Energy transfer in ecosystem

Thermodynamics
Chapter 1 Science concerned with study of energy and its transformations.
Also an energy loss occurs recycle remaining chemical
energy in the decomposed Basic concepts in thermodynamics are ...
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organisms System Surrounding System boundaries
Energy loss occurs during respiration and
Study is directed to it. Everything surrounds system Envelope separates system
excretion.
imaginary or real
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Decomposers Open system Closed system Isolated system

Chemical
Converted Thermal and Kinetic
into
energy energy
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Perform photosynthesis to convert.

Solar energy
Into Chemical energy
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 [Link] Kamal
ex
open metallic pot containig ex
tightly sealed metallic pot ex
Thermal preserver
hot water containig hot water ( Thermos)
Conservation of energy law

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but only System Properties

transformed from one form to another.

Energy at the higher trophic level

Efficiency of energy transfer = X 100 Extensiue Intensiue
Energy at the lower trophic level
depend on quantity of matter independent on quantity of matter
Lost energy
Mass ,Volume ,internal energy, Heat Temperature , Density and Specific
The energy not directly used in biological processes Capacity Surface Area Heat.
AMPLE If we assume that the amount of energy that the rabbit gets from the plant

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equal 100J ...
First law of thermodynamics
Largest amount converts into CO2 Part converts to Kinetic Another part converts Remaining part stored in the
during cellular respiration. into Thermal energy undigested food as wastes
Energy is neither destroyed nor created, but transformed from one form to another
energy

Examples
When all the resulting forms of energy are added together, their total will be 100J. 1- Electric Bulb Electrical energy Light + heat energy
2- Photosynthesis Solar energy Chemical energy
Chemistry in energy transfer 3- Food Chemical energy Thermal energy + fats+ work

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

ΔU=ΔQ-Δ W
Formula
Internal energy work done by (+ve) or
Occurs in plants inside chloroplasts where Glucose is burned by using oxygen inside U = KE + PE on (-ve) the system
Light is absorbed by chlorophyll cells of living organisms
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O+ energy Heat gained by (+ve) or lost (-ve) from the system

Adiabatic process Isochoric process Isothermal process

Processes of
thermodynamic

Energy stored in fossil fuels

ΔQ = 0 ΔW = 0 ΔU = 0
burn with oxygen
ΔU = -ΔW ΔU = ΔQ ΔQ = ΔW
Chemical energy
stored in Heat energy
Coal Natural gas
Rapid expansion or Heating water in a Slow expansion or compression
mainly C originated from Hydrocarbon gases : Methane 70-98%
decomposition of buried plants. compression of gas trapped sealed container or of a gas trapped inside a cylinder
Oil + Ethane, propane and butane Used to operate car engines in an isolated container. pressure pot provided with a movable piston.
Mix of hydrocarbons originated from buried marine organisms and Turbines

1
 Nitrogen
Heat content (H) of substance
key component of
proteins which are
H2(g) + ½ o2(g) Mgo(s) + Co2(g)

Endothermic reaction
Plant utilize
Exothermic reaction

essential for growth and nitrates & animal

obtain nitrogen
Enthalpy (H)

Enthalpy (H)
development in living through feeding
ΔH° =117.3 kJ/mol
organisms. on plants.
reactants product
H2o(l)
Enters
ΔH° =-285.85kJ/mol
MgCo3(s) ecosystem
through
product reactants

mark
its fixation in soil by
Direction of reaction Direction of reaction bacteria,
Returns some
ΔHprod. < ΔHreact., so ΔH = -ve ΔHprod. > ΔHreact. so ΔH = +ve then transferes
through the food
converts nitrog en
in air into
nitrogen to
atmosphere
chains. ammonia
Energy released > absorbed Energy absorbed > released

Phosphorus
Bond energy
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Does not exist in form

ater
of gases in but it’sfound
as compounds in soil,
water, sediments, rocks,
and volcanic ash.
Essential for
of plants
1) Storing and transferring
Energy released Energy absorbed energy
Change in heat
content (ΔH)
= during bonds + during bonds

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2) Synthesis of nucleic
formation breaking Weathering of rocks, releases
acids phosphate into the soil and
surfacial water.
3) Development of plants

mark
4) Synthesis of tissues.

Plants absorb CO2

Carbon Effect of natural processes on nutrient cycles
Present in
Plants & animals
release back CO2 all organic compounds,
(proteins,
Rainfall Evaporation
carbohydrates, fats and
nucleic acids )
Transfers dissolved nutrients
CO2 forms mollusk shells Essential for Transfer water to atmosphere,
of plants into the soil, aiding their affecting the distribution of
CO2 built animal tissues. Atmosphere, bodies of even distribution. nutrients in the ecosystem
CO2 is released back during terrestrial and marine
CO2 stabilize in limestone
rocks from shell deposition
burning of fossil fuels
organisms, sedimentary Drought
rocks, soil, hydrosphere
Negative effects on organic carbon and nitrogen.
and fossil fuels Positive effects on inorganic phosphorus.

2
 Consuming natural resources at a faster
rate than their ability to regenerate Natural resources depletion
Energy The ability to do work or making a change
Chapter 2 The process of extracting and searching for important minerals in the earth by
Energy conversions in hydroelectric power plant
Mining digging up the ground to reach the minerals.
Shaft Physical effects of mining on enviroment
Power lines
Running Turbines
water
Water
Reservoir Change in energy as it exert pressure on rocks , Change in land as mining lead to leakage
Electrical and distibution which leads to Soil erossion, surface structure of chemical substance into
thermal energy
land degardation, occurrence of ground water which leads to
Gravitational
potential energy
as soil layers are rock cavities, Landslides, deep as during mining & drilling change in water properties as
Generator removed, which pits formation & soil degardation. process the top layers of pH and mineral concentration
Kinetic energy Kinetic energy Kinetic energy affects exchange of soil are removed which
of water of turbines in generator heat and moisture leads to destruction of
Pressure & Change in properties
in the soil. natural habitat
Erosion of water
Non-renewable energy sources
Oil (Petroleum) Coal Natural gas
Chemisty and mining
Mixture of hydrocarbons extracted Consists of decaying plant Mixture of flammable hydrocarbon
Import. Source

from the depths of the earth remains extracted from mines gases extracted from depths of
earth by drilling 1 Chemical analysis of ores 3 Mineral purification
- Manufacture of plastics and chemicals. - Generating electricity - Electricity generation
- Its derivatives used to operate cars, - Operating factories - Cooking and Heating. Analysis of mineral ore using chemical Purification of metals after extraction to remove
planes and factories techniqes before mining process to determine impurities and obtain highest quality.
Emission of CO2, which contributes to Emission of CO2 and S which the type of mineral and Quantity of mineral in 1 Electrolysis copper.
Harms

phenomenon of global warming. contribute to Climate change Emission of CO2 the ore 2 Chemicals other metals
and air pollution.
2 Mineral extraction
Oil leakage from oil tankers causes Open coal mines can destroy During the extraction process,
Impacts

natural habitats and contribute gas may leak leading to

a threat to marine life and leads to
to extinction of some plant and environmental pollution and
significant pollution in oceans. animal species. increase risk of explosion. Aluminium extraction Gold extraction Iron extraction
- From bauxite ore (Al₂O₃) dissolved By Cyanidation process: From reducing hematite (Fe2O3)
Air pollutants produced from burning of fossil fuel in cryolite Na 3AlF 6
Dissolving gold ores in aqueous inside blast furnace
solution of sodium cyanide Δ CO
- By electrolysis C+O
Sulfur Oxide
Destruction of body cells

CO 2
fatigue, dizziness, muscle

2Al O + 3C 4Al + 3CO 4Au + 8NaCN + O2 + 2H2O

difficulty in breathing,
relaxation and death.

Electrolysis 2 2

CO2+ C Δ 2CO
Nitrogen oxides Carbon Oxides

Released from combustion of fossil 2 3 2

fuel Combustion of fuel, which contains (cathode)

4Na[Au(CN)2] + 4NaOH Δ
CH4 + 2o2 → Co2 + 2H2o sulfur impurities.
Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2
Then, gold is separated using active
CO SO2 SO3 carbon
Poisonous odorless gas released from
incomplete combustion of fossil fuel S + o2 → So2 2So2 + o2 → 2So3
2C + o2 → 2Co Effect of sulphur oxides Chemical waste disposal
Sulfur trioxide reacts with water in
atmosphere forming acid rain A process aimed to manage wastes containing chemicals in a safe and effective manner
NO
So3 + H2o → H2So4
to avoid environmental pollution and protect the human health.
1) Irritation of eyes and
2) Cardiovascular or
pulmonary diseases
respiratory system.

Combustion of fuel at high

temperatures in cars engines
o2 → 2No Effect of acid rains Monitoring &
N2 + 1
Classification and
separation 3 Treatment 5 follow-up
Leads to corrosion of cultural and
historical artifacts as it react with to avoid dangerous reactions to reduce toxicity through Chemical Environmental standards must be
NO2 calcium carbonate forming calcium neutralization or Oxidation or reduction followed.
Produced from oxidation of NO in air sulfate which is more soluble 2 Temporary storage 4 Final disposal
2No + o2 → 2No2 H So + CaCo → CaSo + H o + Co in leak-proof containers and resistant to reactions though Burial in special landfills,Burning in high-temp
2 4 3 4 2 2
with warning labels on it furnaces or Recycling

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 Usage of energy sources in our lifes Fourth : Bioenergy
0.1% Direct solar energy Type of energy produced from living organisms as plants and animals or from
1 Solar energy Coal 28.4% organic as animal or agriculture wastes
2 Wind energy Gas Renewable 0.002% Ocean power
3 Hydoelectric power 22.1% 12.9% energy 10.2% Bioenergy biological Note
Biomass
process Biofuels like Ethanol & Biodiesel.
Bioenergy 0.2% Wind energy Released carbon from
Nuclear
4
2.3% Hydropower burning burning biofuels < released
energy Petroleum 34.6% Electricity By burning it in power
plants to generate energy. from burning fossil fuels
0.1% Geothermal energy

Resources to get bioenergy

First : Solar energy
- Made of semi-conductor materials that works on converting solar energy into electrical energy 1) Plants & agricultural waste
- Reduces the enviromental impact pollution resulting from using fossil fuels - Plants: Cane sugar, maize plant, and nile rose (aquatic plant), agricultural waste: rice straw
Working mechanism - Using fermentation & aerobic decomposition processes
photons of light displace - Producing biofuel as ethanol or biodiesel
sunlight falls on
electrons to one of the electric current
semiconductor
surfaces creating potential passes
material difference 2) Microalgae & microbes
- Microlagae can be grown in non-arable enviroments and don’t require a large area.
Electrical Power Electric energy

P E
(energy cnosumed or produced from
produced per time) Voltage solar cell - Using advanced biological processes, such as converting organic matter into electricity or
in volts (V) in joule (J) Time (s)
in seconds
in watts (W) liquid fuel
Current I V Power P t - Marine algae can grow rapidly and don’t require agricultural lands and can be converted into
in amperes (A) in watts (W) biofuel (biodiesel or ethanol) through fermentation or decomposition processes.
Electrical power produced - Algea can produce oils that can be converted into biodiesel (biofuel)
Effecincy of solar cells is improved by Solar cell efficiency % =
using nanotechnology to improve their × 100
Optical power incident 3) Methane producing bacteria

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sunlight absorption capability
- Using decomposition of organic matter in waste treatment plants or animal barns
Applications

producing biofuel as methane.

reduce Animal wastes Methane-producing bacteria Methane (fuel)
electricity consumption

Solar water heaters Solar air conditioners Solar lamps

4) Photosynthetic bacteria
- Use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into biofuel
Second : Wind energy Light
Carbon dioxide and water Biofuels (as ethanol or hydrogen)
- Wind turbines convert kinetic energy into electrical energy
- Working mechanism 5) Cellulose & fats (using enzymes)
Air passes on face Different air pressur cause generator convert it into - Using enzymes to convert organic matter into biofuel
of turbines blades rotation (kinetic energy) electrical energy
1 converts into converts into
- Wind speed Efficiency of wind turbines Cellulose + Enzyme Sugar Ethanol (biofuel)
So electricity generation in open areas such as in deserts & elevated areas
found in plants
Third: Hydroelectric power 2 decompose to
Fats + Enzyme Biodiesel (biofuel)
- Hydroelectric power plants convert
Potential energy Kinetic energy Electric energy vegetable oils or animal fats
Stored in water behind As water flows from a higher As Turbines’ motion is
dams elevation to a lower one transmitted to a generator

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 Techniques of material separation
Chapter 3 Resource Process of reusing materials that have already been used,
turning them into new products instead of disposing of
recycling them as wastes Magnetic separation Electrostatic separation

First : Mechanical recycling 1 Magnetic separation

Separating magnetic material from the non-magnetic material using electromagnet
Electric current Iron core

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Most common method used worldwide where non-degradable material residues are
collected then reintroduced into same industry resulting in a product of the same type. Structure of electromagnet
Insulated copper wire with many turns,wrapped around a core of
In Recycling we reuse the energy that was present in the raw materials instead of soft iron
consuming new energy to produce or extract them Coil
ex Recycling aluminum saves about 95% of energy required to produce it from bauxite. How it works
When electric current is passed through coil, iron core is converted
into temporary magnet
Conserved energy % of conserved energy Power source

Conserved energy Factrors affecting magnetic field strength

Energy used in —
Energy used in x 100
original production recycling Energy required for production Number of Intensity of Length of Type of iron
form raw materials coil turns ↑ current ↑ coil ↓ core (wrought)
strength ↑ strength ↑ strength ↑ strength ↑
Second: Energy recycling
Recycling Environmental cleanup & treatment
Process in which solid waste as plastics is burnt to fuel to generate electrical or
heat energy by separating the magnetic by removing magnetic pollutants
material from the wastes from water and soil
Heat is used in power plants to generate electrical energy and warming buildings
Food & pharmaceutical processing Automotive industry
Third: Chemical recycling by separation of magnetic material Application by separating iron & steel parts of old
Process in which wastes is decomposed into its main components by using from food & pharmaceutical of magnetic cars to recycle it into raw material
chemical reaction to obtain new substance or produce energy separation
Chemical & petrochemical industries Mining & mineral processing
1 Chemical decomposition 2 Chemical neutralization by pur als from
ifying raw materials and by separating valuable miner
A) Electronic waste decomposition: Acids or bases in the chemical waste are r
by using chemicals such as acid emoving impurities rocks & sediments
neutralized, to produce neutral solution.
B) Expired drug decomposition :
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2 O Electronic industries
by using acids or bases by restoring precious metals as copper & gold from electronic remains.
2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
3 Pyrolysis
Waste is heated to high temperatures
4 Biochemical reaction 2 Electrostatic separation Based on the fundamental of static electricity

in absence of oxygen leading to their A) Bio-decomposition : organic wastes converted

into organic fertilizer using microrganisms
Static
decomposition into simpler components. Physical phenomenon occurs due to imbalance of electric charges
Organic wastes → low-density gases or liquids electricity
B) Waste to Biofuel : organic wastes converted
and solid substances used
as energy sources into biofuel (ethanol) using bacteria WHEN A NEUTRAL BODY
Process of resource recycling has many positive impacts on environment, as:
1) Reducing consumption of natural resource 2) Decrease need to extract new raw material loses electron, it becomes pos- gains electron, it becomes
3) Reduce wastes dumped in landfills 4) Limits environmental pollution itively charged negatively charged
- -
--
5) Maintain ecosystem health and biodiversity ++++ --

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 Methods of generating static electricity Production of green hydrogen
1 Friction 2 Conduction 3 Induction 1 Electrolysis of acidified water
Electric current is passed through water to break it down into.
Rubbing two neutral objects When a charged objects When a charged body approaches
a conductive one , the charges are Electricity used must be green electricity (generated from carbon-free energy
together causes electrons touches a neutral one, sources)
distributed in the conductive body Electrolysis
transfer between them the neutral object become
2H2O O2 + 2H2

rk
resulting in charging two objects charged with the same where opposite charge accumulate
on surface close to the charged
with opposite charges. charge of the charged object object Oxygen produced can be packed for medical & industrial use

2 Biological process
Examples of 1) Hair being attracted to a plastic comb
static electricity 2) A small electric shock when touching metallic doorknob By using living organisms (bacteria, algae) which lower environmental impact compared to
in daily life 3) A balloon (-ve) sticks to a wall (+ve) after being rubbed on hair traditional methods.

Enterobacter & Clostridium bacteria Chlamydomonas algea

Electrostatic separatio C6H12O6 + 2H2O 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2 Sunlight
2H2O 2H2 + O2
Electric field Adventages
unch arged High ability to separate large mixtures of substances
part icles that are similar in shape, size and color but different in
Challanges facing green hydrogen production
charged particles electrical properties.
High production cost Limited proudction of renewable energy
Storage difficulty before consumption or transportation
Disadventages Production of 1 ton requires 61 megwatt-hours
electrode
Requires high level of control in electrical current

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passing through the mixture, and the surronding
positively conditions as any change in humidity, temperature or
negatively Storage of green hydrogen
charged voltage will affect the separation process.
charged
particles
particles

Salt caves Depleted natural gas field

Not suitable as there is no complete Has risks in which hydrogen reacting with
informations about available caves remaining materials in the field forming
Hydrogen is a colorless gas, but it’s described with a specific color which is a hydrogen sulfide gas
metaphorical meaning depending on the method by which it is generated

1 Gray hydrogen 2 Blue hydrogen 3 Green hydrogen Applications of green hydrogen

in clean energy technologies
Produced from natural gas Produced from natural gas Produced from electrolysis of
water In transportation In industry
- High emission of carbon into - Emits 10% of carbon in air - Zero carbon emmision
air and 90% stored underground - Can be used directly as a fuel A) Hydrogen powered cars Green hydrogen replace natural
- Has greatest negative effect for vehicles due to its purity
- Suitable for industrial activities gas in various industrial processes.
on enviroment) B) Public transportation
- Most expensive

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 Science of studying and manipulating materials at
Nanotechnology nanoscale, (1 to 100 nm)
Chapter 4 Scientific field deals with use of living organisms or their Ratio between
Biotechnology components to achieve specific goals. This small size allows materials to have unique properties as : SA and V =
Total area
Total volume

Energy derived from living organisms such as plants and animals. 1 3 5 Dissolution rate in nanosize > dissolution rate in large size.
includes applications in Block of table salt Powdered table salt
Bioenergy Electrical Chemical
Renewable Environmentally friendly 1) Agriculture conductivity Large surface
2 reaction 4 area
produced through
2) Industry Optical
Strength
3) Medicine properties
SA ↓ Solubility ↓ SA ↑ Solubility ↑

1 Biodegradation 2 Chemical processes Obtaning Nano size by

Organic mateials into Energy using living organisms Biofuel: Type of energy source produced from
(as waste) (as bacteria) living organisms such as plants or algae
Steps Processes 1 Top to bottom sculpting 2 Bottom to up
Examples for nanomaterials : Carbon nanotubes, Nanowires and Nanof ibers

1) Hydrolysis by bacteria 1) Bioethanol Production Applications of nanotechnology

Converts complex organic compounds as into
simpler uints Starchy or sugary materials
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins 1 Carbon nanotubes 2 Gold nanoparticles 3 Platinum nanoparticles 4 Silver nanoparticles
Hydrolysis
1- Improve batteries 1- Catalyze oxidation 1- Water electrolysis Utilized in medical field
reactions 2- Catalytic converters in due to their exceptional
Simple sugar Fatty acids Amino acids simple sugars as glucose 2- Improve conductivity
2- Solar cell reactions fuel cells. antibacterial properties
3- Energy storage.
3- fuel catalysts
2) Acidogenesis by acidogenic bacteria Fermentation 4- Purify water.

Converts Sugars and amino acids produced in the

Chemical reactions at nano scale
ethanol and carbon dioxide
initial decomposition into
CHO Yeast 2CO + 2 C H OH
6 12 6 2 2 5 1 improving battery efficiency 2 Water purification
Short-chain fatty acids + Gases By manufacturing anode and cathode using nanomaterials. By Nanofilters
or alcohols CO2 or H2 2) Biodiesel Production

Applications of modern technology that

storage to generate electricity during

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

focuses on enhancing thermal energy

periods when solar cell efficiency is

Vegetable oil or animal fats
3) Acetogenesis by bacteria containing triglycerides

significantly reduced
Converts Fatty acids, alcohols, or gases produced +
in the previous stage into Alcohol (methanol or ethanol)

Fermentation
Acetic Acid CH3COOH + CO2 and H2
Glycerin + Biodiesel
4) Methanogenesis by methanogenic bacteria C H OH + Oil NaOH Glycerin + Biodiesel
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Converts
1) Acetic Acid into CH4+ CO2
2) CO2 and H2 into CH + Water
4