STW EX20003
TYPES OF WRITING
Forms & Features
Prof. (Dr.) P. C. Mishra
Professor & Dean (Research), SME
Dean & Chairman (IPRC), KIIT-DU
[Link]: pcmishrafme@[Link]
Mobile No.: +91-7077008225
SCIENTIFIC WRITING vs SCIENCE WRITING
CREATIVE WRITING vs CONTENT WRITING
TECHNICAL WRITING vs BUSINESS WRITING
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SCIENTIFIC WRITING
vs SCIENCE WRITING
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SCIENTIFIC WRITING
◈ Used to communicate research results between experts
◈ Content is highly technical and as objective as possible
◈ Language can include jargon because audience is specific and professional
◈ Includes great detail since it serves as an official record of research
◈ Much of this communication is subject to peer review
◈ Structure often follows IMRAD format i. e. introduction, methods, results, and
discussion
◈ Examples include primary research articles,
4 grant proposals, literature reviews,
SCIENCE WRITING
◈ Communicates discoveries to broader audience
◈ Includes greater diversity of content
◈ Can focus on particular finding, explanation for item of public interest, researcher spotlight, or
debate in the field
◈ Includes articles, interviews, videos, social media, and podcasts about science
◈ Audience could be general laypeople or specific readership
◈ Technical jargon is avoided because readers are less knowledgeable
◈ Metaphors and analogies are included to explain
5 a concept
CREATIVE WRITING
vs CONTENT WRITING
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ELEMENTS OF CREATIVE WRITING
◈ Artistic Freedom: creative writing can be fiction or nonfiction, necessitating mastery of
language, storytelling, character development, and use of literary devices (such as metaphor,
figure of speech, and foreshadowing), and worldbuilding
◈ Potential to inform & entertain: creative writing can be informative, like biographies and
memoirs, or entertaining, like science fiction novels and film scripts
◈ Build on previous work: creative writing can adapt or repurpose previous works of creative
writing—most obvious in movie sequels or serialized comics
◈ Varied points of view: creative writing employs a variety of narrative voices, from first-person to
second-person to third-person omniscient
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Explore deep themes: creative writing often presents a strong underlying theme—either
EXAMPLES OF CREATIVE WRITING FORMS
◈ Novels, novellas and short stories
◈ Screenplays, teleplays, theatre scripts, radio and podcast scripts
◈ Journalism, including news and feature stories, newspaper columns, letters to the editor
◈ Biographies, autobiographies, and memoirs
◈ Travel guides and travelogues
◈ Self-help books, cookbooks and how-to books, but not instruction manuals
◈ Nonfiction accounts of both hard sciences like biology and social sciences like political science
and economics
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ELEMENTS OF CONTENT WRITING
◈ Transactional writing that falls into two categories: marketing and branding-based writing,
particularly for the Internet; and technical writing that explains how to do something
◈ Not author’s personal voice, but about conveying information for specific purpose
◈ Marketing tool requiring high output and tight deadlines
◈ Engaging writing with a knack for readability and holding a reader’s attention
◈ Involves a degree of research including targeted searches and keyword research
◈ Typically aligns with a brand, assimilating a brand’s content strategy and marketing strategy
◈ Relies on creativity but within very narrow boundaries
9 of an assignment
EXAMPLES OF CONTENT WRITING FORMS
◈ Content marketing, including short advertising copy and longer-form blogging
◈ Product descriptions
◈ Website creation for small business and corporate clients, including landing pages,
company blogs, and digital storefronts
◈ Web content, especially informative articles designed for search engine optimization
◈ Repurposing SEO content for digital marketing and social media posts
◈ Incorporating keyword phrases into sales copy or website copy
◈ Drafting technical manuals 10
DIFFERENCES
◈ Tone: Creative writing has varied tones based on mood of writer and type of
written piece, as author has freedom to choose and is not confined to
‘impersonal’ tone; content writers, whether freelancers or working for
a website content writing service, have to keep specific brand tone in mind,
with limited options of having informative, serious, optimistic, and objective
tones; extent of any creative touch is governed by client
◈ Purpose: Creative writing often has the purpose of expressing, entertaining,
and engaging, but content writing is done with specific goals of marketing,
sales, dispensing information, or other business-oriented purposes
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DIFFERENCES
◈ Artistic freedom: Creative writers have more artistic freedom, being able to
choose length, tone, style, form, and purpose of their written piece, use
imagery, and employ figurative expressions; content writers can be creative,
but also have to follow SEO and writing guidelines to make content visible and
readable to intended audience
◈ Style: Creative writers can adopt imaginative, fantastical, and colorful style;
content writers have to have a methodical, articulate, factual, and informative
style of writing
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TECHNICAL WRITING
vs BUSINESS WRITING
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TECHNICAL WRITING
◈ Style of writing where author needs to explain a certain subject
◈ Explanation, instruction, or direction
◈ Two categories: tangible and abstract
◈ Tangible writing deals with visible or palpable items e. g. software
installation or furniture assemblage
◈ Abstract writing focuses on describing intangible objects e. g. office
policies or behavioural instructions
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◈ Technical writing consists of instruction manuals, policy manuals, user manuals,
analysis reports, product assembly instructions, and other similar documents
◈ Technical writers require high competence in their subject matter including knowledge
of specific acronyms, abbreviations, and terms that apply to that field
◈ Technical writers need to anticipate the knowledge their audience might already have
◈ Technical writing transforms information from complex industries, like medical and
engineering, into organized, user-friendly facts that non-specialists can use
◈ Technical writers need to translate the concepts between consumers and developers
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TRADITIONAL TECHNICAL WRITING
◈ Target audience is professionals in different industries
◈ Output consists of research, guides, and repair manuals
◈ Main sections for traditional projects: (a) scientific and medical papers, (b) content for
educational and business sectors in the form of reports and reviews
END-USER ORIENTED TECHNICAL WRITING
◈ Product description: describes features of the product to user
◈ User guide: informs user about assembly, operation and maintenance of the product
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MARKETING ORIENTED TECHNICAL WRITING
◈ Most commercial and online businesses utilize this form of technical writing
◈ Subject matter details are changed into promotional content
◈ White papers and case studies help to show the success of a business or service.
◈ Content might highlight user problems and reveal how the product can provide
solutions
◈ Case studies can explain how a solution helped a company reach its goals
◈ Pitches and proposals, business-to-business
17 (B2B) solutions, business plans and
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TECHNICAL WRITING: NECESSARY SKILLS
◈ Clear Content: Content must be direct, engaging, with adequate information and logical structure
◈ Addressing Target Audience: Writing must address correct target audience e. g. a software user guide needs to
address concerns of end-user
◈ Brand Alignment: Writing needs to align with the brand objectives e. g. writing an emergency evacuation plan,
where writer’s goal is to explain escape processes in a way that staff and visitors understand, plus demonstrate
the company’s goals of caring for its employees and clients
◈ Research And Sourcing: This may consist of finding right sources online, speaking to experts, accessing
company documents etc.
◈ 18 concept and ideas so that readers will understand
Concept Translation: Technical writing needs to relate
BUSINESS WRITING: TYPES
INSTRUCTIONAL WRITING
◈ Provides reader with information needed to complete task
◈ Breaks down process into understandable steps, accounts for reader's knowledge, and
includes scope of task while integrating variations or potential problems
User Manual: guide focused on allowing customer to use product
Specifications: outline of product or process that allows it to be constructed or reconstructed
by unfamiliar but knowledgeable user, enabling effective distribution
Business Memo: short notification of new information shared within large group in
organization, including direct instruction or reference on how to complete future tasks
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BUSINESS WRITING: TYPES
INFORMATIONAL WRITING
◈ Does not require action, but created for reference or record
◈ Recording business information accurately and consistently is important for marking progress,
predicting future work, as well as complying with legal and contractual obligations
Business Report: organisations rely on reports to act, communicate business and technical
information, capture work completed, record incidents, finalize projects and recommendations, act as
archive, and make informed decisions
Financials: documents that outline the financial state of organisations over a defined period
Minutes: summary of meeting proceedings, with record of discussions, decisions, and assignments for
attendees and others
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BUSINESS WRITING: TYPES
PERSUASIVE WRITING
◈ Usually associated with sales, either direct, with a focus on specific item, or indirect, with focus
on developing client relationship
◈ Goals are (a) to convey information and (b) to convince reader that presented information offers
best value
Proposals: outline of offer of product or service to potential client, generally presenting project
overview, benefits, timeline, costs, and competency
Sales Email: email written to large number of people to pitch product or service
Press Release: text written for journalists and media presenting new information, aiming to persuade
reader to share content through their own channels
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BUSINESS WRITING: TYPES
TRANSACTIONAL WRITING
◈ Includes official business letters, forms, and invoices
◈ Used to progress general operations, convey good and bad news, often
associated with human resource processes
Email: document used to quickly communicate information between staff or clients
in business activities
Dismissal notice: document providing official context and procedural details
associated with employment termination
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DIFFERENCES
◈ Audience: Both business and technical writing are reader-focused, but business writing deals
more with interpersonal information e. g. email from HR introducing a new hire falls under
business writing, but nurse’s report about patient qualifies as technical writing
◈ Tone: Writing for different audience requires different tones e. g. persuasive voice is needed to
emphasize certain aspects of a special offer, direct or formal tone for internal memo, warm and
friendly tone in email to a new client, but technical writing does not change tone because goal of
technical writing is to explain something clearly
◈ Vocabulary: With technical writing, it should be impersonal, and language should effectively
communicate correct information to right audience e. g. writing intended for expert audience will
use different words and phrases than writing for the general public
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Presenting the Fact Scientifically & Technically
Incident
Car moves automatically at parking place without
driver
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FACT FINDING
1. Mechanical Issues 2. Electronic and Software Issues
Faulty Parking Brake: If the parking brake is Unintended Acceleration: Issues with the
not engaged properly or fails, the car can roll car's electronic throttle control or accelerator
away, especially on a slope. pedal sensors can lead to unintended
Transmission Problems: Malfunctions in the acceleration.
transmission system, such as a failure to Malfunctioning Sensors: Autonomous or
properly engage the parking gear, can cause semi-autonomous vehicles rely on sensors
the vehicle to move unexpectedly. (e.g., LiDAR, radar, cameras) to detect
Steering and Suspension Failures: Problems surroundings.
with the steering system or suspension could Software Glitches: Bugs or errors in the
cause unintended movement, especially if the vehicle's software, including its control
vehicle is parked on an incline. systems or autonomous driving algorithms
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FACT FINDING
3. Human Error Prevention and Safety Measures:
Misuse of Keyless Entry and Start Systems: In Regular Maintenance: Ensuring that all
vehicles with keyless entry and start systems, vehicle systems, especially brakes and
failing to turn off the engine or engaging the transmission, are regularly maintained.
wrong gear can result in unintended movement. Proper Securing: Always engaging the parking
Failure to Secure the Vehicle: Not properly brake and leaving the vehicle in the correct
engaging the parking brake or leaving the gear when parked.
vehicle in gear can cause it to move, especially Software Updates: Keeping vehicle software
on an incline. updated to fix known bugs and improve
Remote Control Systems: Some modern cars security features.
can be remotely started or moved via User Education: Educating vehicle owners on
Smartphone apps or key fobs. Misuse or the proper use of features, especially in cars
malfunction of these systems can cause the car with advanced driver-assistance systems
to move unexpectedly. (ADAS) or autonomous capabilities.
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Thanks!
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