Module 7 Study Guide: Proteins
Complete the following questions using Chapter 1 in your textbook. All answers must be completed in
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Definitions
Protein Large, complex organic molecules made up of amino acids
A regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as
Hormone
blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
A substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a
Enzyme
specific biochemical reaction.
Antibodies Infection-fighting proteins.
Questions
1) There are over 200,000 different proteins that make up your body. List 8 different functions of those proteins
and summarize it’s role in the human body
Function Role
1) Structural Proteins 1) Build muscle, cartilage, ligaments, and bones
2) Growth and Maintenance 2) This typically happens in periods of illness, during
3) Balances Fluids pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
4) Maintains Proper pH 3) Albumin and globulin are proteins in the blood that
5) Provides Energy help maintain the body's fluid balance by attracting
6) Transports and Stores Nutrients and retaining water.
7) Acts as a Messenger 4) One way your body regulates pH is with proteins.
8) Bolsters Immune Health An example is hemoglobin, a protein that makes up
red blood cells.
5) The body uses amino acids from broken-down
skeletal muscle if carbohydrate storage is low. This can
occur after exhaustive exercise or if you don't consume
enough calories in general.
6) For example, hemoglobin is a protein that carries
oxygen from your lungs to body tissues. Glucose
transporters (GLUT) move glucose to your cells, while
lipoproteins transport cholesterol and other fats in
your blood.
7) Some proteins are hormones, which are chemical
messengers that aid communication between your
cells, tissues and organs.
8) Antibodies are proteins in the blood that help
protect your body from harmful invaders like bacteria
and viruses.
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2) Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins in the food you eat. Describe the chemical structure of an
amino acid
Scientists now recognize twenty-two amino acids as the building blocks of proteins: the twenty common ones
and two more, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine. Amino acids have several functions. Their primary function is to
act as the monomer unit in protein synthesis.
Of the 21 amino acids common to all life forms, the nine amino acids humans cannot synthesize are
phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine.
The alpha carbon is a chiral carbon atom, with the exception of glycine, which has two indistinguishable
hydrogen atoms on the alpha carbon. The freedom of rotation of the two bonds in amino acids allow them to
fold
3) Proteins are necessary in our diet. Meats provide the highest protein content, but many other sources of
protein exist. List 5 sources of proteins other than animal meat.
- Dry beans.
- Tofu
- Eggs
- Yogurt
- Cheese
4) Foods can be classified as either high-quality proteins or low-quality proteins. Complete the table below by
explaining the difference between high and low quality proteins and giving 4 examples of high and low quality
protein foods (make sure to include some non-meat foods)
High Quality Proteins Low Quality Proteins
Description Are proteins that contain all the Are proteins that lack one or more
essential amino acids and are high essential amino acids and are low
biological value. biological value.
Food Sources 1) Milk 1) Legumes
2)Yogurt 2)Nuts
3)Eggs 3)Seeds
4)Meats 4)Grains
5) Proteins are denatured during food preparation and in our bodies during digestion. List three specific ways
proteins are denatured.
1) Changes in the pH
Changes in the pH affects the chemistry of amino acids. when acidic proton hydrogen ion attaches to a lone pair of
electrons they participate in hydrogen bonding hence can denature proteins
2) Increased temperature
Excess heat can disrupt hydrogen bonds and non-polar hydrophobic interactions. Heat increases the kinetic energy
and causes individual molecules to vibrate rapidly and violently hence rupturing the bond
3) Exposure to UV radiation
Specific amino acids can absorb the UV light and possibly transfer an electron to a nearby cysteine causing the to
break
6) Protein digestion is relatively simple compared to lipid and carbohydrate digestion. Lets say you just had a
barbecue for your neighbors and grilled everyone steaks. Explain how that steak was digested as it passes
through your digestive tract from your mouth into your stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Be sure to
explain the role of the liver and pancreas and the enzymes they secrete to digest proteins.
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Protein breakdown begins when you first start chewing. The two enzymes found in the saliva helps to break
down food, and saliva helps in swallowing. The food passes through the food pipe to the stomach, where the
digestion of proteins initially starts. Protein digestion takes place in the stomach and duodenum. Three main
enzymes, pepsin produced by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin produced by the pancreas, digest food
proteins into polypeptides that are then smashed down by various exopeptidases and dipeptides into amino
acids.
Further digestion of proteins is also carried out in the small intestines with the pancreas and liver's help. They
produce enzymes that help in protein breakdown. The liver produces bile juice while the pancreas produces
pancreatic juice to help in protein breakdown. In the extensive intestine, digestion of proteins that escaped the
small intestines, bacterial enzymes, and the surviving pancreatic proteases and peptidases are carried out.
7) Health conditions related to proteins include food allergies, Celiac Disease, and Phenylketunuria (PKU).
Explain the causes and symptoms of each of these conditions by completing the table below.
Causes Symptoms
Food Allergies After intake of some foods like: - Itching
Peanuts, tree nuts, Eggs, Wheat, Soy, - Hives
And Diary milk , then exercise begins - Swelling in body parts
there can be an allergic reaction. - Nasal congestion or shortness of
breath
- Abdominal pain, diarrhea,
nausea or vomiting
- Dizziness or fainting
Celicac Disease Gluten which is a protein in wheat, - Abdominal pain
barley, rye and other grains. - Anemia
- Bloating
- Constipation
- Heartburn
- Itching, blister rash
- Headache
- Mouth ulcers
- Nausea
Phenylketunuria by a defect in the gene theat helps - A musty odor in the breath, skin
create enzyme needed to breakdown or urine
phenylalanine. - Skin rashes
- Neurological problems
- Intellectual disability
- Delayed development
- Behavioral, emotional and social
problems
- Abnormal small head
8) What sources of protein are recommended for a healthy diet?
The healthiest proteins recommended for healthier diets include animal meat, white-fleshed fish, white meat
poultry, daily, rabbit meat, and eggs.
9) Like any nutrient, having both too much or too little protein has negative effects on the body. List 4 negative
effects of excessive protein intake and protein deficiency
Excessive Protein Intake Protein Deficiency
1) Disorders of Renal Function. 1) kwashiorkor in children
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2) Increased Cancer Risk impaired mental health
3) Disorders of Liver Function 2)Edema
4) Coronary Artery Disease 3) Wasting and shrinkage of muscle tissues
4) Weakness of immune system.
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