Assignment Number Two
Compressors
1. Air is to be compressed through a pressure ratio of 10 from a pressure of 1 atm in
one stage. Find the power required for a free air delivery of 3 m3/min. Also find the
rotational speed if the swept volume is 14.2 litre. The clearance volume is 6 per
cent of the swept volume and n = 1.3 for compression and expansion.
2. Air is compressed in a reciprocating compressor from a pressure of 1 bar and a
temperature of 15°C to a pressure of 9 bar in one stage. The index of polytropic
compression and expansion is 1.3 and the clearance volume is 4 per cent of the
swept volume. Calculate the work done per kg of air delivered and the heat
transferred during compression and expansion per kg of air.
3. A single-acting, two-stage air compressor runs at 300 rev/min and compresses 8.5
m3/min, at 1 atm and 15°C, to 40 bar. Calculate:
i. The optimum pressure ratio for each stage.
ii. The theoretical power consumption of each stage if the compression in
each cylinder is polytropic with n = 1.3 and intercooling is to a temperature
of 15°C,
iii. The quantities of heat rejected to the cylinder cooling jackets and in the
intercooler.
iv. The swept volumes if the volumetric efficiencies of the low-pressure and
high-pressure cylinders are 0.90 and 0.85.
4. A three-stage, single-acting compressor is required to compress 135 m3 of free air
per hour from 1 bar to 64 bar. Prove that with complete intercooling the stage
pressure ratio should be equal to the cube root of the overall pressure ratio for the
required power to be a minimum. Calculate the power needed in this case,
assuming n = 1.3. If the mean piston speed is to be 140 m/min, calculate the
piston areas, neglecting clearance. State clearly any assumptions made.
Nozzles
1. A convergent-divergent nozzle, having an exit area twice the throat area, is
designed to accept air with negligible velocity. Calculate the design value of the
pressure ratio of the nozzle assuming isentropic flow. Say what happens when the
downstream pressure falls below the design value.
2. The pressure and temperature in the combustion chamber of a rocket motor are
24 bar and 2800 K. The nozzle is designed for complete expansion when the exit
pressure is 1 bar. Find the exit/throat area ratio. Also, calculate the thrust per unit
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throat area when the rocket is operating in space where the surrounding pressure
is zero. Assume isentropic expansion, and that for the expanding gases y is 1.20
and the average molar mass is 33.5 kg/kmol.
Jet Propulsion
1. A turbojet aircraft is traveling at 925 km/h in atmospheric conditions of 0.45 bar
and – 26oC. The compressor pressure ratio is 8, the air mass flow rate is 45 kg/s,
and the maximum allowable cycle temperature is 800oC. The compressor, turbine,
and jet pipe stagnation isentropic efficiencies are 0.85, 0.89, and 0.9 respectively,
the mechanical efficiency of the drive is 0.98, and the combustion efficiency is
0.99. Assuming a convergent propulsion nozzle, a loss of stagnation pressure in
the combustion chamber is 0.2 bar, and a fuel of calorific value 43,300 kJ/kg,
calculate:
i. The required nozzle exit area,
ii. The net thrust developed,
iii. The air-fuel ratio,
iv. The specific fuel consumption.
For the gases in the turbine and propulsion nozzle take γ = 1.333 and cp =1.15 kJ/kg
K; for the combustion process assume an equivalent cp value of 1.15 kJ/kg K
2. A turboprop engine the compressor pressure is 6 and the maximum cycle
temperature is 760oC. The stagnation isentropic efficiencies of the compressor
and turbine are 0.85 and 0.88 respectively; the mechanical efficiency is 99%. The
aircraft is traveling at 725 km/h in atmospheric conditions of – 7oC. Taking an
intake duct efficiency of 0.9, neglecting the pressure loss in the combustion
chamber, and assuming that the gases in the turbine expand down to atmospheric
pressure, leaving aircraft at 725 km/h relative to the aircraft, calculate:
i. The specific power output,
ii. The cycle efficiency.
For the gases in the turbine take γ = 1.333 and cp =1.15 kJ/kg K; for the combustion
process assume an equivalent cp value of 1.15 kJ/kg K
Turbines
1. In a single-stage impulse turbine the nozzles discharge the fluid on to the blades
at an angle of 65° to the axial direction, and the fluid leaves the blades with, an
absolute velocity at 300 m/s at an angle of 120° to the direction of motion of the
blades. If the blades have equal inlet and outlet angles and there is no axial thrust,
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estimate the blade angle, the power produced per kg/s of fluid, and the diagram
efficiency.
2. The fixed and moving blades in a two-row velocity-compounded impulse stage
have equal inlet and outlet angles. Show that when the relative velocity is equal at
inlet and outlet of each row, the optimum blade speed ratio is equal to 0.25 sin α,
where α is the nozzle angle. Show also that the diagram efficiency is sine α when
the optimum blade speed ratio is used.
3. When a reaction turbine runs at 3600 rev/min the steam consumption is 36 000
kg/h. The steam at a certain stage is at 0.34 bar with a dryness fraction of 0.95, and
the stage develops 950 kW. The axial velocity of flow is constant and equal to 0.72
of the blade velocity, and the rotor and stator blades are of the same section
having an outlet angle of 70°. Estimate the mean diameter of the annulus, and the
blade height, at this point in the turbine.
4. Ten successive reaction stages of a gas turbine run at 30 rev/s and have the same
mean diameter of 1.5 m. All blade sections have inlet and outlet angles of 0° and
70° respectively, and the axial velocity is constant. Estimate the power output for
a mass flow of 55 kg/s. At inlet to the turbine the pressure and temperature are 7
bar and 700°C, and at outlet the pressure is 2.5 bar. Find the isentropic efficiency
of the turbine, and the blade heights of the first and last rows. Take cp = 1.15 kJ/kg
K and γ = 1.333 for the gas.
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