5.

Representing Signals by Using

Discrete-Time Complex Exponentials:
The z-Transform

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Communication Systems Engineering

By Demessu K 1 Signal and system Analysis

 Content

Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Properties and of the ZTransform

The Inverse Z Transform

TheTransfer Function of Discrete −Time Systems

Relating theTransfer Function and the Difference Equation

Applications of Z-Transform

By Demessu K 2 Signal and system Analysis

 Objectives

 Represent and analyze signals and systems using discrete time

exponentials using the Z transform methods.

By Demessu K 3 Signal and system Analysis

 5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

5.1.1 Introduction
Previously we saw how to represent discrete-time signal using the DTFT.
Here we will try to generalize the DTFT to a representation in terms of
complex exponential signals that is termed the z-transform, the discrete-
time counterpart to the Laplace transform.
This gives us a broader characterization of discrete-time LTI systems and
their interaction with signals than is possible with the DTFT.
For example, the DTFT can be applied solely to stable LTI systems, since
the DTFT exists only if the impulse response is absolutely summable.

By Demessu K 4 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

In contrast, the z-transform of the impulse response exists for unstable LTI
systems, and thus the z-transform can be used to study a much broader class
of discrete-time LTI systems and signals.
The primary roles of the z-transform in engineering practice are the study
of system characteristics and the derivation of computational structures for
implementing discrete-time systems on computers.
The unilateral z-transform is also used to solve difference equations subject
to initial conditions.

By Demessu K 5 Signal and system Analysis

 5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

5.1.2 The z-Transform

Let z = rej a be a complex number with magnitude r and angle . The
signal x[n] = zn is a complex exponential [Link]:

The real part of x[n] is an exponentially damped cosine and the imaginary
part is an exponentially damped sine as shown in Fig. below.
The positive number r determines the damping factor and  is the
sinusoidal frequency. Note that x[n] is a complex sinusoid if r = 1.

By Demessu K 6 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Figure: Real and imaginary parts of the signal zn.

By Demessu K 7 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Consider applying x[n] to an LTI system with impulse response h[n]. The
system output is given by

We use x[n] = zn to obtain

We define the transfer function

By Demessu K 8 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

so that we may write

This equation has the form of an eigen relation, where zn is the eigen
function and H(z) is the eigenvalue.
If we express H(z) in polar form as H(z) = |H(z)|ej(z), then the system
output is written as

We say that the transfer function H(z) is the z-transform of the impulse
response h[n].
While the following equation represents invers z-transform to get h[n]
By Demessu K 9 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

The circle denotes integration around a circle of radius |z| = r in a

counterclockwise direction.
More generally, the z-transform of an arbitrary signal x[n] is

and the inverse z-transform is

By Demessu K 10 Signal and system Analysis

 5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

We express the relationship between x[n\ and X(z) with the notation

In practice, we will not evaluate integral directly(in inverse z-transform),

since that would require knowledge of complex-variable theory. Instead, we
will evaluate inverse z-transforms by inspection, using the one-to-one
relationship between x[n] and X(z).
5.1.3 Convergence
A necessary condition for convergence is absolute summability of x[n]z-n.
Since | x[n]z-n | = |x[n] r-n|, we must have

By Demessu K 11 Signal and system Analysis

 5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

The range of r for which this condition is satisfied is termed the region of
convergence (ROC) of the z-transform.
The z-transform exists for signals that do not have a DTFT.
By limiting ourselves to restricted values of r, we ensure that x[n] r-n is
absolutely summable, even though x[n] is not.
5.1.4 The z-plane
It is convenient to represent the complex number z as a location in a
complex plane termed the z-plane as depicted graphically in Fig. below.
The point z = rej is located at a distance r from the origin and an angle 
from the positive real axis.
By Demessu K 12 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Figure:The z-plane
Note that if x[n] is absolutely summable, then the DTFT is obtained from
the z-transform by setting r = 1, or substituting z = ej.That is

The equation z = ej describes a circle of unit radius centered on the origin
in the z-plane, as illustrated in Fig. below.
By Demessu K 13 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Figure:The unit circle, z = ej, in the z-plane.

This contour is termed the unit circle in the z-plane. The frequency  in
the DTFT corresponds to the point on the unit circle at an angle of  with
respect to the positive real axis. As the discrete-time frequency  goes from
— to , we take one trip around the unit circle. We say that the DTFT
corresponds to the z-transform evaluated on the unit circle.
By Demessu K 14 Signal and system Analysis
 5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Example: Determine the z-transform of the signal x[n] ={1,2,-1,1}.

Solution:We substitute the prescribed x[n] into Eq. 7.4 to obtain

We obtain the DTFT from X(z) by substituting z = ej :

5.1.5 Poles and Zeros

The most commonly encountered form of the z-transform in engineering
applications is a ratio of two polynomials in z-1, as shown by the rational
function

By Demessu K 15 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

It is useful to rewrite X(z) as a product of terms involving the roots of the

numerator and denominator polynomials; that is,

Where
The ck are the roots of the numerator polynomial and are termed the zeros
of X(z). The dk are the roots of the denominator polynomial and are termed
the poles of X(z).
Locations of zeros are denoted with the “ O ” symbol and locations of poles
with the “X” symbol in the z-plane.
The locations of poles and zeros completely specify X(z), except for the
gain factor b.
By Demessu K 16 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Example: Determine the z-transform of the signal

Depict the ROC and the locations of poles and zeros of X(z) in the z-plane.
Solution: Substituting x[n] into Eq. (7.4) yields

This is a geometric series of infinite length in the ratio a/z; the sum
converges, provided that |a/z| < 1, or |z| > |a|. Hence,

By Demessu K 17 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

There is thus a pole at z = a and a zero at z = 0, as illustrated in Fig. below.

The ROC is depicted as the shaded region of the z-plane.

Figure: Locations of poles and zeros of x[n] in the z-plane. The ROC is the
shaded area.

By Demessu K 18 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

As with the Laplace transform, the expression for X(z) does not correspond
to a unique time signal, unless the ROC is specified. This means that two
different time signals may have identical z-transforms, but different ROC’s,
as demonstrated in the next example.
Example: Determine the z-transform of the signal

Depict the ROC and the locations of poles and zeros of X(z) in the z-plane.
Solution:We substitute y[n] into Eq. (7.4) and write

By Demessu K 19 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

The sum converges, provided that |z/a| < 1, or |z| < |a|. Hence,

Figure: ROC and locations of poles and zeros of y[n] in the z-plane.
By Demessu K 20 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

The above two examples have identical z-transform even though the time
signals are quite different. Only the ROC differentiates the two transforms.
We must know the ROC to determine the correct inverse z-transform. This
ambiguity is a general feature of signals that are one sided.
Example: Determine the z-transform of

Depict the ROC and the locations of poles and zeros of X(z) in the z-plane.
Solution: Substituting for x[n] in Eq. (7.4), we obtain

By Demessu K 21 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Both sums must converge in order for X(z) to converge. This implies that
we must have |z| > 1/2 and |z| < 1. Hence,

The ROC and the locations of the poles and zeros are depicted in Fig.
below. In this case, the ROC is a ring in the z-plane.
By Demessu K 22 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Figure: ROC and locations of poles and zeros in the z-plane

Exercise: Determine the z-transform, the ROC, and the locations of poles
and zeros of X(z) for the following signals:

By Demessu K 23 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Answers:

Poles are at z = 1/2 and z = -1/3, and zeros are at z = 0 and z = 1/12

By Demessu K 24 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

By Demessu K 25 Signal and system Analysis

 5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform
5.1.6 Properties of the Region of Convergence
The relationship between the ROC and the characteristics of the time-
domain signal is used to find inverse z-transforms.
First, note that the ROC cannot contain any poles. This is because the ROC
is defined as the set of all z for which the z-transform converges. Hence,
X(z) must be finite for all z in the ROC.
If if is a pole, then |X(d)| = , and the z-transform does not converge at
the [Link], the pole cannot lie in the ROC.
Second, the ROC for a finite-duration signal includes the entire z-plane,
except possibly z = 0 or |z| =  (or both).

By Demessu K 26 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

To see this, suppose x[n] is nonzero only on the interval n1 < n < [Link] have

If a signal has any nonzero causal components (n2 > 0), then the expression
for X(z) will have a term involving z-1 and thus the ROC cannot include z =
0.
If a signal is noncausal, a power of (n1 < 0), then the expression for X(z) will
have a term involving a power of z, and thus the ROC cannot include
|z|=.
Conversely, if n2 < 0, then the ROC will include z = 0. If a signal has no
nonzero noncausal components (n1>0), then the ROC will include |z| =.
By Demessu K 27 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

This line of reasoning also indicates that x[n] = c[n] is the only signal whose
ROC is the entire z-plane.
Now consider infinite-duration signals. The condition for convergence is
|X(z)| < .We may thus write

The second line follows from the fact that the magnitude of a sum of complex
numbers is less than or equal to the sum of the individual magnitudes.
Splitting the infinite sum into negative- and positive-time portions, we define
By Demessu K 28 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

And

If both I-(z) and I+(z) are finite, then |X(z)| is guaranteed to be finite, too.
This clearly requires that |x[n]j be bounded in some way.
Suppose we can bound |x[n]| by finding the smallest positive constants A_,
A+, r_, and r+ such that

By Demessu K 29 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

A signal that satisfies these two bounds grows no faster than (r+)n for positive
n and (r_)n for negative n.
If the bound given in Eq. (7.9) is satisfied, then

where we have substituted k = —n in the third line. The last sum converges
if and only if |z| < r_.
By Demessu K 30 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform
Now consider the positive-time portion. If the bound given in Eq. (7.10) is
satisfied, then

This sum converges if and only if |z| > r+. Hence, if r+ < |z| < r_, then
both I+(z) and I-(z) converge and |X(z)| also converges. Note that if r+ > r_,
then there are no values of z for which convergence is guaranteed.
Now define a left-sided signal as a signal for which x[n] = 0 for n > 0, a
right-sided signal as a signal for which x[n] = 0 for n < 0, and a two-sided
signal as a signal that has infinite duration in both the positive and negative
directions.
By Demessu K 31 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Then, for signals x[n] that satisfy the exponential bounds of Eqs. (7.9) and
(7.10), we have the following conclusions:

Each of these cases is illustrated in Fig. below.

By Demessu K 32 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

By Demessu K 33 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Figure:The relationship between the ROC and the time extent of a signal
One-sided exponential signals are encountered frequently in engineering
problems because we are often interested in the behavior of a signal either
before or after a given time instant.
Example: Identify the ROC associated with the z-transform for each of the
following signals:

Solution: Beginning with x[n], we use Eq. (7.4) to write

By Demessu K 34 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

The first series converges for |z| < 1/2 while the second converges for |z|
> ¼. Both series must converge for X(z) to converge, so the ROC is 1/4 <
|z| < ½.The ROC of this two sided signal is depicted in Fig.(a) below.
Summing the two geometric series, we obtain

y[n] is a right-sided signal, and again using the definition of the z-transform
given by Eq. (7.4), we write
By Demessu K 35 Signal and system Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

The first series converges for |z| > 1/2, while the second converges for |z|
> 1/4. Hence, the combined ROC is |z| > 1/2, as depicted in Fig. (b)
below. In this case, we write

The last signal, w[n], is left sided and has z-transform given by

By Demessu K 36 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

Here, the first series converges for |z| < 1/2, while the second series
converges for |z| < 1/4, giving a combined ROC of |z| < 1/4, as depicted
in Fig. (c) below. In this case, we have

This example illustrates that the ROC of a two-sided signal is a ring, the
ROC of a right-sided signal is the exterior of a circle, and the ROC of a left-
sided signal is the interior of a circle. In each case, the poles define the
boundaries of the ROC.

By Demessu K 37 Signal and system Analysis

5.1 Introduction and Special Forms of the Z Transform

By Demessu K 38 Signal and system Analysis

 5.2 Properties of the Z Transform
Most properties of the z-transform are analogous to those of the DTFT.
Assume that

And

1. Linearity

The ROC can be larger than the intersection if one or more terms in x[n] or
y[n] cancel each other in the sum.

By Demessu K 39 Signal and system Analysis

 5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform

Class Work
Find X(z) for the signal given as:-
𝟏 𝒏 𝟑 𝒏
𝒙𝒏 = 𝐮 𝐧 − u[-n-1]
𝟐 𝟐

By Demessu K 40 Signal and system Analysis

5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform
Example: Suppose

And

Evaluate the z-transform of ax[n] + by[n].

Solution: From the linearity property we can have that

In general, the ROC is the intersection of individual ROCs, or 1/2 < |z| <
3/2, which is shown in Fig, below. Note, however, what happens when a = b:
By Demessu K 41 Signal and system Analysis
5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform
We have

and we see that the term (1/2)nu[n] has been canceled in the time-domain
signal.
Combining z-transforms and using the linearity property gives

By Demessu K 42 Signal and system Analysis

5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform
The zero at z = 1/2 cancels the pole at z = 1/2 , so we have

Because of pole cancelation the ROC is now is enlarged to be 1/4 < |z| <
3/2.

Figure: ROC for without pole cancelation and with pole cancelation
By Demessu K 43 Signal and system Analysis
 5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform
Figure: ROC for without pole cancelation and with pole cancelation
[Link] Reversal

Time reversal, or reflection, corresponds to replacing z by z-1. Hence, if Rx is

of the form a < |z| < b, the ROC of the reflected signal is a < l/|z| < b, or
1/b < |z| < 1/a.
[Link] Shift

By Demessu K 44 Signal and system Analysis

 5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform
Multiplication by 𝑧 −𝑛0 introduces a pole of order n0 at z = 0 if n0 > 0. In
this case, the ROC cannot include z = 0, even if Rx does include z = 0, unless
X(z) has a zero of at least order n0 at z = 0 that cancels all of the new poles.
If n0 < 0, then multiplication by 𝑧 −𝑛0 introduces n0 poles at infinity. If these
poles are not canceled by zeros at infinity in X(z), then the ROC of 𝑧 −𝑛0 X(z)
cannot include |z| = .
4. Multiplication by an Exponential Sequence
Let a be a complex [Link]

By Demessu K 45 Signal and system Analysis

 5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform
If Rx is a < |z| < b, then the new ROC is ||a < |z|< ||b. If X(z)
contains a factor 1 – dz-1 in the denominator, so that d is a pole, then X(z/)
has a factor 1 - dz-1 in the denominator and thus has a pole at d.
Similarly, if c is a zero of X(z), then X(z/) has a zero at c. This indicates
that the poles and zeros of X(z) have their radii changed by ||, and their
angles are changed by arg{}.
5. Convolution

By Demessu K 46 Signal and system Analysis

 5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform
Convolution of time-domain signals corresponds to multiplication of z-
transforms.
As with the linearity property, the ROC may be larger than the intersection
of Rx and Ry if a pole-zero cancellation occurs in the product X(z)Y(z).
6. Differentiation in the z-Domain

Multiplication by n in the time domain corresponds to differentiation with

respect to z and multiplication of the result by -z in the z-domain. This
operation does not change the ROC.

By Demessu K 47 Signal and system Analysis

5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform
Example: Find the z-transform of the signal

Solution: First we find the z-transform of

And we know

Again from the z-domain differentiation property

By Demessu K 48 Signal and system Analysis

5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform

Next, we find the z-transform of

We do this by applying the time-reversal property

Thus we can have

Last, we apply the convolution property

By Demessu K 49 Signal and system Analysis
5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform

Example: Find the z-transform of

where a is real and positive.

Solution: y[n] = an u[n] has the z-transform

Now we rewrite x[n] as the sum

By Demessu K 50 Signal and system Analysis

5.2 Properties and Theorems of the Z Transform
And apply the property of multiplication by a complex exponential gives:

Exercise: Problem 7.3(page-571)

By Demessu K 51 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
We can follow different methods for recovering a time-domain signal from its
z-transform.
These methods are like partial fraction expansions, inversion integral and
long division of Polynomials.
5.3.1 Partial-Fraction-Expansions
In the study of LTI systems, we often encounter z-transforms that are a
rational function of z-1. Let

If M & N, then we may use long division to express X(z) in the form
By Demessu K 52 Signal and system Analysis
 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform

The numerator polynomial B(z) now has order one less than that of the
denominator polynomial, and the partial-fraction expansion is applied to
determine the inverse transform of B(z)/A(z).
The inverse z-transform of the terms in the sum are obtained from the pair
and the time-shift property.
In some problems, X(z) may be expressed as a ratio of polynomials in z rather
than z-1. In this case, we may use the partial-fraction expansion method , first
convert X(z) to a ratio of polynomials in z-1. This conversion is accomplished
by factoring out the highest power of z present in the numerator from the
numerator polynomial and the term with the highest power of z present in the
denominator.
By Demessu K 53 Signal and system Analysis
 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
For example, if

then we factor z2 from the numerator and 3z3 from the denominator and thus
write

The partial-fraction expansion is applied to the term in parentheses, and the

factor ( 1/3 ) z-1 is incorporated later using the time-shift property.
The partial-fraction expansion is obtained by factoring the denominator
polynomial into a product of first-order terms, given as:

By Demessu K 54 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform

where the dk are the poles of X(z). If none of the poles are repeated, we may
rewrite X(z) as a sum of first-order terms:

Depending on the ROC, the inverse z-transform associated with each term is
then determined by using the appropriate transform [Link] is:

or

By Demessu K 55 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
For each term, the relationship between the ROC associated with X(z) and
each pole determines whether the right-sided or left-sided inverse transform
is chosen.
If a pole di is repeated r times, then there are r terms in the partial-fraction
expansion associated with that pole:

If the ROC is of the form |z| > di the right-sided inverse z-transform is
chosen:

By Demessu K 56 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
If, instead, the ROC is of the form |z| < di then the left-sided inverse z-
transform is chosen:

As per linearity property the ROC of X(z) is the intersection of the ROCs
associated with the individual terms in the partial-fraction expansion.
In order to choose the correct inverse transform, we must infer the ROC of
each term from the ROC of X(z). This is accomplished by comparing the
location of each pole with the ROC of X(z). If the ROC of X(z) has a radius
greater than that of the pole associated with a given term, we choose the
right-sided inverse transform. If the ROC of X(z) has a radius less than that of
the pole, we choose the left-sided inverse transform for that term.
By Demessu K 57 Signal and system Analysis
 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
Example: Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution:We use a partial-fraction expansion to write

Solving for A1, A2 , and A3 gives

Using the relationship between the locations of the poles(as shown in Fig.
below) and the ROC of X(z), we can determine the inverse z-transform.

By Demessu K 58 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform

Figure: Locations of poles and ROC

The figure shows that the ROC has a radius greater than the pole at z = ½, so
this term has the right-sided inverse transform

By Demessu K 59 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
The ROC also has a radius less than the pole at z = 2, so this term has the left-
sided inverse transform

Finally, the ROC has a radius greater than the pole at z = 1, so this term has
the right-sided inverse z-transform

Combining the individual terms gives

By Demessu K 60 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
Example: Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution: We convert X(z) into a ratio of polynomials in z-1, by factoring z3

from the numerator and 2z2 from the denominator, yielding

The factor (1/2)z is easily incorporated later by using the time-shift property,
so we focus on the ratio of polynomials in parentheses.
Using long division to reduce the order of the numerator polynomial, we have

By Demessu K 61 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform

Thus, we may write

Next, using a partial-fraction expansion, we have

By Demessu K 62 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
and thus define

The ROC has a smaller radius than either pole, as shown in Fig. below, so the
inverse z-transform ofW(z)is:

Finally, we apply the time-shift property to obtain

and thus

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 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform

Figure: Locations of poles and ROC for the above Example

Note that information other than the ROC can be used to establish a unique
inverse transform. For example, causality, stability, or the existence of the
DTFT is sufficient to determine the inverse transform.
If a signal is known to be causal, then right-sided inverse transforms are
chosen.
By Demessu K 64 Signal and system Analysis
 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
If a signal is stable, then it is absolutely summable and has a DTFT. Hence,
stability and the existence of the DTFT are equivalent conditions. In both
cases, the ROC includes the unit circle in the z-plane, |z| = 1. The
inverse z-transform is determined by comparing the locations of the poles
with the unit circle. If a pole is inside the unit circle, then the right-sided
inverse z-transform is chosen; if a pole is outside the unit circle, then the
left-sided inverse z-transform is chosen.
Example: Find the inverse z-transform of

assuming that (a) the signal is causal and (b) the signal has a DTFT.
By Demessu K 65 Signal and system Analysis
 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform
Answers:
a.
b.
5.3.2 Long-Division
Example: Find the inverse z-transform of

Solution: We use long division to write X(z) as a power series in z-1,since the
ROC indicates that x[n] is right [Link] have

By Demessu K 66 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform

That is,

Then:

If the ROC is changed to |z| < ½ then we expand X(z) as a power series in z:

By Demessu K 67 Signal and system Analysis

 5.3 The Inverse Z Transform

That is,

In this case, we therefore have

Long division may be used to obtain the power series whenever X(z) is a ratio
of polynomials and long division is simple to perform. However, long division
may not lead to a closed-form expression for x[n].
By Demessu K 68 Signal and system Analysis
 5.4The Transfer Function of Discrete −Time
Systems
The output y[n] of an LTI system may be expressed as the convolution of the
impulse response h[n] and the input x[n]:

If we take the z-transform of both sides of this equation,

And thus the transfer function may also be viewed as the ratio of the z-
transform of the output to the input; that is.

This definition applies at all z in the ROCs of X(z) and Y(z) for which X(z) is
nonzero.
By Demessu K 69 Signal and system Analysis
 5.4The Transfer Function of Discrete −Time
Systems
The impulse response is the inverse z-transform of the transfer function. In
order to uniquely determine the impulse response from the transfer function,
we must know the ROC. If the ROC is not known, then other system
characteristics, such as stability or causality, must be known in order to
uniquely determine the impulse response.
Example: Find the transfer function and impulse response of a causal LTI
system if the input to the system is:

and the output is

By Demessu K 70 Signal and system Analysis

 5.4The Transfer Function of Discrete −Time
Systems
Solution:The z-transforms of the input and output are respectively given by

And

Then H(z) is:

Applying a partial fraction expansion to H(z) yields

The impulse response is thus given by

By Demessu K 71 Signal and system Analysis

 5.5 Relating the Transfer Function and the
Difference Equation
The transfer function may be obtained directly from the difference-equation
description of an LTI system.
Recall that an Nth-order difference equation relates the input x[n] to the
output y[n]:

Applying eigenfunction property if x[n] = zn, then the output of an LTI system
is y[n]= zn H(z).
Substituting x[n - k] = zn-k and y[n - k] = zn-kH(z) into the difference equation
gives the relationship
By Demessu K 72 Signal and system Analysis
 5.5 Relating the Transfer Function and the
Difference Equation

We may now solve for H(z):

The transfer function of an LTI system described by a difference equation is a

ratio of polynomials in z x and is thus termed a rational transfer function.
Example: Determine the transfer function and the impulse response for the
causal LTI system described by the difference equation

Solution:We obtain the transfer function by applying z-transfer:

By Demessu K 73 Signal and system Analysis
 5.5 Relating the Transfer Function and the
Difference Equation

Solution:We obtain the transfer function by applying z-transfer:

Applying a partial-fraction expansion to H(z) gives

The system is causal, so we choose the right-sided inverse z-transform for

each term to obtain the following impulse response:

Example: Find the difference equation description of an LTI system with

transfer function
By Demessu K 74 Signal and system Analysis
 5.5 Relating the Transfer Function and the
Difference Equation

Solution: We rewrite H(z) as a ratio of polynomials in z-1. Dividing both the

numerator and denominator by z2, we obtain

Hence, this system is described by the difference equation

Example: An LTI system has the transfer function

Find the impulse response, assuming that the system is (a) stable or (b) causal.
Can this system be both stable and causal?
By Demessu K 75 Signal and system Analysis
 5.5 Relating the Transfer Function and the
Difference Equation
Solution: Poles are shown in Fig. below. If the system is stable, then the ROC
includes the unit circle. The two poles inside the unit circle contribute right-
sided terms to the impulse response, while the pole outside the unit circle
contributes a left-sided term.

Figure: Locations of poles in the z-plane for the system

By Demessu K 76 Signal and system Analysis

 5.5 Relating the Transfer Function and the
Difference Equation
Hence, for case (a).

If the system is assumed causal, then all poles contribute right-sided terms to
the impulse response, so for case (b), we have

Note that this LTI system cannot be both stable and causal, since there is a
pole outside the unit circle.

By Demessu K 77 Signal and system Analysis

 Refereces
 Oppenheim (MIT Professor., Signals and Systems 2nd edition
 Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen Signals and Systems, Second Edition, John,
Wiley & Sons, 2003.

By Demessu K 78 Signal and system Analysis

Thank You

By Demessu K
79
Signal and system Analysis