooding the traffic
that is used to access resources. A bot net controller controls all the
bots that are under it. The attacker sends a command to the bot net
controller that tells all bots to attack a server so that the server will be
flooded. When a user wants to access a website, he will not be able to,
as the traffic on the website will be full at capacity.
2. Man in the Middle: You can understand it better by an example,
suppose you want to do an online transaction and you connect to
a bank and make a payment. Now, when you are completing the
transaction, you have to put in credit card details and the PIN (Personal
Identification number). The attacker can spoof you and monitor your
transaction. As soon as you put in your details, he or she will see
them.
3. Email Attack: An email first goes on the server, and then it goes to
the DNS server to find the IP Address of the destination. From the
source email server, the email goes to the destination server. From
there the email is sent to the IP address on which the destination is
working.
There are different types of email attacks:
a) Phishing: The attacker sends a bait, often in form of an email.
It encourages people to share their details. For example, if you
receive an email that your account is about to expire and to
verify the account by using the link. If you are the customer
of bank, you will probably open the link and give details. But
beware, such types of emails are phishing, banks do not send
emails like this.
b) Spoofing: The attacker pretends to be another person or
organization and sends you an email stating that it is a legitimate
email. For example, you get an email stating that your computer
system has been compromised and in order to rectify it, they ask
you the password of your computer, now if you receive such an
email, you might share the information, but you should always
ask and ascertain that the person sending the email, if he/she is
the right person or not.
c) Email attachments: We can send files through emails. These
can be any kind of files, images, documents, audio, videos. A
120
 cyber attacker, can send you an email with any virus/malware Cyber Security
attached along with a suspicious file and you can be encouraged
to open such a file. You should open such kind of files, only if
you are sure about the authenticity of the file or the email.
4. Password Attack: to crack a password, there are five types of attacks:
a) Dictionary Attack: In this method, we handle every password
that is possible through the dictionary.
b) Brutal Force: This is a trial-and-error method used to decode
the password or data. This attack takes the most amount of time.
c) Keylogger: As the name suggests, a key logger records all types
of keystrokes on a keyboard. Most hackers use keyloggers to
get passwords and account details.
d) Shoulder Surfing: The attackers observe the user’s keyboard
by looking over the user’s shoulder.
e) Rainbow Table: There are rainbow tables that contain
precomputed hash values. Attackers use this table to find the
password of the user.
5. Phishing Attack: The hacker can steal user data through phishing
attacks, including login credentials, bank account details and credit
card numbers. Attackers use disguises to trick victims into opening
email accounts, instant messages or text messages that appear to
come from trusted entities. After the recipient clicks a malicious link,
sensitive information is revealed ad malware is installed.
6. Clickjacking: In clickjacking, the attacker usually uses some sort of
ad online to lure the user. They are tricking a user into clicking on
buttons or links that open to another page that installs malware into
users’ system. The adobe flash plug in settings page is one of the most
scandalous examples of clickjacking. This page could be loaded into
an invisible iframe and enables an attacker to manipulate the security
settings in flash, allowing the computer’s microphone and camera to
be used remotely by flash animations.
7. Crypto Hijacking: Crypto hijacking is a new cyber-attack that grew
rigorously after the growth of cryptocurrency. During the attack, the
attacker gains access to the user’s computer by infecting their system
or manipulating them to click on malicious links. In most cases the
users are unaware of this since the crypto mining code works in the
background and the only indication that something is wrong is a delay
in execution.
8. Malware: Malware is a malicious programme or software that
disrupts or damages the computer. There are three types of software:
a) Virus: A computer virus is a malicious code that replicates
by copying itself to another programme or document and
changes how a computer works. The virus requires someone
to knowingly or unknowingly spread the infection without the
knowledge or permission of a user or system administrator. An
example of a virus is a melissa virus.
121
Digital Skills b) Worms: These are stand-alone programmes that run
independently and infect systems. For example, w32. Alcra. F
is a worm that propagates through network share devices.
c) Trojan: One of the most challenging types of malwares to
detect is trojan malware, as it disguises itself as a legitimate
programme. As soon as the victims execute the malicious code
and instructions, the malware can function independently. It is
often used as an entry point for other forms of malware.
d) Adware: End users are served unwanted advertising (for
instance, contact pop-ups) by adware.
e) Spyware: This type of malware collects sensitive data like user
ids and passwords without suspecting the end users.
f) Ransomware: This is known as one of the most dangerous
types of malware attack that infects the system, encrypts files
and holding onto the encryption key until the victim pays a
ransom. The ransom is mainly in the form of cryptocurrency
with a P2P network. Increasingly organizations are being
attacked by ransomware that costs them millions to restore vital
systems as the pay off. There are several ransomwares families
but cryptolocker, petya and locky are the most recognized ones.

8.5 IMPORTANT FUNDAMENTALS OF CYBER

SECURITY
a) Device protections: With the rise in cyber threats, individuals and
companies should prioritize device protection. It is crucial to protect
devices that connect to the internet using anti-virus software, enabled
the lock and erase options, activate two factor authentication and
perform a regular automatic system update of the system software,
whether they are laptop, PC, mobile phone, iPad or any other device,
this will reduce the risk of attacks significantly.
b) Securing Online Connection: Once an individual is connected online,
information transmitted over the internet requires more defenses.
Furthermore, one should use VPN’s (virtual private network) as they
automatically encrypt internet traffic. By using a VPN, all online
transactions are secured, including user’s identity, location, browsing
details and any sensitive information such as passwords and bank
details.
c) Securing Email Communication: Cyber criminals often use email
to gather sensitive information about individuals or companies. It is
highly recommended to encrypt emails to prevent sensitive data from
being accessed by anyone other than the intended recipient since they
mask the original information. In addition, email encryption often
includes one-time password authentication.
Protecting and Performing Timely Back up of Files and Documents:
Back up falls in two categories: remote backups (offline) and cloud storage
(online). Solutions differ in their advantages and disadvantages. Remote back
up services are convenient and inexpensive, but it is not easily accessible from
122
anywhere. Alternatively, cloud solutions can be accessed from anywhere Cyber Security
and are suitable for an organization that operates from different locations.
However, one must ensure that critical documents should, have their own
digital vault with encryption codes, as anything connected to the internet has
a cyber threat risk. With a database and infrastructure security management
system, the cloud computing solution is highly secure with strong network
security, application security, and cloud security. Additionally, a strong
mobile security enhances cloud computer security. By implementing a
BCDR plan, an organization can recover quickly from unforeseen cloud
security situations such as natural disasters, power outages, team member
negligence, hardware failure, and cyber-attacks, allowing routine operations
to resume in less time. Moreover, identity management frameworks provide
endpoint security and data security at highest level.

8.6 CYBER SECURITY: BEST PRACTICES

Last but not the least, there are several best practices in cyber security,
which should be followed by all:
1. Updating the Software Regularly: A typical software update
includes updated features, bug fixes and security updates. It is always
a good idea to update your software to the latest version to ensure
your safety.
2. Computer Protection from Viruses and Malware: You cannot
be entirely protected from malware as long as you connected to the
internet. The vulnerability of your computer will be significantly
reduced if you install an antivirus programme and at least one anti
malware programme.
3. Set Up two-Factor Authentication: In addition, web security is
strengthened by two factor authentication because it eliminates the risk
of a compromised password immediately. Two factor authentication
is now available on several platforms to keep your accounts safer.
4. Protect Your Connections with VPN: Use a virtual private network
(VPN) for a more secure web. Even your internet service provider
won’t be able to have glimpse of your confidential information
because VPN will encrypt the connection.
5. Careful while Clicking on Links: Whenever you click on random
hyperlink messages, make sure you double-check their legitimacy
since links can easily be masked as something they are not.
6. Bluetooth Disabled When Not in Use: Hackers can steal your private
information via Bluetooth if your devices are on, if you aren’t using
Bluetooth, please do turn it off.
7. Delete Adware on Your Computer: You will receive more targeted
ads via adware as it collects information about you. To maintain your
privacy, keep your computer free of adware and install ad blocker.
8. Upgrade Your Security System: Make sure to invest in good security
system and upgrades when they are available. Investing in high grade
security is better than paying a huge amount for security breaches.

123
Digital Skills 9. Virus Scans External Storage Devices: In addition to internal storage
devices, external storage devices can also be exposed to malware.
Infected external devices can spread malware to your computer if you
connect them. Therefore, before accessing external devices, scan the
device to ensure they are malware free.
10. Back Up of Critical Data: Sensitive information can be lost as a
result of security breaches. Highly advisable to take back up of your
critical data to the cloud or a local storage device frequently to ensure
you are prepared to restore it in the event of a loss, in addition ensure
you store the sensitive files with password protected system.

8.7 HANDLING MISINFORMATION, FAKE

IDENTITIES, FAKE NEWS AND LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
There has never been a time in human history, where information is as
readily available as it is today but with so much information living online
new issues arise from misinformation, disinformation and something
known as confirmation bias, which is a cognitive bias where we seek out
information to prove what we already thought to be true. There are so many
separative forces who are trying to polarize the masses through fake news
which has become easier because of online social media platforms. There
are some recent incidents of WhatsApp killing where mobs are lynching
over fake videos. Experts are calling this current era information disorder.
Its main contributors are misinformation which is shared without the
intention to harm and disinformation when false information is knowingly
shared to cause harm. One should not easily believe any news item or a
photograph, showing some fact. Upon getting any such news, we should
first verify the facts. The facts can be verified by simple search on internet.
For a news item, one can check the facts by using google search engine.
Regarding any photo, one can always use simple tool like reverse image
search to check the source of photo. There are several such reverse image
search engines like Tin eye, [Link] available to do such reverse image
searches.
Examples: Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) had warned
student and other people about strict legal actions if board found out about
spreading fake news of leaking exam papers.
Nowadays there is a buzz about a word i.e. “Artificial Intelligence” (AI).
Internet flooded with fake images using generative artificial intelligence
programmes, AI makes images so realistic that people believe it to be true.
AI creates such image which has huge potential in changing any country’s
economic, political, geo-politic etc. AI has both potential to create fake
news and start a chaos in the society, as well as identify the fake news and
remove it from circulation automatically. Recent example being the various
memes created by various groups/agencies to spread there narrative across
the country and also allegation made against website to capture the various
daily activities and speeches/actions of people to influence their mood, their
choices, likes, dislikes, behaviour pattern and political opinions.

124
It is high time that we understood the difference between fake news and Cyber Security
genuine news, prior to forwarding any news item, we should thoroughly
check the facts, images, source of information and also reverse search the
information. We should also check the name of author, other supporting
sources, date, prior to acting on any news item, we should also consider
consulting some expert and also check our own biases, also look, if
information is a joke/prank or not.
SATIRE OR PARODY MISLEADING CONTENT
IMPOSTER CONTENT
No intention to cause Misleading use of
When genuine sources
harm but has potential to information to frame an
are impersonated
fool issue or individual

FALSE CONNECTION FALSE CONTEXT FABRICATED CONTENT

When headlines, visuals When genuine content is New content is 100% false,
or captions do not support shared with false contextual design to deceive and do
the content information harm

MANIPULATED CONTENT
When genuine information or imagery is manipulated to
deceive

Fig. 8.2: Types of Mis- Information and Disinformation

India there is no special law which could combat nuisances of fake news
but there are some provisions of Indian Penal Code 1860 and Information
Technology Act 2000 like sections 153, 153A, 295A, 499, and 505 of IPC
and 66C and 66D of IT Act can be used to combat fake news.
Section 153 IPC: It relates to giving provocation to cause riots by doing
anything which is illegal. The punishment for committing the offence of riot
is imprisonment up to one year or a fine or both. As far as sharing, creating,
and uploading of fake news is concerned, currently, it is not made illegal
in India by any law in force. Hence, this is of no use. However fake news
provocating riot has been made punishable under this section.
Section 153A IPC: It relates to creating an atmosphere of disharmony,
hatred, and disturbance of public peace on grounds of religion, race, caste,
region, or any other ground. There are many grounds other than these
which create riots, mob lynching, and mischief. The punishment for the
aforementioned offence is imprisonment up to three years or a fine or both.
However, this section is used when fake news is used for creating atmosphere
of disharmony, hatred disturbance of peace on grounds of religion, caste,
race, region or any other ground.
Section 295A IPC:This section relates to outrage at the religious feelings
of any class. As far as the incidences of communal riots and violence are
concerned fake news related to outrage religious feelings are covered in it.
The punishment for the aforementioned offence is imprisonment up to three
years or a fine or both. Considering the consequences, the crime and the
punishment are not proportionate.
Sections 499 and 500: Section 499 & 500 of IPC relates to causing
defamation to any person by any means of communication. Certain
exceptions are given under this section. Nowadays, there are many fake
news items that cause defamation of a person or various products of a
125
Digital Skills company. Section 500 relates to punishment for defamation. Fake news
relating to defamation is punishable under section 500 of IPC.
Section 505: It relates to causing public mischief. The sub-section a)
relates to causing a false alarm to an officer from the army or navy,
whereas the sub-section 2) relates to causing harm, ill-will and enmity
among people on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence,
language, caste, community, etc. The punishment for the aforementioned
offence is imprisonment up to three years or a fine or both. Considering the
consequences, the crime and the punishment is not proportionate.
Check Your Progress 1
1. What is CIA triad model in Cyber Security?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. What are the various types of malware attacks that can take place on
a computer system through internet?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. What is misinformation? Explain the difference between disinformation
and misinformation.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

8.8 CYBER CRIME OFFENCES AND

PENALITIES
IT Act 2000, deals with the offences and penalties in relation to cyber-
crimes. The offences are as follows:
a. Tampering with the computer source document.
b. Hacking with computer system.
c. Publishing of information which is obscene in electronic form.
d. Power of controller to give direction
e. Directions of controller to a subscriber to extend facilities to decrypt
information.
f. Protected system.
g. Penalty for misrepresentation.
h. Penalty for breach of confidentiality and privacy.
i. Penalty for publishing digital signatures certificate false in certain
particulars.
j. Publication for fraudulent purpose.
126
The numerous offences as mentioned under IT Act 2000 have been provided Cyber Security
from section 65 to section 74. They are:
Section 65: Tampering with computer source document: If a person
knowingly intentionally conceals destroys or alters any computer source
code used for a computer, computer programme, computer system or
computer network is considered an offence under this section. For example,
if someone steals someone’s smart phone and tries to alter its IEMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity) number, then it is an offence
under this section. Another example being that someone unauthorizedly
accesses’ some one’s website and alters/changes some information, then it
is an offence in this section. This offence is punishable with imprisonment
upto three years or with fine upto Rs 2 lakhs or with both.
Section 66: Computer related offences: If a person dishonestly or
fraudulently does any act prohibited u/s 43 IT Act, then he/she is punishable
upto 3 years imprisonment and fine upto 5 lakhs rupees or both. section 43
IT Act, provides penalty and compensation for damage to computer system
or computer network, i.e., if any person does any of the undermentioned act
on a computer or computer network without the permission of the owner or
the person in charge of the computer network, then it would be an offence
under section 66 IT Act, such acts are:
1. Accesses or secure access to such computer, computer resource,
computer system or computer network.
2. Downloads, copies or extracts any data, computer data base or
information from such computer, computer system or computer
network.
3. Introduces or causes to be introduced any computer contaminant or
computer virus into such computer system or computer network.
4. Damages or causes to damage any computer, computer system or
computer network.
5. Disrupts or causes to damage any computer, computer system or
computer network.
6. Denies or causes the denial of access to any person authorized to
access any computer, computer system or computer network.
7. Provides any assistance to any person to facilitate access to a computer,
computer system or computer network.
8. Charges the services availed of by a person to the account of another
person by tampering with or manipulating any computer, computer
system or computer network.
9. Destroys, deletes or alters any information residing in a computer
resource or diminishes its value or utility or affects it injuriously by
any means.
10. Steals, conceals, destroys or alters or causes any person to steal,
conceal destroy alter any computer source code.
Section 66A: Punishment for sending offensive messages through
communication service, etc.: this section has been declared unconstitutional
by Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Shreya Singhal v. Union of India
AIR 2015 SC 1523. 127
Digital Skills Section 66B: Punishment for dishonestly receiving stolen Computer
resources or communication device: If any one dishonestly receives or
retains any stolen computer resource or communication device, knowing
or having reason to believe the same to be a stolen communication device
or resource or communication device, it is punishable as an offence under
this section and is punishable by imprisonment extending upto three years
or with fine extending upto Rs one lakh or with both. For example, if any
person is identified to be using a smart phone stolen from some person’s
possession on basis of Call detail record, then such an act will be an offence
under this section.
Section 66C: Punishment for identity theft: If any person fraudulently
or dishonestly makes use of electronic signature, password or any other
unique identification feature of any other person, shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description which may extend to three years and
shall also be liable to fine of one lakh rupees.
Section 66D: Punishment for cheating by personation by using
computer resource: If any person by using computer device or computer
resource, cheats by personating, shall be punished with imprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also
be liable to fine which may extend to one lakh rupees.
Section 66E: Punishment for violation of privacy: Whoever intentionally
or knowingly captures publishes or transmits the image of a private area
of any person without his or her consent under circumstances violating the
privacy of that person shall be punished with imprisonment upto 3 years
punishment with fine upto two lakh rupees or with both.
Section 66F: Punishment for cyber terrorism: Any person who commits
an act threatening unity, integrity, security or sovereignty of India or to strike
terror in people, by using computer, computer resource or computer network
will be punishable with imprisonment extending to life imprisonment.
Section 67: Punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene
material in electronic form: Whoever publishes or transmits or causes
to be published or transmitted in electronic form, any material, which is
lascivious or appeals to prurient interest or as to tend or deprave and corrupt
persons is punishable under this section, which may extend to three years
imprisonment and fine upto Rs 5 lakhs on first conviction, and upon second
conviction, imprisonment extending to 5 years imprisonment and fine upto
Rs 10 lakhs.
Section 67A: Any person publishes, or transmits in electronic form any
material which contains sexually explicit act, or conduct, then he/she
shall be liable to pay penalty upto Rs.10,00,000/-, or Imprisonment upto 5
years, or both, and in the event of second or subsequent conviction, he shall
be liable to pay penalty upto Rs.10,00,000/-, or Imprisonment upto 7 years,
or both.
Section 71: Whoever makes any misrepresentation to, or suppresses any
material fact from the Controller or the Certifying Authority for obtaining
any License or Electronic Signature Certificate, as the case may be, then he/
she shall be liable to pay penalty upto Rs.1,00,000/-, or Imprisonment upto
2 years, or both.
128
Section 72: Penalty for breach of confidentiality and privacy: If any Cyber Security
person who has secured access to any electronic record, book, register,
correspondence, information, document or other material without the
consent of the person concerned discloses such electronic record, book,
register, correspondence, information, document or other material to any
other person, then he/she shall be liable to pay penalty upto Rs.1,00,000/-,
or Imprisonment upto 2 years, or both.
Section 72A: Punishment for disclosure of information in breach of
lawful contract: If any person who has secured access to any material
containing personal information about another person, with the intent to
cause or knowing that he/she is likely to cause wrongful loss or wrongful
gain discloses, without the consent of the person concerned, or in breach of a
lawful contract, then he/she shall be liable to pay penalty upto Rs.5,00,000/-
, or Imprisonment upto 3 years, or both.
Section 73: If any person publishes an Electronic Signature Certificate, or
make it available to any other person with the knowledge that Certifying
Authority has not issued it, or Subscriber has not accepted it, or Certificate
has been revoked or suspended then he/she shall be liable to pay penalty
upto Rs.1,00,000/-, or Imprisonment upto 2 years, or both.
Section 74: If any person knowingly creates, publishes, or otherwise makes
available Electronic Signature Certificate for any fraudulent or unlawful
purpose, then he/she shall be liable to pay penalty upto Rs.1,00,000/-, or
Imprisonment upto 2 years, or both.
Section 75: If any person has committed an offence, or contravention
committed outside India, and if the act or conduct constituting the offence
or contravention involves a computer, computer system or computer
network located in India, then the provisions of this Act shall apply also
to any offence or is contravention committed outside India by any person
irrespective of his/her nationality.
Section 76: Any computer, computer system, floppies, compact disks, tape
drives, or any other accessories related thereto, in respect of which any
provision of this Act, rules, orders, or regulations made thereunder has
been, or is being contravened, shall be liable to confiscation.

8.9 IMPORTANT DOS AND DON’TS

It is essential for one to know the major points to be kept in mind while being
on internet for their own safety both social as well as financial. Following
Cyber security Dos and Don’ts will help in safeguarding and securing one’s
personal sensitive information.
Cyber security Dos are:
●● use complex passwords with minimum length of 8 characters, using
combination of capital letters, small letters, numbers and special
characters.
●● Change your passwords at least once in 45 days.
●● Use multi-factor authentication wherever possible.
●● Save your data and files in secondary drive.
129
Digital Skills ●● Maintain an offline backup of your critical data.
●● Keep your operating system and BIOS firmware updated with the
latest updates/patches.
●● Install enterprise antivirus client offered by the Government on your
official desktops/laptops. Ensure that the antivirus client is updated
with the latest virus definition, signatures and patches.
●● Configure NIC’s (National Informatics Centre) DNS (Domain Name
System) server IP in your system DNS settings.
●● Configure NIC NTP service in your system’s NTP (Network Time
Protocol) settings for time synchronization.
●● Use authorised and licensed software only.
●● Ensure that proper security hardening is done on the systems.
●● When you leave your desk temporarily always lock/log off from your
computer session.
●● When you leave office, ensure that your Computer and printers are
properly shut down.
●● Keep your printer’s software updates with latest updates/patches.
●● Set up unique password with latest updates and patches.
●● Use a hardware virtual private network token for connecting privately
to any IT asset located in Data centres.
●● Keep the GPS, Bluetooth, NFC and other sensors disabled on your
Computers and mobile phones. They may be enabled when required.
●● Download Apps from official app stores of google (for android) and
apple (for IOS) (I-phone Operating System)
●● Before downloading any APP, check the popularity of the app and
read the user reviews. Observe caution before downloading any app
which has a bad reputation or less user base.
●● Use a standard user (non- administrator) account for accessing your
computer /laptops for regular work.
●● While sending any important information or document over electronic
medium, kindly encrypt the data before transmission, you should use
a licensed encryption software.
●● Observe caution while opening any URL, there may be malware and
phishing sites abuse URL.
●● Observe caution while opening any link on social media SMS etc.
●● Report suspicious emails or any security incident.
●● Adhere to security advisories published by NIC.
●● As soon as you become aware about any kind of cyber-crime
committed with you, immediately report on National Cyber Crime
Reporting Portal of Government.

130
Cyber security Don’ts are: Cyber Security

●● Don’t use the same password in multiple services/websites/apps.

●● Don’t save passwords in the browser or in any unprotected documents.
●● Don’t write down any passwords, IP address, network diagrams or
other sensitive information on any unsecured material.
●● Don’t save your data and files on system drive.
●● Don’t upload or save any internal/restricted/confidential data on cloud
services.
●● Don’t use obsolete or unsupported operating system.
●● Don’t use any 3rd party DNS service or NTP service.
●● Don’t use any 3rd party anonymization services.
●● Don’t use any 3rd party toolbars. (download manager ask me toolbar
etc)
●● Don’t install or use any pirated software.
●● Don’t open any link or attachments contained in emails sent by any
unknown sender.
●● Don’t share system passwords or printer passcodes or Wi-Fi passwords
with unauthorised persons.
●● Don’t allow internet access to printer.
●● Don’t allow printer to store its print history.
●● Don’t disclose any sensitive details on social media or 3rd party
messaging.
●● Don’t plug in any unauthorised external devices including USB drives
shared by an unknown persons.
●● Don’t use any unauthorised remote administrator tools. (like
TeamViewer, any desk etc).
●● Don’t use any unauthorised 3rd party video conferencing or
collaboration tools for conducting sensitive meetings.
●● Don’t jailbreak or root your mobile phone.
●● Don’t share your password or OTP or net banking or ATM information
with unknown callers.
Check Your Progress 2
1. What are the remedial steps you will take if you are hit with cyber-
crime?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. Which section of IT Act was declared unconstitutional by Hon’ble
Supreme Court? Mention the Judgment.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________ 131
Digital Skills 3. Which section of IT Act deals with pornography?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
4. Explain the steps to be taken to protect yourself from cyber- crime?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

8.10 LET US SUM UP

This unit highlighted the fact that Cyber security is very important now-
a-days, especially keeping in view the recent trends of development in
cyber fields. Especially with rise in cyber-crimes, It is very important to
understand, how cyber-crimes happen, their prevention and how to deal
with situation, when actually cyber-crime happens. One’s mobile phone or
computer become very public when connected to internet. One should be
very careful while handling these device and should keep in mind dos and
don’ts listed in this unit. In today’s world when information can travel at the
speed of the light then it’s our responsibility to think before share, verify
and prefer authoritative and informed sources.

8.11 KEY WORDS

Network: A network is a connection between two or more computers so
that they can communicate with each other.
Internet: It is a means of connecting a computer to any other computer
anywhere in the world via detected routers and servers.
IP address: An internet protocol address is an address assigned to all
devices that connect to a computer network and uses the internet protocol
for communication. An IP Address looks like this “[Link]”.
Internet protocol: The data, transferred or received, cannot follow any
path. There is a set of rules that are followed to control the flow of Internet.
These rules are called internet protocol.
MAC Address: This is a unique identification number that every device
has that connects to the internet. Traditional MAC address is 12-digit
hexadecimal numbers. MAC address looks like this: D8-FC-93-C5-A5-EO.
Domain Name Server (DNS): DNS can be considered as the phonebook of
the internet. All the IP address and the name of the links are saved in it. For
example, you want to go to the [Link]. then, the DNS server returns it
to your computer with the IP address.
DHCP: Dynamic host Configuration Protocol is a protocol that assigns an
IP address to any device that wants to connect to internet.
Router: This is a device that routes the data that comes to it and then sends
that data to the destination to ensure that it is on the appropriate path.
Bots: These are the computer programmes that control your computer
without your knowledge. They automatically send emails, retrieve web
pages and change computer settings.
132
 Cyber Security
8.12 SOME USEFUL BOOKS/ARTICLES/LINKS
Information Technology Act 2000.
Indian Penal Code.
Information Technology, Law and Practices (7th edition by Vakul Sharma)
Cyber Laws and IT protection by Harish Chander
Law relating to Computer and E Commerce by Nandan Kamath 5th edition
[Link]/cybersecurityfundamentals
[Link]
[Link]
Shreya Singhal v Union of India AIR 2015 SC 1523
[Link]

8.13 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

EXERCISES
Check Your Progress 1
1. CIA TRIAD includes three principles of integrity confidentiality and
availability.
2. Types of malware attacks are:
●● Virus
●● Worms
●● Trojan
●● Adware
●● Spyware
●● ransomware
3. Misinformation which is shared without the intention to harm and
disinformation when false information is knowingly shared to cause
harm
Check Your Progress 2
1. You will immediately report it to cyber-crime portal. Get your account
and the account in which money was transferred blocked. Inform your
bank as soon as possible and get your card blocked.
2. Section 66 A IT Act. Shreya Singhal v Union of India AIR 2015 SC
1523.
3. Section 67, 67A and 67B IT Act 2000.
4. Use complex passwords with minimum length of 8 characters, using
combination of capital letters, small letters, numbers and special
characters. Change your passwords at least once in 45 days. Use
multi-factor authentication wherever possible. save your data and
files in secondary drive. Maintain an offline backup of your critical
data.

133
 UNIT 9 DIGITAL ETHICS AND
ETIQUETTES*

Structure
9.0 Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Digital Citizenship: Ethics and Etiquette
9.3 Understanding Personal Internet Etiquette
9.4 Internet Safety
9.5 Digital Citizenship and Mental Health
9.6 Digital Footprint
9.7 Copyright and Intellectual Property
9.8 Tips for Common Web Forums
9.9 Legacy Web Skills
9.10 Some Case Studies
9.11 Let Us Sum Up
9.12 Key Words
9.13 Some Useful Books/Articles/Links
9.14 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises

9.0 OBJECTIVES
After going through this unit, you will be able to:
●● develop a comprehensive understanding of digital citizenship,
including the principles of ethical behaviour, internet etiquette, and
online safety.
●● recognize the importance of protecting personal information, avoiding
scams and misinformation, and practicing social media safety.
●● explain the impact of digital citizenship on mental health and learn
strategies for maintaining good digital hygiene, practicing self-
awareness, and building supportive online communities.
●● discuss copyright laws and intellectual property rights, and learn best
practices for respecting and acknowledging these rights in online
content.
●● acquire the skills necessary for effective participation in web forums,
including popular platforms like Facebook, X, YouTube, and Reddit.
●● apply legacy web skills such as setting up an email address, writing and
formatting emails, creating personal or professional blogs, building/
hosting a simple website, and utilizing file transfer protocol (FTP).

* M
 s. Nisheta Gupta, Product Designer, Zomato, Gurugram & Mr. Sharat Chandra,
Senior Data Scientist, Ford Motor Company, USA.
134
 Digital Ethics
9.1 INTRODUCTION and Etiquettes
Digital citizenship includes various aspects of online behaviour, such as
digital ethics and internet etiquette. Digital ethics refer to the moral principles
and values that guide our online Behaviour. It involves understanding
the impact of our actions on others and taking responsibility for the
consequences of our Behaviour online. As technology continues to advance,
the importance of digital citizenship has become increasingly crucial in our
daily lives. As responsible digital citizens, it is essential to understand the
importance of digital ethics and internet etiquette. Our online behaviour can
have a significant impact on others, and it is our responsibility to ensure that
our actions promote a positive and safe online environment. This unit will
discuss some of these issues.

9.2 Digital Citizenship: Ethics and

Etiquette
Digital citizenship refers to the responsible and appropriate use of technology,
including the internet, social media, and other digital devices. In today’s
digital world, where technology has become an integral part of our lives, it
is crucial to understand the responsibilities and ethical considerations that
come with being a digital citizen. Digital citizenship involves understanding
how to use technology safely, responsibly, and ethically. It also involves
being mindful of the impact that our online actions can have on ourselves
and others.
Definition and Importance of Digital Ethics
Digital ethics refers to the moral principles and standards that guide our
behaviour online. It involves understanding and adhering to ethical values
and principles when using digital technology and engaging with others
online. Digital ethics is essential because it helps us to navigate the complex
and constantly evolving landscape of digital technology in a way that is
responsible and ethical. It helps us to be aware of the potential consequences
of our online actions and to make informed decisions about how we interact
with others in the digital world.
Importance of Internet Etiquette and Safety
Internet etiquette, also known as netiquette, refers to the rules and
guidelines that govern online behaviour and communication. It involves
being respectful, polite, and courteous when interacting with others online.
Internet safety, on the other hand, involves taking measures to protect
ourselves and others from online threats, such as cyberbullying, identity
theft, and phishing scams. Both internet etiquette and safety are essential for
creating a positive and safe online environment.
Common Ethical Issues in Digital Citizenship
There are several ethical issues that arise in digital citizenship. Cyberbullying
is one of the most common ethical issues. It involves feelings of intimidation,
harassment, or humiliation online. Other ethical issues include online
privacy, intellectual property theft, and online identity theft. It is crucial
to be aware of these ethical issues and to take steps to avoid engaging in
unethical behaviour online. 135
Digital Skills Best Practices for Ethical Behaviour Online
There are several best practices for ethical behaviour online. Firstly, it is
essential to be mindful of the impact that our online actions can have on
others. We should always treat others with respect, kindness, and empathy,
whether we are interacting with them online or in person. Secondly, we
should be cautious about the information we share online and should avoid
sharing personal or sensitive information that could be used against us or
others. Thirdly, we should respect the intellectual property of others and
avoid using their work without their permission. Finally, we should always
be mindful of our online security and take steps to protect ourselves from
online threats.

9.3 UNDERSTANDING PERSONAL INTERNET

ETIQUETTE
Personal internet etiquette, also known as netiquette, refers to the social
norms and rules that guide our behaviour online. It involves using appropriate
language, respecting others’ privacy, and avoiding behaviour that can be
considered offensive or harmful. It is essential to treat others online with
respect and kindness. We should avoid using offensive language, bullying,
or harassing others. We should also respect others’ privacy and avoid sharing
personal information without their permission. Personal internet etiquette
is essential for creating a positive and respectful online environment. By
following these guidelines, we can ensure that our online behaviour is
responsible, respectful, and safe.
Rights and Responsibilities in Forum
Participating in online forums comes with both rights and responsibilities.
As a forum member, you have the right to express your opinions, share your
experiences and engage in discussions with other members. However, with
these rights come responsibilities, such as respecting the rules and guidelines
of the forum, treating other members with respect, and contributing to a
positive and constructive community.
Politeness and Respect
Politeness and respect are essential when participating in online forums. It
is important to remember that behind every username is a real person with
their own thoughts, feelings, and opinions. Therefore, it is crucial to engage
in discussions with politeness and respect, even when disagreements arise.
Disagreements can be productive and lead to valuable insights, but they
should always be expressed in a respectful and constructive manner.
Online Communication
Effective online communication is another crucial aspect of participating
in forums. It is important to communicate clearly and concisely, using
proper grammar and spelling. Additionally, it is essential to listen actively
and respond thoughtfully to others’ contributions. This means reading and
understanding others’ posts before responding, and avoiding posting purely
to contradict or provoke.

136
Patience and Empathy Digital Ethics
and Etiquettes
Patience and empathy are also important in forum participation. It can
be frustrating to encounter viewpoints that differ from our own, but it is
important to approach these discussions with patience and empathy. Try
to understand where other members are coming from, and listen to their
perspectives without judgement. This can lead to more productive and
respectful discussions.
Privacy and Personal Boundaries
Privacy and personal boundaries are also crucial in forum participation.
Members should avoid sharing personal information such as their full
name, home address, or phone number, as this information can be used
maliciously by others. Additionally, members should be aware of their own
boundaries and should feel comfortable setting limits on what they share
and with whom they share it.

9.4 INTERNET SAFETY

Internet safety refers to the measures we take to protect ourselves and others
while using the internet. As the internet becomes more integrated into our
daily lives, it is essential to be aware of potential risks and take steps to
protect ourselves and our information. Here are some important internet
safety tips:
Protecting Personal Information
Protecting personal information is critical in today’s digital age. Hackers
and identity thieves are becoming more sophisticated in their methods of
stealing personal information, and it is essential to take proactive steps to
safeguard sensitive information. Some best practices for protecting personal
information include:
●● Creating Strong Passwords: Create strong, unique passwords
that are difficult for others to guess. Avoid using personal
information such as your name, birth date, or address in your
passwords.
●● Using Two-Factor Authentication: Two-factor authentication
adds an extra layer of security to your accounts by requiring a
secondary form of identification, such as a fingerprint or one-
time code.
●● Limiting Personal Information Shared Online: Be cautious
about what personal information you share online. Avoid
sharing your home address, phone number, or other sensitive
information on public forums or social media.
●● Using Secure Wi-Fi: When accessing the internet on public
Wi-Fi networks, use a virtual private network (VPN) to protect
your data from potential hackers.
●● Monitoring Financial Statements: Regularly review bank
statements and credit reports to ensure that there are no
unauthorized transactions or accounts in your name.

137
Digital Skills Recognizing and Avoiding Scams and Misinformation
Scams and misinformation are prevalent online, and it is important to be
aware of the signs of these types of content and avoid falling victim to them.
Some tips for recognizing and avoiding scams and misinformation include:
Checking the Source: Verify the credibility of the source before sharing or
acting on any information online. Avoid sharing information from unreliable
sources or those with a history of promoting fake news or conspiracy
theories.
Being Cautious with Links: Avoid clicking on links from unknown sources
or links that seem suspicious. Hover over a link to see the URL before
clicking on it to ensure that it is legitimate.
Recognizing Phishing Emails: Be cautious of emails that ask for personal
information or contain urgent requests to take action. Phishing emails often
use urgent or threatening language to try to get the recipient to provide
personal information or click on a malicious link.
Avoiding Get-Rich-Quick Schemes: Be skeptical of any offer that promises
a large sum of money for minimal effort. These types of schemes are often
scams that aim to steal personal information or money.
Social Media Safety
Social media is a ubiquitous part of modern life, but it also presents many
potential risks. Social media safety involves taking measures to protect your
personal information and privacy while using these platforms. Some best
practices for social media safety include:
Adjusting Privacy Settings: Review and adjust privacy settings on social
media platforms to limit who can see your posts and personal information.
Being Selective with Friend Requests: Only accept friend requests from
people you know and trust.
Avoiding Oversharing: Be cautious about sharing personal information
such as your home address, phone number, travel plans or location on social
media.
Being Cautious with Messages: Be wary of direct messages from unknown
accounts or messages that seem suspicious.
Reporting Suspicious Activity: Report suspicious activity to the social
media platform to protect yourself and other users.
Cyberbullying Prevention and Response
Cyberbullying is a serious issue that can cause long-term psychological
damage to victims. Prevention and response to cyberbullying involve taking
measures to protect oneself and others from online harassment and bullying.
Some tips for cyberbullying prevention and response include:
Creating a Safe and Supportive Environment: Foster a safe and
supportive online community by promoting positive interactions and
respectful communication.
Reporting Cyberbullying: Report any instances of cyberbullying to the
appropriate authorities or the social media platform.
138
Protecting Personal Information: Avoid sharing personal information Digital Ethics
that could be used against you in cyberbullying attacks. and Etiquettes

Reporting the Incident: Report the incident to the appropriate authorities

or the social media platform. Many social media platforms have mechanisms
for reporting cyberbullying, and it is important to take advantage of these
resources.
Seeking Support: Seek support from trusted adults, friends, or mental
health professionals. Talking about the experience can help victims process
their feelings and develop coping strategies to deal with the effects of
cyberbullying.
Educating Others: Share your experience with others to raise awareness
about the issue of cyberbullying. Educating others about the effects of
cyberbullying can help prevent future incidents and create a more supportive
online community.

9.5 DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP AND MENTAL

HEALTH
Need for Good Digital Hygiene and Effects on Mental Health
Digital Hygiene refers to how we manage our digital lives, in much the
same way as personal hygiene relates to our physical health.
Good digital hygiene includes managing screen time, maintaining a healthy
balance between offline and online activities, protecting personal data, and
practicing ethical online behaviour.
Poor digital hygiene can have detrimental effects on mental health. Excessive
screen time, cyberbullying, misinformation, and the pressure to maintain a
‘perfect’ online persona can contribute to anxiety, depression, and stress
disorders. Therefore, maintaining good digital hygiene is paramount to our
overall mental well-being.
Self-Awareness and Self-Care
●● Recognizing Personal Triggers and Symptoms.
●● Self-awareness is the cornerstone of maintaining mental health
in a digital world. Recognizing your personal triggers, such as
specific online content or behaviours that contribute to stress
or anxiety, is the key. Additionally, being aware of symptoms
like insomnia, mood swings, or loss of interest in activities can
signal an unhealthy relationship with digital platforms.
●● When you begin to feel like your time online is negatively
affecting your life in any way, it may be time to employ some
digital hygiene strategies.
●● Setting Screen Time Boundaries and Limiting Social Media
Use.
●● One effective strategy for digital hygiene is simply reducing the
amount of time you spend online and especially using social
media.
●● Most digital devices now come with settings to help manage
screen time. Social media platforms can often amplify negative
emotions, and limiting its use can provide emotional relief. 139
Digital Skills ●● Prioritizing Mental Health.
●● A poor relationship with digital life can result in a great deal
of stress, negative emotions, and in extreme cases, depression
and clinical anxiety. Addressing this as soon as it becomes a
problem is extremely important for your own safety and health.
●● This may involve engaging in offline activities like exercise,
meditation, reading, or pursuing a hobby.
●● Equally important is seeking professional help when signs of
mental distress become apparent.
Building Supportive Online Communities
●● The digital space also offers opportunities to build and
participate in supportive communities. These can provide
resources, emotional support, and a sense of belonging. Online
communities can focus on mental health, hobbies, or interests,
and act as a positive influence.
●● Following digital ethics and etiquette helps the online
communities that you live in become healthier places for
everyone, and being mindful of the ways that you interact with
and treat others in your community can make all the difference
in supporting your mental health, and the health of your peers.
Advocating for Mental Health
●● Standing up against cyberbullying, spreading awareness about
the importance of mental health, and promoting resources for
mental health support are great ways of showing your support
for your peers in the digital spaces that you find yourself in.
●● There is still a lot of stigma surrounding mental health and
how our interactions with the digital world contributes to
mental health difficulties. While social stigma is a challenge
to overcome, mental health is a real part of our lives as human
beings and being aware of how we treat others and introspective
of how we are feeling when consuming content online or
participating in forums can help keep everyone safer.
Where Can You Find Support?
Support can come in many forms, including online and offline resources.
Online support can include mental health apps, online therapy services,
and supportive communities. Offline support can include mental health
professionals, support groups, and friends and family. In times of distress,
it’s essential to reach out for help.
Check Your Progress 1
1. What is the definition of digital citizenship?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. Name one common ethical issue in digital citizenship.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
140 _______________________________________________________
3. What are some best practices for protecting personal information Digital Ethics
online? and Etiquettes

_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

9.6 DIGITAL FOOTPRINT

A digital footprint refers to the trail of data or information that is left behind
by a person when they use the internet or engage in online activities. It is
essentially the online presence or identity that individuals create through
their actions and interactions on various digital platforms.
Let us talk about why digital footprints are important and what role do they
play in our lives :
Online reputation
Your digital footprint contributes to your online reputation. Employers,
academic institutions, and even individuals often search for information
about others online. A positive digital footprint can enhance your reputation
and open up opportunities, while a negative one can have adverse effects.
Privacy and security
Your digital footprint can reveal personal information, such as your name,
location, interests, and browsing habits. This information can be used by
advertisers, data brokers, or cybercriminals to target you with personalized
ads or even attempt identity theft. Understanding and managing your digital
footprint is crucial for safeguarding your privacy and security.
Digital citizenship
Being aware of your digital footprint is part of responsible digital
citizenship. By understanding the impact of your online activities, you can
make informed decisions about what you share and how you engage with
others online.
Common ways in which digital footprints are created include:
Social media: Interactions on platforms like Facebook, X, Instagram, and
LinkedIn contribute significantly to your digital footprint. Posts, comments,
likes, and shares can all be traced back to you.
Online searches: Your search history and the websites you visit leave traces
that contribute to your digital footprint. Search engines, like Google, retain
this information, which can be used to personalize search results and ads.
Online shopping: Purchases made online generate data that becomes part
of your digital footprint. It includes information about your preferences,
shopping habits, and transaction history.
Online communication: Emails, instant messaging, and video calls
create digital footprints. The content, recipients, and timestamps of your
communications can be tracked and stored.
To manage your digital footprint effectively, consider the following best
practices:
●● Regularly review privacy settings: Adjust privacy settings on social
media platforms and other online services to control who can access 141
Digital Skills your information. Be mindful of what you share publicly and limit the
personal details you disclose.
●● Think before you post: Before sharing anything online, consider the
potential long-term consequences. Once something is posted, it can
be challenging to remove it completely.
●● Monitor your online presence: Regularly search for your name
and review the results to assess your digital footprint. This allows
you to identify any inaccuracies or negative content that may need
addressing.
●● Be cautious with personal information: Minimize the amount
of personal information you share online. Avoid posting sensitive
details such as your address, phone number, travel plans or financial
information.
●● Use strong passwords and enable two-factor authentication: Protect
your accounts by using unique, complex passwords and enabling
additional security measures like two-factor or step authentication.
This helps prevent unauthorized access to your accounts.
●● Educate yourself about privacy and security: Stay informed about
current privacy and security practices to make informed decisions
about your online activities. Regularly update your knowledge on
privacy settings, security measures, and potential risks.
By being mindful of your digital footprint and following best practices, you
can actively manage and protect your online identity and privacy.

9.7 COPYRIGHT AND INTELLECTUAL

PROPERTY
Whether creating an online business or sharing with friends on social media,
one will often need to use, repurpose, or modify the work of other people. In
an online setting, just as in the everyday world, the use of the work of others
is governed under Copyright Law, and you should be aware of what your
responsibilities are when interacting with copyrighted material.
Copyright Definition and its Importance
●● Copyright is a set of laws that protects original works such as
literature, music, art, and computer programmes.
●● In India, it is regulated by the Copyright Act of 1957, covering
original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works,
cinematographic films, and sound recordings.
●● A copyright owner has the exclusive right to reproduce,
distribute, create derivatives of, and display their work.
●● Copyright lasts for the creator’s lifetime plus 60 years in India,
after which it enters the public domain.
●● Copyright is vital in the digital world to protect creators’ rights,
ensure fair compensation, encourage creativity, and maintain
a balanced environment where individuals and corporations
coexist.

142
ommon Issues related to Copyright and Intellectual
C Digital Ethics
and Etiquettes
Property
●● Unauthorized File Sharing: Sharing copyrighted material
without permission, often over peer-to-peer networks, can lead
to financial loss for the creator.
●● Plagiarism: Copying someone’s work and claiming it as
your own is not only ethically wrong but can result in legal
consequences.
●● Using Copyrighted Material in Content Creation: Online
influencers and businesses must obtain permissions to use
copyrighted materials or ensure they are under a Creative
Commons License.
●● Copyright Issues in Brand Collaboration and Partnerships:
Clear agreements on content ownership and usage rights are
vital when collaborating with brands or creators.
 est Practices for Respecting Copyright and Intellectual
B
Property
●● Obtain Permission: Always seek the copyright owner’s
permission before using their work.
●● Use “Common Licensed” Content: Utilize materials under
common licenses such as Creative Commons.
●● Provide Attribution: Credit the original creator when using
their work.
●● Respect Fair Use: Understand and respect the fair use
principle, which allows limited use of copyrighted work
without permission.
●● Stay Informed: Regularly update your knowledge on copyright
laws and changes.

Case Study
Shweta’s Journey as a Content Creator
Shweta, a talented graphic designer and content creator, embarked on
a journey that highlighted the importance of copyright and intellectual
property in the digital realm. Let’s explore her experience:
Shweta’s Creative Ventures:
Shweta’s passion for design led her to create unique and innovative
artwork, which she shared on various online platforms. As her work
gained popularity, Shweta realized the significance of protecting her
creative endeavors and respecting the intellectual property of others.
Understanding Copyright and Intellectual Property:
To ensure she was well-informed, she invested time in researching
copyright laws and intellectual property rights. She learned about the
rights granted to creators and the importance of obtaining proper licenses
for using copyrighted materials. Shweta understood that respecting
copyright not only protected the rights of others but also safeguarded her
own creative work.
143
Digital Skills
Protecting Her Own Work:
Shweta took proactive steps to protect her own creations. She registered
her original designs with the appropriate copyright authorities, providing
legal evidence of ownership. She also added watermarks to her online
portfolio and implemented measures to discourage unauthorized use or
reproduction of her work. These actions helped Shweta maintain control
over her intellectual property and provided legal recourse in case of
infringement.
Respecting Others’ Copyright:
Shweta recognized the importance of respecting the copyright of other
creators. When using stock images or other resources, she diligently
reviewed and acquired proper licenses, ensuring she had the necessary
permissions to use them in her projects. By attributing credit to the original
creators and seeking permission when needed, Shweta demonstrated
ethical behaviour and respect for intellectual property rights.
Advocacy and Education:
Motivated by her own experiences, Shweta became an advocate for
copyright and intellectual property rights within the creative community.
She actively engaged in discussions and workshops, sharing her knowledge
and raising awareness about the importance of respecting and protecting
creative works. Shweta encouraged fellow creators to understand their
rights, obtain appropriate licenses, and foster a culture of respect for
intellectual property.
Impact and Recognition:
Shweta’s dedication to copyright and intellectual property rights did not
go unnoticed. Her reputation as a responsible and ethical content creator
grew, and she became a trusted resource for others seeking guidance on
copyright-related matters. Shweta’s commitment to upholding copyright
standards not only protected her own work but also contributed to a
broader understanding of intellectual property in the creative community.
Shweta’s journey as a content creator and copyright advocate showcases
the significance of copyright and intellectual property in the digital
landscape. Through her efforts to protect her own work, respect the rights
of others, and advocate for ethical practices, Shweta exemplified the
importance of responsible digital citizenship and the impact it can have
on preserving creativity and fostering a culture of respect for intellectual
property.

9.8 TIPS FOR COMMON WEB FORUMS

Facebook
●● Adjust privacy settings: Review and customize your privacy
settings to control who can see your posts, personal information,
and photos.

144
 ●● Be mindful of what you share: Think before posting personal Digital Ethics
updates or photos and consider the potential audience and long- and Etiquettes
term consequences.
●● Verify friend requests: Only accept friend requests from people
you know or trust to maintain a secure and genuine network.
●● Report inappropriate content: Report any abusive, harassing,
or inappropriate content you come across to help create a safer
environment.
WhatsApp
●● Protect your conversations: Enable end-to-end encryption to
secure your messages and calls.
●● Be cautious with group chats: Verify the authenticity of group
invitations before joining, as they can expose your phone
number and personal information to strangers.
●● Manage privacy settings: Customize your profile visibility,
last seen status, and profile photo settings to control who can
access your information.
●● Block unwanted contacts: Block and report any contacts that
harass or send unsolicited messages.
X
●● Use strong passwords: Protect your account by using unique
and strong passwords.
●● Be mindful of public tweets: Remember that your tweets
are public, so think before posting sensitive or controversial
information.
●● Report abusive behaviour: Report and block accounts
engaging in harassment, hate speech, or abusive behaviour.
●● Follow reputable sources: Verify the credibility of accounts
before following them to ensure you receive reliable information.
YouTube
●● Comment responsibly: Be respectful when commenting on
videos and avoid engaging in toxic or abusive discussions.
●● Protect your privacy: Review your privacy settings to control
who can view your liked videos, subscriptions, and watch
history.
●● Use age restrictions: Enable age restrictions to prevent minors
from accessing inappropriate content on your account.
●● Report inappropriate videos or comments: Flag any videos
or comments that violate YouTube’s community guidelines.
Twitch
●● Familiarize yourself with community guidelines: Understand
and adhere to the community guidelines to ensure a positive
and respectful experience.
145
Digital Skills ●● Moderate your chat: Utilize moderation tools to filter or block
inappropriate or offensive chat messages.
●● Protect your personal information: Avoid sharing personal
details on streams or in chat to protect your privacy.
●● Report harassment or abuse: Report any instances of
harassment, hate speech, or abusive behaviour to Twitch
support.
TikTok
●● Manage privacy settings: Customize your privacy settings to
control who can view your videos, comment on them, or send
you messages.
●● Be cautious with personal information: Avoid sharing
sensitive personal information in videos or comments.
●● Report inappropriate content: Report videos or accounts that
promote hate speech, harassment, or other forms of misconduct.
●● Engage responsibly: Be mindful of your own behaviour and
engage in positive interactions with others on the platform.
LinkedIn
●● Maintain a professional profile: Use LinkedIn primarily for
professional networking and career-related activities.
●● Be selective with connection requests: Only connect with
individuals you know or trust professionally.
●● Participate in relevant discussions: Engage in industry-
related discussions and share valuable insights to build your
professional reputation.
●● Avoid oversharing: Be cautious about sharing personal or
sensitive information on your LinkedIn profile.
Reddit
●● Familiarize yourself with subreddit rules: Each subreddit
has its own rules and guidelines. Read and follow them to avoid
getting banned or having your posts removed.
●● Respect the community: Engage in discussions with respect
and courtesy, and avoid personal attacks or harassment.
●● Use downvotes wisely: Downvote content that does not
contribute to the discussion or violates subreddit rules, rather
than simply expressing disagreement.
●● Verify information: Double-check the accuracy of information
before sharing it, as Reddit can sometimes contain misleading
or false content.
Dating Apps
●● Protect your personal information: Be cautious about sharing
sensitive personal information on dating apps, especially in the
early stages of interaction.
146
 ●● Use reputable apps: Choose well-known and reputable dating Digital Ethics
apps that prioritize user safety and security. and Etiquettes

●● Be mindful of catfishing: Be aware that people may

misrepresent themselves on dating apps. Take steps to verify
the authenticity of the profiles before engaging in deeper
conversations or meetings.
●● Meet in a public place: When meeting someone from a dating
app in person, choose a public location and let someone you
trust know about your plans.
●● Trust your instincts: If something feels off or uncomfortable,
trust your instincts and consider ending the conversation or
blocking the person.

9.9 LEGACY WEB SKILLS

Setting Up an Email Address or Mailing List
●● Choose a reliable email service provider and sign up for an
account.
●● Follow the instructions provided by the email service provider
to set up your email address.
●● To create a mailing list, use an email marketing platform like
MailChimp or Constant Contact, and follow their guidelines
for creating and managing a list.
Email Writing and Formatting
●● Use a professional tone and proper grammar in your emails.
●● Include a clear and concise subject line.
●● Structure your email with an introduction, body, and conclusion.
●● Use paragraphs, bullet points, or numbered lists to organize
your content.
●● Pay attention to email etiquette, such as addressing the recipient
properly and using a polite tone.
●● Avoid using excessive formatting, large attachments, or overly
lengthy emails.
Writing a Personal or Professional Blog
●● Choose a blogging platform like WordPress, Blogger, or
Medium.
●● Sign up and create an account on the chosen platform.
●● Select a visually appealing theme/template for your blog.
●● Plan your content and write engaging and informative blog
posts.
●● Use proper formatting, including headings, subheadings, and
paragraphs, to improve readability.
●● Incorporate relevant images, videos, or other multimedia
elements.
147
Digital Skills ●● Promote your blog through social media and engage with your
readers through comments and feedback.
Building/Hosting a Simple Website
●● Choose a website builder platform like Wix, Weebly, or
Squarespace.
●● Sign up and create an account on the platform.
●● Select a template that suits your needs and customize it with
your content, images, and branding.
●● Organize your website with clear navigation and intuitive
layout.
●● Optimize your website for mobile devices.
●● Ensure your website has essential pages like Home, About,
Services, Contact, etc.
●● Publish your website and consider registering a domain name
for a professional touch.
Image Editing
●● Familiarize yourself with image editing software like Adobe
Photoshop, GIMP, GNU image or Canva.
●● Learn basic editing techniques such as cropping, resizing,
adjusting brightness and contrast, and applying filters.
●● Experiment with different image formats (JPEG, PNG, GIF)
Joint Photographic Experts Group, Portable Network Graphics,
Graphics Interchange Format and compression techniques to
optimize image sizes for the web.
●● Understand copyright and usage restrictions for images, and
use royalty-free or properly licensed images.
Check your progress 2
1. What is a digital footprint and why is it important?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. How can individuals respect copyright and intellectual property
online?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

9.10 SOME CASE STUDIES

A. Cyberbullying Prevention and Response
Alisha, a high school student, experienced cyberbullying on social
media platforms. She received hurtful messages and encountered online
harassment from her peers. However, Alisha decided to take a stand against
cyberbullying by reporting the incidents to the platform administrators and
148
seeking support from her school’s counseling services. With the help of her Digital Ethics
school community, Alisha actively raised awareness about cyberbullying and Etiquettes
and its impact on mental health. She organized workshops and discussions,
educating her peers on digital citizenship and promoting empathy and
respect online. Alisha’s efforts led to a safer and more supportive online
environment within her school community, demonstrating the importance
of cyberbullying prevention and response in digital citizenship.
B. Building Supportive Online Communities
Shyam, a passionate mental health advocate, leveraged online platforms
to create a supportive community for individuals facing mental health
challenges. He established a dedicated social media group and an
accompanying website where people could share their experiences, seek
advice, and provide support to one another. Shyam diligently moderated
the community, ensuring that respectful and empathetic interactions were
maintained. Through regular engagement, sharing valuable resources, and
fostering a sense of belonging, Shyam’s online community became a vital
source of support for individuals struggling with mental health issues.
Shyam’s initiative exemplifies how building supportive online communities
can positively impact mental health and promote digital citizenship.
C. Company Adoption of Digital Ethics
Company X, a global tech firm, recognized the importance of digital ethics
in their operations. They implemented a comprehensive set of ethical
guidelines and policies for their employees, covering topics such as data
privacy, responsible AI development, and online behaviour. They conducted
regular training sessions to educate employees about the ethical implications
of their work and provided channels for reporting ethical concerns or
violations. By prioritizing digital ethics, Company X cultivated a culture
of responsible digital citizenship within the organization, enhancing trust
among stakeholders and contributing to their long-term sustainability.
These real-time case studies highlight the practical application of concepts
and skills covered in the lesson outline. They demonstrate how individuals
can navigate personal internet etiquette, promote internet safety, prioritize
mental health, manage their digital footprint, respect copyright and
intellectual property, and engage responsibly on various web forums.

9.11 LET US SUM UP

In this unit, we explored the importance of digital citizenship, ethical
behaviour online, internet etiquette, and internet safety in this unit. We
discussed various aspects of personal internet etiquette, such as understanding
rights and responsibilities in online forums, practicing politeness and respect,
effective online communication, demonstrating patience and empathy, and
setting privacy and personal boundaries.
This unit delved into the realm of internet safety, covering topics like
protecting personal information, recognizing and avoiding scams and
misinformation, ensuring social media safety, and preventing and responding
to cyberbullying. We also recognized the significant connection between
digital citizenship and mental health, emphasizing the need for good digital
hygiene, self-awareness, self-care, building supportive online communities,
and advocating for mental health. 149
Digital Skills Understanding the impact of our digital footprint, we learnt how our online
actions and activities can leave lasting impressions and affect our personal
and professional lives through this unit. The importance of copyright and
intellectual property, recognizing its definition, common issues, and best
practices for respecting and protecting creative works were emphasized.
Furthermore, we provided tips for engaging in common web forums and
platforms, including Facebook, WhatsApp, X, YouTube, Twitch, TikTok,
LinkedIn, Reddit and dating apps. We acknowledged the influence and
responsibility we have as digital citizens in these spaces, highlighting the
significance of ethical conduct and respectful online interactions.

9.12 KEY WORDS

Digital Citizenship: It refers to the responsible and ethical use of technology
and the internet. It involves understanding the rights and responsibilities of
being a digital citizen, promoting positive online behaviour, and contributing
to a safe and inclusive digital environment.
Digital Ethics: It focuses on moral principles and values that govern
online behaviour and decision-making. It involves considering the ethical
implications of using technology, respecting the rights and privacy of others,
and adhering to ethical standards while engaging in digital activities.
Internet Etiquette: Also known as “netiquette,” it encompasses the rules
and guidelines for polite and respectful behaviour online. It involves treating
others with courtesy and respect in online communication, observing proper
online manners, and avoiding offensive or harmful behaviour.
Ethical Issues: Pertains to the dilemmas and challenges related to moral
decision-making in the digital realm. This can include issues such as privacy
invasion, online harassment, copyright infringement, online activism, and
the responsible use of artificial intelligence and data.
Personal Internet Etiquette: Relates to individual behaviour and
conduct, while using the internet. It includes respecting others’ opinions,
avoiding offensive language, being mindful of tone and context in online
communication, and understanding the impact of one’s online actions on
others.
Privacy and Boundaries: Involves protecting personal information
and setting boundaries regarding the sharing of private data online. It
includes understanding the importance of consent, being cautious about the
information shared on social media platforms, and utilizing privacy settings
to safeguard personal data.
Internet Scams: Refers to fraudulent schemes and deceptive practices on
the internet, typically aimed at obtaining personal or financial information
from individuals.

9.13 SOME USEFUL BOOKS/ARTICLES/LINKS

Mangkhang & Kaewpanya. The Digital Etiquette Enhancing to Global
Citizenship of Social Studies Teachers in a New Normal Society. Canadian
Center of Science and Education
Richardson & Milovidov icw. Council of Europe’s Digital Citizenship
150
Education Expert Group. Digital Citizenship Education Handbook. Council Digital Ethics
of Europe Publishing and Etiquettes

James, Weinstein., & Mendoza. Teaching digital citizens in today’s world:

Research and insights behind the Common Sense K–12 Digital Citizenship
Curriculum. (Version 2). Common Sense Media
Education Commission of the States. Media Literacy and Digital Citizenship
(2021). Infographic. ECS
Sieberg. “The Digital Citizen”. The Digital Diet: The 4 Step Plan to Break
Your Tech Addiction and Regain Balance in Your Life. Souvenir Press
Limited. pp 1-11
Rahm. The Ironies of Digital Citizenship: Educational Imaginaries and
Digital Losers AcrossThree Decades. Digital Culture & Society. 4(2), 39-61
Chusangnil. “Digital intelligence ([Link])”. SciMath. Published “23
October 2562” (website date field is clearly broken)

9.14 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

EXERCISES
Check Your Progress 1
1. See Section 9.1
2. See Section 9.1
3. See Section 9.3
Check your progress 2
1. See Section 9.5
2. See Section 9.6

151
152