Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
College of Engineering
Environmental Engineering(2nd Year)
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Course contents
Chapter 1: Mechanical Properties of Materials
Chapter 2: Shear Force and Bending Moment
Chapter 3: Stresses in Beams
Chapter4:Torsion
Chapter 5: Compression Member
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Chapter 2: Shear Force and Bending Moment
❖Beams – Types of Beam, Supports and Load;
❖ Relationship between Shear Force and Bending Moment
❖Shear Force, Bending Moment Diagram for
-Simply Supported,
-Cantilever and
5/30/2025 -Over Hanging Beams. 3
2.1 Beams, Types of Supports, Types of Load
What are beams?
❖ A structural member which is long when compared with its
lateral dimensions, subjected to transverse forces so
applied as to induce bending of the member in an axial
plane, is called a beam.
➢ In most cases – load are perpendicular to the axis of the
beam
❖ When a beam is loaded by forces or couples, stresses and
strains are created throughout the interior of the beam.
❖ To determine these stresses and strains, the internal forces
and internal couples that act on the cross sections of the
beam must be found.
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2.1 Beams, Types of Supports, Types of Load
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Types of Beam
Beams are classified according to their supports.
✓Cantilever
✓Simple supported
✓Overhanging
✓Fixed
✓Continuous
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Types of Beam,
Depending on how they are supported.
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Types of supports,
.
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.
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Types of Load on beam
❖ Types of loads on beam
❖ Concentrated or point load
❖ Uniformly distributed load
❖ Uniformly varying load
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Types of Load on beam
❖ A concentrated load is, single point load is acting on the beam on
particular area. wheather, centre or etc,
A uniformly distributed load is, the load is acting on the beam on
the entire length in evenly.
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Types of Load on beam
❖ A uniformly varying load is, the load is acting on the beam on the
entire length in inclined.
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Types of Load on beam
The trapezoidal area is broken into a rectangular and a
triangular area, and the corresponding resultants R1 and
R2 of these subareas are determined separately.
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Summary of Types of Load on beam
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Summary of Types of Load on beam
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Types of Load on beam
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Relationship between Load, Shear Force and Bending Moment
.
dv
w=
dx
It is the relation Between intensity of Load and shear force
dM
v=
dx
It is the relation between shear force and BM
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. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram for Simply
Supported, Cantilever and Over Hanging Beams
➢What is Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams and
why we draw them?
❖Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams are plots of the
shear forces and bending moments, respectively, along the
length of a beam.
❖The purpose of these plots is to clearly show maximum of
the shear force and bending moment, which are important in
the design of beams.
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Shear force and bending moment Diagram?
Shear force at a section: The algebraic sum of the vertical forces
acting on the beam either to the left or right of the section is
known as the shear force at a section.
Bending moment (BM) at section: The algebraic sum of the
moments of all forces acting on the beam either to the left or
right of the section is known as the bending moment at a section
Shear Force Diagram (SFD):
The diagram which shows the variation of shear force along the
length of the beam is called Shear Force Diagram (SFD).
Bending Moment Diagram (BMD):
The diagram which shows the variation of bending moment along
the length of the beam is called Bending Moment Diagram (BMD).
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.
Sections for Shear Force and Bending Moment Calculations:
➢ Shear force and bending moments are to be calculated at various
sections of the beam to draw shear force and bending moment
diagrams.
➢ These sections are generally considered on the beam where the
magnitude of shear force and bending moments are changing
abruptly.
➢ Therefore these sections for the calculation of shear forces include
sections on either side of point load, uniformly distributed load or
uniformly varying load and and couple where the magnitude of shear
force changes abruptly.
Note: While calculating the shear force and bending moment, only the
portion of the udl which is on the left hand side of the section should
be converted into point load. But while calculating the reaction we
convert entire udl to point load
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Shape of shear force and bending Moment based on type of load
Types of
SFD BMD
Load
Point Inclined Line
Horizontal Line
Load (1 Degree)
Inclined Line Parabolic Curve
UDL
(1 Degree) (2 Degree)
Parabolic Curve Cubic Curve
UVL
(2 Degree) (3 Degree)
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Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
.
It is the point on the bending moment diagram
where bending moment changes the sign from
positive
Point to negative
of Contra or vice versa.
flexure [Inflection point]:
It is
It is the
alsopoint
calledon‘Inflection point’.
the bending At thediagram
moment point of
inflection
where point
bending or contra
moment flexurethe
changes thesign
bending
from
moment is zero.
positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of
inflection point or contra flexure the bending
moment is zero.
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.
sign convention for the
shear force and bending moment in beams
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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.
determining the shear and moment
diagrams is by the following steps:
1. Determine the reactions
Point of Contra from equilibrium
flexure [Inflection point]: of the entire beam.
2. CutItthe beam
is the at on
point an the
arbitrary
bendingpoint.
moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
3. Show the unknown shear and moment on the cut section
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
4. Sumcontra
forcesflexure
in the the bending
vertical moment
direction toisdetermine
zero. the unknown
shear.
5. Sum moments about the cut to determine the unknown moment.
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.
EXAMPLES 1 (Reaction)
1. Calculate the support reactions at A and B for the following beams
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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.
EXAMPLES Home work (Reaction)
1. Calculate the support reactions at A and B for the following beams
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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. ✓EXAMPLES (Overhanging beam)
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam and
loading shown.
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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.
EXAMPLES 2 (Overhanging beam)
Solution: Draw FBD and find out the support reactions using equilibrium equations
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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.
EXAMPLES 2 (Overhanging beam)
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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.
EXAMPLES 2 (Overhanging beam)
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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.
EXAMPLES (Cantiliver beam)
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam and
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
loading shown.
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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.
EXAMPLES (Cantiliver beam)
Solution
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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.
EXAMPLES 1 (simple beam)
Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams [SFD and BMD] for
a simply supported beam subjected to three point loads as shown
in the of
Point Fig. givenflexure
Contra below.[Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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. EXAMPLES (Cantilever)
Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams [SFD and
BMD] for the following Cantilever beams.
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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Example 4 ( Exercise home work)
.
Draw SFD and BMD for the beam shown and calculate Mmax
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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. Example 5 (overhanging)
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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Example 6 (class/home work)
.
Draw SFD and BMD for the single side overhanging beam subjected to loading as shown below.
Determine the absolute maximum bending moment and shear forces and mark them on
SFD and BMD. Also locate points of contra flexure if any.
Point of Contra flexure [Inflection point]:
It is the point on the bending moment diagram where bending
moment changes the sign from positive to negative or vice versa.
It is also called ‘Inflection point’. At the point of inflection point or
contra flexure the bending moment is zero.
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