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Urinary System Functions and Disorders

The document provides an overview of the urinary system, detailing its functions such as waste removal, maintaining homeostasis, and hormone production. It describes the anatomy of the kidneys, the process of urine formation, and various terms related to urine and urinary conditions. Additionally, it covers diagnostic procedures like urinalysis and cystoscopy, as well as conditions affecting the urinary system.

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8 views7 pages

Urinary System Functions and Disorders

The document provides an overview of the urinary system, detailing its functions such as waste removal, maintaining homeostasis, and hormone production. It describes the anatomy of the kidneys, the process of urine formation, and various terms related to urine and urinary conditions. Additionally, it covers diagnostic procedures like urinalysis and cystoscopy, as well as conditions affecting the urinary system.

Uploaded by

Đức Anh Lê
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MÔN HỌC

ANH VĂN CHUYÊN NGÀNH


PHẦN – BỆNH HỌC ĐẠI CƯƠNG

Lê Thanh Hiền

Urinary System

FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

• The urinary (yoo-rih-nār-ē) system removes wastes from the body by constantly
filtering blood. The major waste product of protein metabolism is urea (yoo-rē-ah),
which is filtered by the kidney and used in some diagnostic tests to determine the
health status of the kidney.
• In addition to filtering wastes, the urinary system also maintains proper balance of
water, electrolytes, and acids in body fluids and removes excess fluids from the body.
• Maintaining a proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acids allows the body to have
a stable internal environment. This stable internal environment is called homeostasis
(hō-mē- ō-stā-sihs), and it involves continually adjusting to conditions to maintain a
relatively constant internal environment.
• The combining form home/o means unchanging.
• One part of the urinary system, the kidney, also produces hormones and affects the
secretory rate of other hormones.
• Urin/o and ur/o are combining forms meaning urine or pertaining to the urinary
organs
ü distal= farthest from midline
ü proximal= closest to midline
ü convoluted(kohn-vō-lūt-ehd)=
rolled or coiled
ü cortex= outer
ü medulla= middle or inner
ü vena cava: one of the two
very large veins through
which blood returns to the heart,
one from the upper body
and head and one from all of
the body below the chest:
The superior (= upper) and inferior
(= lower) venae
cavae collect blood that
has circulated around the body.
ü Aorta:the main artery (= thick tub
e carrying blood from
the heart) that takes blood to the
other parts of the body
ü Each nephron contains a network
of small blood vessels, called
glomerulus, which are enclosed in
a sac called Bowman's capsule.

• The two functions of the kidney are to form urine for excretion and to
retain essential substances the body needs through reabsorption. Blood
enters each kidney through the renal artery and leaves through the renal
vein. Once inside the kidney, the renal artery branches into arterioles
that lead to the nephron. The glomerulus filters substances such as
water, salts, sugar, urea, and other nitrogenous waste from the blood
and is the first place that urine is formed.
• The filtered substances from blood collect in Bowman’s capsule and then
pass into the renal tubules. Substances in the renal tubule that can be
used by the body are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, while any
substance not reabsorbed becomes urine.
• Urethra: the tube in most mammals that carries urine from
the bladder out of the body
• Ureter: a tube on each side of the body that takes urine from
the kidney to the bladder
• URINE :The end product of renal filtration of wastes is urine
• The kidneys maintain blood pressure through the filtration rate of the
glomeruli. The constant flow of water and its substances back into the
bloodstream and the flow of water and waste substances into the
renal tubule maintain the body’s balance of water, salts like sodium
chloride, sugars like glucose, and other substances. The kidneys do
this in two ways:
• first by the automatic dilating (widening) and con- stricting (narrowing)
of the blood vessels to increase or decrease blood flow to the glomeruli
and
• the second is by releasing the enzyme renin to increase the blood
pressure and thus the filtration rate of blood to maintain a constant
environment.
• Maintaining homeostasis affects blood pressure either by lowering it
when blood is flowing too quickly or by increasing it when blood is
flowing too slowly. Keep in mind that high blood pressure could be
caused by poorly functioning kidneys to maintain homeostasis.

ü hilus= point of attachment or depression


ü calyx or calix = cuplike organ
Descriptive Terms for Urine and Urination
• cystoscopy (sihs-tohs-kō-pē) = visual examina- tion of the urinary bladder using a
fiberoptic instrument. A cystoscope (sihs-toh-skōp) is the fiberoptic instrument
used to access the interior of the urinary bladder.
• urinalysis (yoo-rih-nahl-ih-sihs) = examination of urine components. It is
abbreviated UA. There are three parts of a UA: macroscopic, chemical, and
microscopic. The macroscopic analysis (also called the gross exam) is visual
observation of the urine in which things like color, transparency (turbidity
(cloudiness) is one way to describe transparency), odor, and foam are recorded.
The chemical analysis consists of applying urine to a reagent strip impregnated
with chemicals that react with substances in the urine and change colors. The
colors are compared to a set of standards to deter- mine whether or not there are
abnormal levels of some substances in the sample. The chemical analysis can tell
us about pH (hydrogen ion concentration that indicates acidity or alkalinity),
leukocytes, erythrocytes, protein, glucose, specific gravity (measurement that
reflects the amountof wastes, minerals, and solids in urine), and other factors
• The microscopic analysis (also called the urine sediment exam) is used to detect
the presence of cellular material in urine that has been centrifuged and is viewed
under the microscope.

albuminuria (ahl-bū- mihn-yoo-rē-ah) presence of the major blood protein in urine


anuria (ah-nū-rē-ah) complete suppression of urine production
bacteriuria
presence of bacteria in urine
(bahck-tē-rē-yoo-rē-ah)
crystalluria urine with naturally produced angular solid of definitive
(krihs-tahl-yoo-rē-ah) form (crystals)
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
(dihs-yoo-rē-ah)
glycosuria
glucose (sugar) in urine
(glī-kohs-yoo-rē-ah)
hematuria
blood in urine
(hēm-ah-toor-ē-ah)
ketonuria presence of ketones in urine (ketones are pro- duced during
(kē-tō-nū-rē-ah) increased fat metabolism)
nocturia
excessive urination at night (nocti means night)
(nohck-too-rē-ah)
oliguria
scanty or little urine
(ohl-ih-goo-rē-ah)
pollakiuria
frequent urination (pol- laki means many times)
(pōl-lahck-ē-yoo-rē-ah)
polyuria
excessive urination
(pohl-ē-yoo-rē-ah)
proteinuria
presence of proteins in urine
(prō-tēn-yoo-rē-ah)
pyuria (pī-yoo-rē-ah) pus in urine
stranguria
slow or painful urination
(strahng-yoo-rē-ah)

• urinary catheterization (kahth-eh-tər-ih-zā- shuhn)


= insertion of a tube through the urethra into the
urinary bladder (usually to collect urine);
abbreviated cath. A catheter (kahth-eh-tər) is the
hollow tube that is inserted into a body cavity to
inject or remove fluid
• casts (kahstz) = fibrous or protein materials found
in the urine with renal disease or another
abnormality
• azotemia (ā-zō-tē-mē-ah) = presence of urea or other nitrogenous elements in the
blood. Azot/o means urea or nitrogen.
• calculus (kahl-kyoo-luhs) = abnormal mineral deposit. Urine may contain crystals
that remain in solution in urine. Stones, calculi, and liths are formed when crystals
precipitate and form solids. Lith/o is the combining form for stone or calculus, and -
lith is the suffix for stone or calculus. When used in relationship to the urinary
system, calculus is modified to urinary calculus, lith is modified to urolith, and stone
is modified to urinary stone or kidney stone to clarify which system is involved.
• nephrolith (nehf-rō-lihth) = kidney stone or renal calculus
• urolith (yoo-rō-lihth) = urinary bladder stone; also called cystolith (sihs-tō-lihth) à
Urolithiasis

Lateral radiograph of a 6-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat with multiple
struvite cystoliths (A); 80% struvite, 20% ammonium acid urate cystoliths were removed
from this cat (B). (Scale, 1 division = 1 mm)

• renal failure (rē-nahl fāl-yər) = inability of the kidneys to function.


• Renal failure may be acute (ā-kūt) or chronic (krohn-ihck). Acute means occurring suddenly or over a short period.
Acute renal failure (ARF) is the sudden onset of the inability of the kidneys to function. ARF may be caused by a
nephrotoxin (nehf-rō-tohcks-ihn), which is a poison having destructive effects on the kidneys.
• Signs of renal failure may include polyuria and polydipsia (pohl-ē-dihp-sē-ah); polyuria/ polydipsia is abbreviated
PU/PD. Polyuria is elevated urine production, and polydipsia is excessive thirst or drinking. Animals with renal failure
may undergo diuresis (dī-yoo-rē-sihs). Diuresis is the elevated excretion of urine. Diuresis may be produced by fluid
therapy or drug therapy. Drugs that increase urine production are diuretics.
• Pollakiuria means frequent, abnormal urination during the day.

• renal infarction (rē-nahl ihn-fahrck-shuhn) = obstruction of blood flow to


the kidney(s).
• pyelitis (pī-eh-lī-tihs) = inflammation of the renal pelvis
• cystitis (sihs-tī-tihs) = inflammation of the urinary bladder.
• interstitial cystitis (ihn-tər-stihsh-ahl sihs- tī-tihs) = inflammation within the
wall of the urinary bladder.
• nephritis (neh-frī-tihs) = inflammation of the kidneys.
• nephrosis (neh-frō-sihs) = abnormal condition of the kidney(s).
• pyelonephritis (pī-eh-lō-nehf-rī-tihs) = inflammation of the renal pelvis and
kidney.
Manual testing of urine by reagent strip:
(a) Hold the reagent strip by the top end and dip the strip
into the urine specimen; (b) remove the strip from the
urine; blot edge of strip to remove excess urine, and begin
timer; and (c) read reactions at appropriate time intervals
by comparing reagent pad colors to color chart. Chemical
properties of urine, such as pH, glucose, ketones, and
bilirubin, are tested with a dipstick.

Multiple Choice

1. The combining forms for kidney are 5. Stable internal environment is


a. ren/o and ureter/o a. stricture
b. ren/o and nephr/o b. status
c. ren/o and cyst/o c. homeostasis
d. ren/o and periren/o
d. isostatic

2. Inflammation of the kidney is 6. The medical term for excessive urination is


a. Nephrosis a. pyuria
b. nephroptosis b. polyuria
c. Nephritis c. polydipsia
d. nephropathy d. pollakiuria

3. Insertion of a hollow tube through the 7. Renal calculus is another term for
urethra into the urinary bladder is called a. Kidney stone
a. Cystoscopy
b. cystitis
b. Urine sediment exam
c. Urinary injection c. azotemia
d. Urinary catheterization d. Bladder crystals

4. Inflammation of the urinary bladder is 8. The presence of urea or other nitrogenous


a. cystitis elements in the blood is called
a. uremia
b. urolithiasis
b. diuresis
c. urology c. azotemia
d. uritis d. proteinuria

Common questions

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Alteration in electrolyte balance disrupts physiological homeostasis by affecting cellular function, nerve transmission, and muscle contraction. An imbalance, such as hypernatremia or hypokalemia, can lead to symptoms like muscle weakness, arrhythmias, or neurological disturbances, requiring correction to prevent severe complications related to fluid distribution and acid-base balance .

Blood enters each kidney through the renal artery, branching into arterioles leading to nephrons. The glomerulus within each nephron filters water, salts, sugars, urea, and nitrogenous waste from the blood, starting urine formation. These filtered substances collect in Bowman's capsule and pass into renal tubules, where reabsorption of usable substances occurs, and the remaining becomes urine, excreted via the ureters .

Abnormal findings in a urinalysis, such as albuminuria, hematuria, or glycosuria, can indicate various health issues ranging from kidney damage, infections, to diabetes. Presence of proteins, blood, bacteria, glucose, or ketones in urine can signal kidney disease, urinary tract infections, uncontrolled diabetes, or metabolic disorders, necessitating further medical evaluation and intervention .

The primary functions of the urinary system include removing waste from the body by filtering blood, maintaining the proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acids in the body fluids, producing hormones, and affecting the secretion of other hormones . These functions contribute to maintaining homeostasis by ensuring a stable internal environment through constant adjustments, such as filtering waste products like urea and balancing fluids and electrolytes .

The kidney regulates blood pressure by altering the filtration rate of the glomeruli. This is achieved through the dilation and constriction of blood vessels to adjust blood flow and by releasing the enzyme renin to increase blood pressure, thereby enhancing the filtration rate. This helps maintain a constant environment and affects blood pressure by compensating for changes in flow speed .

Diuretics modify kidney function by increasing the excretion of water and electrolytes, primarily sodium and possibly potassium, from the renal tubules. They are used clinically to treat conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and edema by reducing blood volume and pressure, thereby alleviating fluid overload and its associated symptoms. However, their use requires monitoring to prevent dehydration or electrolyte imbalances .

Interference with renal blood flow, such as in renal infarction or vascular obstructions, reduces the blood supply necessary for normal kidney function, leading to renal ischemia. This can cause acute damage to kidney tissues, potentially resulting in acute renal failure due to lack of essential nutrients and oxygen needed for filtration and waste removal, necessitating immediate medical intervention to restore perfusion .

Acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by a sudden loss of kidney function, potentially caused by nephrotoxins, which are substances with harmful effects on the kidneys. Exposure to drugs, environmental toxins, or bacterial toxins can lead to ARF, manifesting as decreased urine output, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances. Timely identification and management of the nephrotoxin exposure are critical to preventing long-term renal damage .

Presence of different types of urinary stones, like nephroliths or uroliths, can indicate disturbances in a patient's metabolic state. For example, struvite stones generally form due to infections, while uric acid stones might suggest a high protein diet or acidosis. Variations in urinary crystal composition, such as calcium oxalate, can also reflect underlying metabolic imbalances affecting mineral excretion and absorption .

The ureters are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and the urethra carries urine from the bladder out of the body . These structures are essential for the elimination pathway of urine, supporting the excretory function of the urinary system by facilitating the movement and expulsion of urine .

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