Year 13 Mathematics CAS 3.5 Complex Numbers Surds .. Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent Contents Achievement Standard, Review of Quadeatic Equations Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the square ‘The Quadratic Formula. . ‘The Discriminant and the Nature ofthe Roots. ‘The Remainder and Factor Theorems .... Solving Cubic Equations .......... Irrational Equations Was... Imaginary and Complex Numbers ......... ‘Complex Roots of Polynomials - Quadratics’ ‘Complex Roots of Polynomials ~Cubies ‘Complex Numbers in Polar Form Products and Quotients of Complex Numbers De Moivre’s Theorem coe Complex Roots using De Moivre's Theorem... Loci in the Complex Plane Excellence Questions for Complex Numbers. Practice External Assessment ..... Answers... Formulae Order Form, YLal Innovative Publ Isher ke Lt ore td tamatics Texts 10 B 16 18 SEAS SRESSESRKSERE2 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers Complex Numbers 3.5 ‘This achievement standard involves applying the algebra of complex numbers in solving problems. ‘Achievement Achievement with Merit | Achievement with Excellence Apply the algebra of complex |* Apply the algebra of complex numbers, using relational | numbers, using extended thinking, in solving problems. | abstract thinking, in solving + Apply the algebra of complex ‘numbers in solving problems @ This achievement standard is derived from Level 8 of The New Zealand Curriculum and is related to the achievement objectives: manipulate complex numbers and present them graphically @ form and use polynomial, and other non-linear equations in the Mathematics strand of the Mathematics and Statistics Learning Area. © Apply the algebra of complex numbers in solving problems involves: selecting and using methods demonstrating knowledge of concepts and terms @ communicating using appropriate representations, Relational thinking involves one or more of & selecting and carrying out a logical sequence of steps connecting different concepts or representations % demonstrating understanding of concepts forming and using a model; and relating findings to a context, or communicating thinking using appropriate mathematical statements, @ Extended abstract thinking involves one or more of: © devising a strategy to investigate or solve a problem identifying relevant concepts in context developing a chain of logical reasoning, or proof * forming a generalisation; and also using correct mathematical statements, or communicating mathematical insight. Problems are situations that provide opportunities to apply knowledge or understanding of mathematical concepts and methods. Situations will be set in real-life or mathematical contexts. % Methods include a selection from those related to: % quadratic and cubic equations with complex roots @ ——Argand diagrams @ polar and rectangular forms manipulation of surds manipulation of complex numbers % lod De Moivre's theorem 4 equations of the form z= cis @, or 2" =a + bi where a and b are real and nis, a positive integer. FAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 ~ Complex Numbers 3 Surds 4 7) g Surds a An irrational number of the form a+bve where a, b and c, are rational (b + 0, c> 0) is called a surd. ‘The following rules apply to surds. 1. vab =Vanb 2 - Vo “Vo 3. If a+byc isa surd then the conjugate surd is a—bve. If we multiply a surd by its conjugate ‘we obtain a rational number, ie. (a+ bYe)(a—bye) = a? bee ‘The process of removing a surd from a denominator is called rationalising the denominator. Example - - Simplify the following, a) vis b) ¥B0-V5 +2125 -3V20 o) (4¥3+2)(2N3 +3) 3 a le oe... ©) Multiply each term by each other term. a) Find the largest perfect square that is a factor of 48, = (V3 +2)(2V3 +3) - fi - = i608 = OS +4so+6 = 48 = 1B +456 b) Find the largest perfect square that is. a factor of each term. 30+16V3 VI6.V5-V9.N5+2N25V5-3V4V5 ——_d) Rationalise the denominator by = 45-3N5 110V5 -6V5 aa multiplying by “= NS 8 EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent4 EAS 35 - Complex Numbers Ey Example €: Simplify the following. Rey a ea ve-V2 by) (3-v2" Ee a) We rationalise the denominator by multiplying _b) Expanding out first numerator and denominator by the surd_ Conjugate of the denominator (3-V2)? = (3-V203-V2) 62 Ein ve BR” BBE : 0 b+ Vi2—Via Va t Bop, servonest-Sinpty te owing 1. ¥2(V8 +V50) 2. vi8 +32 -V50 3.504. V98 +300 a s. V3(v6-V15) 6. (2V7~35)(2N7 +35) 7 BV54v7P EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 5 &s, ‘Achievement ~ Rationalise the denominator of the following and then simplify. 28 ao, 323 6 © YB=5 . 47-35, I. yn SS M1. 2. aE wn 28 Ba * 3-N2 ” v2 3y2-5 ay5-2 . x 6 a S or+6 ae 2a+vb v. 18, = 2 ME abs EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugentks, Achievement ~ Answer the following, ie n 21. _Rationalise the denominator va+v6 24, 23, Rationalise the denominator 25, Find the value of 2x? 3xy, in the form 6. vi-2. a+ by2,whenx=J2+3 and 27. Ifx= Ja+1 simplify at ; wet EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 1 1 Simplify 2+va2-Va simplify —+—--+ Vix-1 Voxt1 Simplify EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers Review of Quadratic Equations Quadratic Equations that 5 Factorise The general form of a quadratic equation is. av+bx+c=0, a#0 To solve a quadratic in this form, we begin by attempting to factorise it (i.e. write it as a product of factors). If the quadratic can be factorised then itis a simple ‘matter of setting each of the factors equal to 0 and solving. _ Te we cannot factorise the quadratic then we must use another technique like completing the square or the quadratic formula, If a= 1 look for two numbers which multiply to give the ‘c term and add to give the’ term, eg, -10x+16 = 0 ‘Two numbers that multiply to give 16 and add to give 10 are-8 and 2. So (86-2) 0 Band Quadratics where a #1 Ifa=1 check to see whether there is a common factor that can be removed first, otherwise use the technique below. eg 3x¢-10x-8 = 0 1. Multiply ‘a’ and ‘c’ terms =-24? 2. Find two x terms that multiply to give °24¢ and ‘add to give the ‘b’ term of “10x 3. Thex terms are “12x and 2x 4. Rewrite the quadratic, using these two terms instead of the middle term (i.e. 10x) Bx 12x +2x-8 = 0 5, Group in pairs and factorise x(x—4)+2-4) = 0 6. Factorise these two terms as they will have a common facior (ie. (x = 4) (Bx +2)x-4) = 0 7. Solutions are T ze —#* Example Solve the quadratic equation xt-11x-26 =0 ‘We begin by finding two terms which multiply to give-26 and add to give “11. The two numbers are “3 and 2. So 1x-26 =0 (x13) +2) =0 x =13and 2 An alternative approach is to look at the first term, ie. 3x' and ask what two terms multiply to give 3x, ie. 3x and x. Sometimes there is more than one possibility that you will have to consider. Wethenwrite(3x xe). ‘We then look at the “c’term and find two factors, that will multiply to get *. ie. the possibilities are “Land 8 or 1 and 8 or 2 and 4 or 2 and “4. We then try these to see which will ‘work’ for this, quadratic and yield 3x*- 10x- 8. x-De&+8) Gx+9%-D Gx+Dx-9) Gx- B+) x= D+ Gx+ 4-2) Gx+ 2-4) xix +2) Obviously the correct one is (3x + 2)(x-4). It appears that this method is a lot more hit and miss, but with practice it is possible to exclude many of the incorrect options quickly. EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentDifference of Two Squares Any expression which is in the form A*~ B® can bbe factorised. Such an expression is known as the difference of two squares A? BP =(A-B)A+B) Example Solve the quadratic equation 2x? + 7x-4 [se Multiplying ‘a’ and ‘c’ terms gives “8x2 Two terms which multiply to give 8x and add to give 7x are 8x and x. Rewriting the quadratic ie. Det + 8x-x-4 =0 Factorising 2x(x +4)-16c +4) =0 Factors are Qx~ 1) +4) = att bxto=0. , jomial (F2) and then Degree (E1) for a quadratic. Enter the a, b and c values of the quadratic. For 3x'~14x-5 = Owe enter: EOE (ey Press [_F_] to SOLV and you get the answers 5 and “0.333. decimal fraction. EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers i] By *% Example Solve the quadratic equation 9x? ~ 25 = 0 Ee This quadratic isin the form A?— B= (A +B)(A~B) (Difference of two squares) Factors are (Bx -5)@x+5) = 0 You can use a graphics calculator to solve quadratic equations in the form (On the TI-84 Plus go to the APPS menu and scroll down and select PlySmlt2 for the Poly Root Finder. From the PlySmlt2 main menu select: 1: Poly Root Finder and make sure the screen is set up as ORDER 2 (for quadratics), REAL (or a + bi for complex), FRAC, NORMAL, FLOAT and DEGREE (or RADIANS). Then press for NEXT. For 3x! ~14x~5 = 0 we enter the coefficients a,,, and a, ie. 9, 14 and 5. Then press iar] to SOLVE. ‘You should get the answers 5 and “1/3 for-0.3333... Both types of calculator can express the answer as a fraction (rational number) as well as a EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 9 &, Achievement - Solve the following by first expressing them in the form ax’ + bx + c= Q and then factorising. Leave your answer as a rational number not a decimal. 28, 2+8x-20=0 29. 6x*-5x-4=0 30. 16k? 49=0 BL Dt Sx +12 32, 18x-24x=0 33, 10x? + 23x-12=0 34. 128+ 17-5= 35. S2k+12 = 9k 36. (x-3)'-16=0 37. 2-8K =0 38, (x+2)*-(2x-3)?'=0 39, 3at-27=0 40. 3h?-4h-15=0 a. ke, Achievement - Solve the following in terms of a. Factorise each expression first. 42, xt-2ax+a?=0 43, xt bax-2at=0 45. xt-4a?=0 EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent10 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square Completing the Square Not all quadratics factorise. Therefore we need a technique that will enable us to solve quadratics that do not factorise. The first technique we look at is called completing the square. Consider the pattern (xt a) =x? + 2ax +a? ‘This expression is called a perfect square and is the basis of completing the square. ‘The method requires us to rewrite the quadratic as a perfect square adjusting the constant term to match the given quadratic. We then take the square root of both sides of the expression and make x the subject to obtain the solution(s). Example Use completing the square to solve the quadratic equation (dy Put the constant on the right-hand side =x +2=0 6x = 2 Complete the square with a 3 (half the-6). o- 6x + (3 = 24 (3? 6x49 = 249 (x37 =2+9 (37 =7 Solve 7 sv7 =3+ V7 andx=3-V7 Solving a quadratic by completing the ‘square is the easiest method when you are expected to express the answer in surd form. Completing the Square is the way to go if you want an exact answer ‘The square of half the coefficient of the x term will complete a perfect square. t) ) Use completing the square to solve the quadratic equation Dye + dx-8=0 iy ut the constant on the right-hand side To find the constant when completing the square, square the ‘a’ of (x + a)? and add or subtract the required amount. t+ ax = 8 ‘Common factor 2 28 +2x) = 8 Divide both sides by 2 papery Complete the square with a= 1 (half of 2) xP 4 2x4 (1? = 44 (0? GH Iaaet (+I = Solve xt stv5 14V5 1+ JB and x EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 11 €s, Achievement — Solve the following by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form, ie. at Vb 46. 2 4+4x-1=0 47, 8-6x-9 =0 48, 2+ 8x-6=0 49. xP+5x+1=0 50, xt +4x=3 51. =3+8x 52 (x +2)(e-4) =2 53. (x-7)(x-3)=8 Achievement - Solve the following by completing the square. Give your answer in terms of the constant k. 54. x84 6x+k=0 5B. xt-10x+k=0 86, x?-2kx+5=0 57, xt dk +1=0 EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent12 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers Achievement ~ Solve the following by completing the square. Leave your answers in surd form, ie. a+b, where possible. 58. 6x?~12x-18=0 59. 5x8-30x+10=0 60. 4x7- 16x-8=0 OL 41-6 62, 3m?+24m +45=0 63. 38+ 12x-2=0 64. 3x'-6x-1=0 65. 2+ 8k+7=0 Achievement — Solve the following by completing the square. Give your answer in terms of. the constant k, 2xt+ dx k= 0 67. 28-8 +k=0 ics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 13 The Quadratic Formula The Quadratic Formula By using the technique of completing the square on the general form of the quadratic equation, we can obtain the quadratic formula, which enables us to solve quadratic equations by directly substituting in. values fora, ‘b’ and ‘¢. The general form of a quadratic equation is avtbxtc = 0 SrbaeS oo Dividing by ‘a so we get? Putting the constant on the right ‘Adding a constant of ) to complete the square Factorising the perfect square Putting the right side over a common denominator Taking the square root of both sides Making x the subject ‘Taking the square root of the top and bottom Putting over a common denominator ‘Therefore, when we are required to solve a quadratic that does not factorise, we can use the quadratic formula. We ensure the equation is in the form ax’ + bx +c = 0, and then identify the values for a, band c. ‘We substitute these into the quadratic formula and simplify. co Example Solve the quadratic equation Substituting into the quadratic formula 3xe-7x-2 20 xe 7a-79 43-2) using the quadratic formula. Round your answer to 23) three decimal places. Simplifying the expression x = 7B 6 ZANT ang 7283 Identifying the values for a, b and ¢ a=3,b="7 6 6 and c="2. 11 and °0.257 (3 dp) EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Lid New Zealand © Robert Lakeland é& Carl Nugent4 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers z ex 4 Example bal Solve the quadratic equation 42 = 6-1 using the quadratic formula. Leave your answer in surd form. Rearranging the equation 4246x4120 Identifying the values for a, band c, a=4,b=6 and col. Substituting into the quadratic formula 62 (6F —a(4)(1) 24) “6230 8 ‘Simplifying the expression ¥20 = V4 x V5 =2V5 ~62248 8 35 xa" x BE ay 3S 4 4 Achievement Solve the following quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula, Round your answers to 3 dp. 0. x+7x+1=0 7 +3x-9=0 72 x+x-3020 73. 2xt-3x-5=0 EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 15 4, 348-45 +0.7=0 73. O9x'=2.7x43.1 &, Achievement - Solve the following quadratic equations leaving your answer in surd form, where possible. 76. x8+6x-1= 77. 8-6x43=0 78, 8+5x-1=0 79, 8-4x-10=0 80. 8+ 8x-k=0 (Give youranswer 81. Kx? 4kx-9=0 (Give your answer in terms of k) in terms of k) (Give your answer 83. (Give your answer 82 S—(k+2)x+k in terms of k) in terms of k) EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Car! Nugent16 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers The Discriminant and the #1 ESB® Nature of the Roots — The two roots (solutions) of a quadratic equation av +bxte=0 are os — — - “b+ vb? dae gy - b= vb" dae 2a a - —- ‘The expression under the radical sign ie. b?—4ac | determines the type or nature of the roots. ‘The name given to this expression is the | discriminant and it is represented by the Greek capital letter delta A. A =bF—dac By examining the value of the discriminant A we can identify the nature of the solution. If the value of the discriminant A is | 0 then the quadratichas two equal real roots ob | 2a >0 anda perfect square (eg, 1,4, 9 etc.) then the two roots will be unequal, real and rational. That is, they can be expressed as a fraction. (ie. >0 and not a perfect square then the two roots will be unequal, real and irrational. . ‘Thats, they cannot be expressed as a A number that is a perfect square can be fraction and will contain a sur represented as the product of a number multiplied by itself. We call this number <0 then the quadratic will have no real roots 2 square root and the unequal roots will be complex ~ (contain an imaginary component). 2 = dete. z = YA Example Example Describe the roots of For what values of k does the quadratic have + 6x+7=0 complex roots (an imaginary component)? Bx +k +5=0 A =bt-dac We calculate the discriminant -K-60 A =b?-dac For complex roots then A < 0 so we solve = 36-28 12-60 <0 R <60 =8 As 8 is > 0 but not a perfect square then the roots are which implies that k < J60 and alsok> 60 as real, irrational and unequal. numbers less than” J@ square to a number larger than 60. The value of kis between these two surds. Answer 60 fre 1 Tofind (5 jyenter If you now press the ow keys it will display the answer as 5 uaa EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent34 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers ke, Achievement ~ Answer the following questions. Give your answer in the form a + bi. 148. Evaluate 4-3) +2 +61 149, 150. Evaluate (2~i) -(3-4i) 151. 152. Evaluate (5 - 4i) ~ (4-2i) +51 153. 154, Ifz=3-2iand w=5 + 4i, find the value 185. of aw. 156. 187. 158. ~2i, find the value 159, 160, Evaluate ?. 161. 162. Expand and simplify (2 + 3i? 163. 164, Expand and simplify (3-5)(1 +i? 165. Evaluate (3 ~ 7i) - (2 - 4i) Evaluate 3(4 + 7) - 5(-2- 2i) Ifu=2~3i and v=~4 +, find the value of 3u-v. Ifz=4~iand w =3i-2, find the value of zw. ~iand w = 4-5, find the value of liz=4+3i and w=-2—5i, find the value of 2? + wa Evaluate i(1 - i Expand and simplify (1- i Expand and simplify (2-3i)° EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 166. Simplify (1 + 4i)(1- 4i) 168, Rationalise the denominator of = 170. Rationalise the denominator of 172, Rationalise the denominator of > a 1+v2i 1-2 174, Rationalise the denominator of 176. B-I2+31-) 178, Simplify “Da 167. 169. a. 173. 175. 17. 179. 35 simplify 3-1 +i 4-2 344 Rationalise the denominator of 1 Rationalise the denominator of 77g 3e7i 3 Rationalise the denominator of (243i +i? Simplify Simplify 3; *"Ts3i (-200-)0+i) Simplify —“G_aik EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by Nulake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Car! Nugent36 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers Complex Roots of Polynomials Complex Roots of Quadratics ‘The general solution of a quadratic attbx+e=0 is given by “bavi 2a In Year 12 you identified the roots of a quadratic by examining the discriminant. Using the symbol A for the discriminant A=bi—dac By examining A we can draw conclusions about the roots. If Aisa perfect square we have real rational roots (e4 yD IF Ais positive, but not a perfect square we have irrational roots (eg. A = (2, 3,5, 1.234) Tf Ais zero we have equal roots + If Ais negative we have complex roots. We can use the general solution (or completing the square) of the quadratic to find these imaginary or complex roots. z 34 A Example Solve the quadratic equation 2? + 62+ 13=0. ie ‘Using completing the square #462413 =0 2+ 62 =0-13 Constant on right #+62+9=°13+9 Complete the square e+3p 4 @+3)=4V4 Note: + the square root 2+3=4 ExT 243-421 Note: #="1s0 71 =342i Make z the subject =3-24,3421 A ‘Remember rational roots can be written as fractions. In mathematics we usually use x as the variable in an equation with real 12) es Solve the quadratic equation 222 + 42+ the complex roots in exact form. Li ‘Using the quadratic formula giving b+ vb? fac 2a _ can /=40K6) 22) Sub. for a, band ¢ ~4zVi6—40 EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 37 Find the quadratic equation whose roots are 2,=3tiand7,=3-i. You can use a graphics calculator to solve quadratic equation: the form ax? + bx + ¢= 0, which H have complex roots. === On the Casio 9750GII from the MENU Lo} select EQUA then Polynomial (F2) and then Degree (Fi) for a quadratic. (& Enter the a, b and c values of the quadratic. ce the roots are z, = 3 +iand z=3-i For 2x + 4x+5=[Link] enter: (-@+ie-G-i) =0 Eye) (@-3)-MG@-3) +i) <0 Press [_F_] to SOLV and you get the answers (2-3) + (z-3)i-(2-3)i-? =O 41.2051 and 1 -1.2251. @-3R-# =0 If you get an error go to the SETUP menu while in 26249410 EQUA and select Complex Mode: a + bi. 2-62+10=0 [Ep onthe TESA Plus gotothe APPS mens and scroll down and select PlySmlt2 ‘We can also use the formula for the Poly Root Finder. X= (x, +x)x +, = 0 to find the From PlySmit2 main menu select: ‘equation of a quadratic when given the _ : Poly Root Finder and make sure the screen is set two roots. Te does not matter whether the two roots yp as ORDER 2 (for quadratics), are real or imaginary. ai bi for complex, FRAC, NORMAL, FLOAT and For the example above z, = 3+ i and z,=3 DEGREE. Then press nari] for NEXT. Using the formula we get For 2x! + 4x +5=0 we enter the coefficients a,,a, #-(3+i+3-iz+3+)3-)= and a, ie. 2, 4and 5, Then press [St] to SOLVE which simplifies to getting the answers ~62+10=0 x1 = 14 1.225) and x2 = 1 - 1.2253. te “Achievement ~ Solve the following complex equations giving your answers in exact form. 0 624 11=0 asi. 228 62+ 180. 2 182, 32-52+9=0 183, 322+ 42+ 184, 72@-2+2=0 185. 22%-5z 44-0 EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robest Lakeland & Carl Nugent38 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers fe, Achievement ~ Solve the following complex equations giving your answers in exact form. 186. 188. 190. 192. 194, 196. 198. 2-42+6=0 328-42 = 9 Sz +42-6=0 328 62+8=0 2 2az+5a°=0 Give the equation in expanded form of the quadratic with roots 2, = 4+ iandz,=4~i. One root of the quadratic z?-2z +k =0 is 14+-V3i. Find the other root and the value k. 187. 189, 191. 193. 195. 197. 199, 2-102+29=0 = 3245 #24120 Qe+n 2+ 2az+103?=0 Give the equation in expanded form of the quadratic with roots 2, = 1 + 2i and z= 1 -2i One root of the quadratic 2?+ 42. +k=0 is “2-21. Find the other root and the value k. EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers Complex Roots of Cubics We are often asked to find the roots of equations of higher order than two. It is possible for a polynomial to have both complex and rational roots. ‘The complex roots of any polynomial with real coefficients come in conjugate pairs, e.g. 1+ 3i and 1-31. If we multiply together the roots that are conjugate pairs we obtain a real polynomial e.g. (x= (1 +39) (x (1 3i)) == x(1 ~3i) —x(1 + 31) +(1-391 +3) Xo Bix -x—3ix + 1431-31-97 =2x+10 Polynomials of order 3 (i.e. cubics) can have both rational and complex solutions. Consider the equation x? ~ x? + 8x + 10 =0. To identify all the roots of this polynomial we first need to find the rational factor ~ we do this by using the remainder theorem. We try all factors of 10 until we find one that yields a remainder of 0. p(t) = 20 pet) = (4-(1P + 8¢4) +10 =0 therefore (x + 1) is a factor — 1+ 81) +10 ‘The next step is to divide our factor (x +1) into the original polynomial using either long division or synthetic division. See the applicable section to remind you how. We find that (x + 1)(4-2x + 10) gives the polynomial x°~22 + 8x + 10. It is now just a matter of solving the quadratic x¥-2x + 10 to find the two remaining rools. ‘Using completing the square 2x10 =0 (x-17 +9 =0 (9 BNO x-1 243i x-1 £31 So the roots of the cubic are x =“1, 1 + 3i and 1-3i 39 Z Es 2 Sb Example Find the rational and complex roots of the cubic = 42 +7x-6= 0. ‘We start by finding the rational factor of the cubic ‘equation. We do this by using the remainder theorem. “Trying the factors of 6, ie. 1,1, -2,2,°3,3,°6, 6. pt) = (1 4c 4 701)-6 0 pa) =(-40?+7(0)-6 pC2) = (2) 427 +7(2)-6 +0 PQ) =@2)-40" +72)-6 Since p(2) = 0 then (x2) is a factor. Using synthetic division we divide (x2) into = 4257-6 +0 =0 ie 1 4 7 6 + 2 4 6 1 2 3/0 ‘We find that (x -2)(x! -2x +3) gives the polynomial x) 4x2 + 7x6, Ibis now just a matter of solving the quadratic x? = 2x +3. Using completing the square wo2eh3=0 eam eat 3+) (x-1P =2 xo1 82a xed evi x =13 Vi The roots of the cubic are x= 2,1 + V2éand 1 - V2i. EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent40 2=2 + 1s one solution of the cubic equation 2+ Az~15=0. Find the value of A and all the roots of the cubic equation. i The cubic equation 2° + 72+ Az ~15=0has three roots. Itz, 2 + ‘is one complex root of the cubic then z,=-2-i must be the other, as complex roots will always be conjugate pairs. Forming a quadratic using the two complex roots, gives: B-(2ti+-2-Hz+(2+N2-)= soz +4z+ ‘To find the rational root of the cubic we can see that the’d’ term of the cubic is“15, and the ‘d’ term is the result of multiplying 5 (the ‘c’ term of the quadratic) and~3 to get 15 so the rational root of. the cubic must be z = Checking by expanding (7? + 4z.+5)(2-3) =0 gives 2° + 2!—72~15=0s0 A="7 and the roots of the cubic equation are z=3,-2+iand 2~i. EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers You can use a graphics calculator fF Lee to sclve cubic equations in the form ax’ + bx? + ex + d=0, which have both real and complex roots. (On the Casio 9750GII from the MENU. select EQUA then Polynomial (F2) and then Degree (F2) for a cubic. Enter the a, b, cand d values of the cubic. For x? - 4x? + 7x-6= Owe enter: RWC ee) Lo) Press|_P_] to SOLV and you get the answers 2, 14 1414i and 1-414. 2 aD [E> On the TLs4Plus goto the APPS menu and scroll down and select PlySmlt2 for the Poly Root Finder. From PlySmlt2 main menu select: 1: Poly Root Finder and make sure the screen is set up as ORDER 3 (for cubics), a+ bi for complex, FRAC, NORMAL, FLOAT and DEGREE. Then press [sears] for NEXT. For x'— 4x? + 7x- 6= 0 we enter: Enter the coefficients a, a, a, and ay i. 4,7 and “6. Then press [cxara] to SOLVE getting the answers 1-1414i, de, Achievement - Find the rational and complex roots of the cubics. 200. 2x?-x? + 3x +6=0 21, x6 4x2 + 8x-8=0 EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 41 & ‘Achievement /Merit ~ Find the rational and complex roots of the cubics. 202. x'+5x'+10x+6=0 204, pl) =x8 +50 -x-26 a) Show that (x ~ 2) is a factor of p(x). ) Find all solutions both real and complex of the equation p(x) =0. 206. Find the value of A and all the solutions of the equation x° - Ax? + 25x -26 = 0 given that 342s one solution. 208, Solve the equation x° +x? + 3x~5=0 finding all rational and complex roots. 210. Find the real and complex solutions of 2482? + 222 +20=0. xe-x-2=0 205. The polynomial x°+4x2-24= one solution of x = 2. Find all real and complex solutions of the polynomial. 207. Find the value of A and all the solutions of the equation x + 2x? + Ax+ 40 =0 given that 1 ~ 3s one solution. 209, Find all real and complex solutions of 28 + 2x -3x-10= 0. 211. Find the real and complex solutions of 2-622 + 14z.-9= 0, EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent42 Merit — Answer the following questions. 212. The polynomial equation 2~ Az + 252-39 =0 has one real root and two complex roots. a) Ifz=2-3iis one of the complex roots of the polynomial, what isthe other one (called its conjugate pair)? b) Using the pair of complex roots from a) above, write them as factors and multiply them out appropriately to obtain a quadratic expression for z. ©). Using the quadratic expression from b) above or otherwise find the real root of the polynomial and the value of A. 213, 214, p(x)is the polynomial 8x°—2x¢+5kx-K@ 215. 1) Find the remainder when p(x) is divided byx-1. b) Find the values of kif (x~ 1) isa factor of pix). ©) Which one of the two values of k from b) above yields a polynomial with 1 rational and 2 complex solutions? 4) Find all rational and complex solutions of your polynomial from c). EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers Consider the polynomial POX) 20 + be Bx +5 a) Show that (x + 1) isa factor of p(x). b) Write p(x) in the form (+ Dla +bx +0). ©) Find all rational and complex solutions of p(x). Consider the complex equation B+az+b=0 a) Given that 1 + fis a root of the equation state another complex root. b) Find the values a and b of the equation. EAS 355 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 43 Complex Numbers in Polar Form Argand Diagram F 2 We represent real numbers on a number line. For example the number 1, is represented as a point on the number line below. $2 1 09 1 «2 «8 Similarly a complex number, for example 2=2 +i, canbe represented as a point by drawing a real number axis at right angles to an imaginary axis. ‘The complex number z can aslo be represented by the postion vector OP, which is a line from the origin to the point P. Imaginary 4 2 3i Such a diagram is called an Argand diagram If we graph the conjugate of z, that is 2 =2—i, one is the reflection of the other in the real axis of the ‘Argand diagram (see below in green), pnot 2 “Lt 2% dei w x 2 3 Real 2Q-i 1 + if we multiply a complex number by i and then graph the result it has the effect of rotating the complex number anticlockwise 90° about O (see above in red). EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent44 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers fs, Achievement - Answer the following questions 216. ‘The complex numbers w and vare plotted on 217. The complex numbers u and v are plotted on the Argand diagram below. the Argand diagram below. kay in) a) Write w and v in rectangular form. a) Draw and label the position of uv on the Argand diagram above, b) Give each of the conjugates i and ¥ and draw them on the Argend diagram above. jaw them on the Argand diagram above. b) Draw and label the position of the complex: number iuv on the Argand diagram above. ©) Draw and label the position of the complex. number iv on the Argand diagram above. ‘Argind diogr 0) Draw and label the position of u? on the Argand diagram above. &, Achievement ~ Solve the following complex equation and represent your solutions on the ‘Argand diagram. 218, 262+ 25=0 219, 2-32 4245=0 EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers 45 & Merit - Use relational thinking to solve the following problems. 220, Solve the cubic equation 2° +1=Ofinding 221. Solve the quartic equation z*— 16 = 0 and all three roots and represent your solutions represent your solutions on the Argand con the Argand diagram. Describe the diagram. Describe the geometric arrangement geometric arrangement of the roots. of the roots. What is the sum of the roots? 222. The roots of a cubic are shown on the 223, ‘The complex numbers w and z are shown Argand diagram. Find i) the equation of on the Argand diagram. the cubic, ii) the sum of the roots, and iif) Find w +z, w-z,-w + zand-w-z the product ofall three roots. marking your answers on the Argand diagram. Describe the resulting shape from all these sums and differences. EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent46 BR Conversion to Polar Form A complex number written in the form z =a + bi is in rectangular form. We can convert it to polar form to make some of the calculations we do with ‘complex numbers easier. Consider the complex number z = 2 + 3i which is, plotted on the diagram below. Itisa distance r from the origin and an angle 0 to the positive direction of the real axis. rris the modulus and @ is the argument. ‘To convert a number into polar form we can use our knowledge of trigonometry. For the complex number z =2+3i, we use the ‘Theorem of Pythagoras to get the modulus vate? W243? = 3.606 (4 sf) and trigonometry to get the argument a) =) = 0.9828 ‘We need to be careful that the angle we calculate is correct because a - bi and “a + bi both give fractions of for the argument calculation eet yet their directions are x (or 180°) apart. EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers ra You can use a graphics calculator to find the modulus and argument of a complex number in the form atbi On the Casio 9750GII from the RUN MENU select [22 [BJ to display the complex number calculation menu. To calculate the polar form for the complex number 2=2-+3i enter: i Lo ROC ey which gives the answer 3.6056 £09828 Note the argument (0) is in radians. We could change this to degrees in the SETUP menu. On the TI-84 Plus to calculate the polar {form for the complex number z= 2+ 3i enter, EAE eo and now select the MATH menu and using the right arrow move across to the CPX menu. The number 7 gives you polar conversion. » Ib which gives the answer 3.606e"™, ‘The form of this answer looks confusing but at this stage we just need the modulus 3.606 and argument 0.9828 radians. Pola Note 1: The argument (8) is in radians. We could change this to degrees in the MODE menu, Note 2: Often some of the digits of the argument cannot be seen. Use the right arrow to move the display to get as many figures as you need for the display. Sutera Poems EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers Polar Form Even though a complex number is written in polar form we still write it in the form z= real + imaginary So, for a complex number that is r units from the origin at an angle 8 then xt ery Opp =rsing z= real + imaginary =xtiy =r0s0+irsin® =r (cos 6 + isin 6) =rcis® Where ris the modulus and the angle @ is the argument. Also x=r cos @ and y= rin 6. Note: ‘The function cis @ isa shorthand way of writing the equivalent expression cos 0 + isin 8. ‘There is another form for complex numbers in polar form but students are only likely to come across itif they are using a TI 84 calculator. zaxtiy Example Mark the following complex numbers on the Argand diagram and convert them to rectangular form, cos @+irsin® ee a) wai2ds123 by za8eis a) w = 12cis-1.23 = 12 cos (1.23) +412 sin (1.23) = 401-1131 sn bz =8cs = os a =8e08 + i8sin | 6.93441 47 You can also use a graphics calculator to convert from polar to rectangular forms. Le) ‘On the Casio 9750GII from the RUN MENU. select [B_] 0 display the complex number calculation menu. To calculate the rectangular form for the ‘complex number z = 12 cis 1.23 enter: Z patbi Which gives 010 ~ 113, Note the argument (6) is in radians. We could change this fo degrees in the SETUP mena if the original problem was in degrees, [EO the TL-64 Plus polar form is always displayed as r &™ (cos 0 +isin8) =rcis® =ref to calculate the rectangular form for the complex number z = 12 cis “1.23 enter: OMA aoa When you select ENTER you will probably get the conversion to 4.010 - 11.3/ as this is the default form for displaying a complex number. It is possible to change the default tore” in the MODE in which case your number will not be converted. Then you can either change this back in the MODE or go to MATH / CPX menus and select) Rect. EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent48 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers fe, ‘Achievement - Answer the following questions. 224, The complex numbers u and vare plotted on 225. Convert the following complex numbers into the Argand diagram below. in a) Write wand v in polar form. b) Give each of the conjugates @ and ¥ in polar form. ) Express the product of uv in polar form. polar form. a) B+i b) 2-23i e) 2k +ki, where k is a natural number. f) 2=2k—ki, where k is a natural number. g) 2=ki, where kis a natural number, a Achievement - Convert the following complex numbers to polar form and then draw them on 7 the Argand diagram showing the argument and modulus for each 228, u=4-i i +37 my 227, 2= 229, v=542i . ST Te EAS 35 ~ Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl NugentEAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers & “Achievement — Answer the following questions. 230. Convert the following complex numbers into rectangular form. a) Vist b) Seis them on the Argand diagram. 21. w= 2cis—* a 252. 4 « 3n 233, u= V2dist 234, a Seay 235, u= eis 236. aap In a) is! » 6 e) v2cis= 3 ) 6cis2.5 z= Seis 0542 Vacis& 49 [Achievement — Convert the following complex numbers to rectangular form and then draw Ta EAS 35 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent50 EAS 3.5 - Complex Numbers Products and Quotients of Complex Numbers Multiplication of Complex Numbers in Polar Form We already know how to multiply complex numbers in rectangular form. We can also multiply complex numbers in polar form, it z=10sA and w=1,cisB then gwen, cisAxx,cisB 4, (608 A + isin A) xx, (c08 B+ isin B) In expanded form = 1,08 Aisin A)x(cos B+ sin B) Multiplying out ra tao = 1, (cos A cos B + cos A isin B + isin [Link] B + sin Asin B) Grouping real and imaginary terms and remembering # =m (C08 Acos B ~sin Asin B) + ilsin A cos B+ c0s A sin B)) AsinB sin(A +B) =sin A cos B + cos A sin B (see Trig Compound Angles) so zw =f, (cos (A+B) + isin(A+B)) Substituting back zw =1y6i8(A+B) If we have complex numbers in polar form, we can find their product by multiplying their moduli and adding their arguments. If z= 12 cis 1.45 and w =4 cis “0.37, find in polar form giving your answer accurate to 2 decimal places. a) zw b) (ew? a = Now you can start to see the advantage of polar form. ‘To MULTIPLY two complex numbers in polar form you multiply the moduli and add the arguments. ‘Squaring a complex number is multiplication by itself so we square the modulus and double the argument. cis A then cis QA) The only complication is if we want the argument to be between w and we MAY have to subtract (or add if it is negative) 2n from 2A to get, it back in our range. ie aw = 12cis 145 4 cis 0.37 zw = [Link] 1.08 (ew)? = (48 cis 1.08) (aw)? = 2304 cis 2.16 ‘To multiply we multiply the moduli and add the arguments a) a) EAS 85 - Year 13 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Cael Nugent