INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS Mrs.
Jisha Tinsu
MODELS
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 1
WHAT IS A BUSINESS MODEL?
▪ A business model is a strategic framework that outlines how a company
creates, delivers, and captures value. It defines the core aspects of a business,
including its products or services, revenue streams, cost structure, target
customers, and operational processes. A well-structured business model helps
businesses sustain profitability and adapt to changing market conditions.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 2
IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS MODELS
[Link] Clarity – A business model provides a clear vision of how the
company operates and generates revenue.
[Link] Advantage – A unique business model differentiates a company
from competitors.
[Link] Attraction – Investors evaluate business models to assess growth
potential and sustainability.
[Link] Efficiency – A well-defined business model optimizes resource
allocation and cost management.
[Link] and Innovation – Businesses can modify or scale their models to
adapt to new opportunities and market shifts.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 3
HISTORY OF BUSINESS MODELS
The concept of business models has evolved over time:
• Pre-Industrial Era – Businesses operated through simple trade and barter
systems.
• Industrial Revolution (18th-19th Century) – Mass production led to new
business structures, including factory-based production models.
• 20th Century – The rise of franchises, retail chains, and service-oriented
business models.
• Digital Age (Late 20th-21st Century) – Technology-driven models such as e-
commerce, platform-based businesses, and subscription services emerged.
• Current Trends – AI-driven models, sharing economy (Uber, Airbnb), and
sustainability-focused businesses are redefining modern business structures.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 4
TYPES OF BUSINESS MODELS
[Link]-and-Mortar Model – Traditional physical store businesses.
2.E-Commerce Model – Online sales platforms (e.g., Amazon, Shopify).
[Link] Model – Recurring revenue-based services (e.g., Netflix,
Spotify).
[Link] Model – Basic services for free with premium paid options (e.g.,
LinkedIn, Dropbox).
[Link] Model – Connecting buyers and sellers (e.g., eBay, Airbnb).
[Link] Model – A business expansion model through franchising (e.g.,
McDonald's, Subway).
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 5
TYPES OF BUSINESS MODELS
7. On-Demand Model – Services provided as needed (e.g., Uber, TaskRabbit).
8. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Model – Direct user interaction and exchanges (e.g.,
Fiverr, Etsy).
9. Razor-and-Blade Model – Selling a core product at a low cost and profiting
from consumables (e.g., Gillette, HP printers).
[Link]-to-Consumer (DTC) Model – Selling directly without intermediaries
(e.g., Tesla, Warby Parker).
Business models continue to evolve with technology, consumer preferences, and
economic changes, requiring businesses to innovate and adapt to remain
competitive.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 6
TYPES OF BUSINESS MODELS FROM AN
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
▪ In innovation management, a business model is more than just a revenue-
generation framework—it plays a crucial role in value creation,
differentiation, and competitive advantage.
▪ Here’s how different business models align with innovation strategies, market
trends, and technological advancements.
▪ 1. Business-to-Business (B2B) Model
▪ 2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Model
▪ 3. Subscription-Based Model
[Link]
[Link]
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 7
▪ Understanding various business models is crucial for determining how a
company creates, delivers, and captures value. Below is a detailed
explanation of several common business models, along with examples for
each:
❑1. Business-to-Business (B2B)
▪ In the B2B model, transactions occur between businesses. Companies sell
products or services to other companies, often in bulk or through long-term
contracts.
▪ Example: Microsoft provides enterprise software solutions to corporations,
facilitating operations like data management and communication.
▪ Microsoft: Sells software like Microsoft 365 to businesses.
▪ Slack: Provides communication tools for teams and organizations.
▪ Caterpillar: Sells heavy machinery to construction companies.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 8
▪ 2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
▪ Definition: B2C businesses sell products or services directly to individual
consumers. This is the most common business model and includes retail,
entertainment, and food services.
▪ Example: Amazon operates an online marketplace where consumers can
purchase a vast array of products directly.
▪ Netflix: Provides streaming services to individual subscribers.
▪ McDonald’s: Sells food directly to customers.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 9
▪ 3. Subscription-Based
▪ Definition: In this model, customers pay a recurring fee (monthly, quarterly, or
annually) to access a product or service. It creates predictable revenue for
businesses.
▪ Examples: Netflix offers streaming services for movies and TV shows on a
monthly subscription basis.
▪ Spotify: Offers monthly subscriptions for music streaming.
▪ Adobe Creative Cloud: Provides access to software tools for a monthly fee.
▪ HelloFresh: Delivers meal kits on a subscription basis.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 10
▪ 4. E-Commerce
▪ E-commerce businesses conduct transactions online, selling products or services
through digital platforms.
▪ Example: eBay facilitates online consumer-to-consumer and business-to-
consumer sales through its website.
▪ Amazon: A global online marketplace.
▪ Etsy: A platform for handmade and vintage goods.
▪ Alibaba: Connects businesses with manufacturers and suppliers.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 11
▪ 5. Freemium
▪ This model offers basic services for free while charging for premium features.
It attracts users with the free version and converts some into paying customers.
▪ Example: Spotify provides free access to music with ads, while premium
subscribers enjoy ad-free listening and additional features.
▪ Dropbox: Offers free storage with the option to upgrade for more space.
▪ LinkedIn: Provides free networking tools but charges for premium features like
InMail.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 12
▪ 6. Crowdsourcing
▪ Definition: This model involves obtaining ideas, services, or content by soliciting
contributions from a large group of people, often online.
▪ Examples:
▪ Kickstarter: A platform where creators raise funds from the public to launch
projects.
▪ Wikipedia: Relies on volunteers to create and edit content.
▪ Uber: Uses crowdsourcing to connect drivers with passengers.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 13
▪ 7. Affiliate
▪ In the affiliate model, businesses earn commissions by promoting and selling
products or services of another company.
▪ Example: The Wirecutter, a product review site, earns revenue by linking to
products on retailers like Amazon and receiving a commission on sales.
▪ Amazon Associates: Bloggers and influencers earn commissions by promoting
Amazon products.
▪ ShareASale: Connects merchants with affiliates.
▪ CJ Affiliate: A popular affiliate marketing network.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 14
▪ 8. Manufacturer
▪ Manufacturers produce goods from raw materials and sell them directly to
consumers, wholesalers, or retailers.
▪ Example: Ford manufactures vehicles and sells them through a network of
dealerships.
▪ Nike: Designs and produces athletic apparel and footwear.
▪ Samsung: Produces electronics like smartphones and TVs.
▪ 9. Direct Sales
▪ This model involves selling products directly to consumers, bypassing traditional retail
environments. Sales often occur through personal networks or one-on-one
demonstrations.
▪ Example: Avon representatives sell beauty products directly to consumers through
personalized consultations.
▪ Tupperware: Sells kitchenware through home parties.
▪ Amway: Sells health, beauty, and home care products directly to consumers.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 15
▪ 10. Dropshipping
▪ Definition: In this model, the seller doesn’t keep products in stock. Instead, they
partner with a supplier who ships products directly to the customer when an order is
placed.
▪ Examples:
▪ Oberlo: A platform that connects dropshippers with suppliers.
▪ Shopify Stores: Many Shopify stores use dropshipping to sell products without
holding inventory.
▪ Spocket: A dropshipping platform for e-commerce businesses.
Each business model has its unique advantages and challenges. Choosing the right
model depends on factors like target audience, product type, market conditions, and
company resources.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 16
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 17
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS Mrs. Jisha Tinsu
MODELS
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 18
WHAT IS A BUSINESS MODEL?
▪ A business model is a strategic framework that outlines how a company
creates, delivers, and captures value. It defines the core aspects of a business,
including its products or services, revenue streams, cost structure, target
customers, and operational processes. A well-structured business model helps
businesses sustain profitability and adapt to changing market conditions.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 19
IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS MODELS
[Link] Clarity – A business model provides a clear vision of how the
company operates and generates revenue.
[Link] Advantage – A unique business model differentiates a company
from competitors.
[Link] Attraction – Investors evaluate business models to assess growth
potential and sustainability.
[Link] Efficiency – A well-defined business model optimizes resource
allocation and cost management.
[Link] and Innovation – Businesses can modify or scale their models to
adapt to new opportunities and market shifts.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 20
HISTORY OF BUSINESS MODELS
The concept of business models has evolved over time:
• Pre-Industrial Era – Businesses operated through simple trade and barter
systems.
• Industrial Revolution (18th-19th Century) – Mass production led to new
business structures, including factory-based production models.
• 20th Century – The rise of franchises, retail chains, and service-oriented
business models.
• Digital Age (Late 20th-21st Century) – Technology-driven models such as e-
commerce, platform-based businesses, and subscription services emerged.
• Current Trends – AI-driven models, sharing economy (Uber, Airbnb), and
sustainability-focused businesses are redefining modern business structures.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 21
TYPES OF BUSINESS MODELS
[Link]-and-Mortar Model – Traditional physical store businesses.
2.E-Commerce Model – Online sales platforms (e.g., Amazon, Shopify).
[Link] Model – Recurring revenue-based services (e.g., Netflix,
Spotify).
[Link] Model – Basic services for free with premium paid options (e.g.,
LinkedIn, Dropbox).
[Link] Model – Connecting buyers and sellers (e.g., eBay, Airbnb).
[Link] Model – A business expansion model through franchising (e.g.,
McDonald's, Subway).
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 22
TYPES OF BUSINESS MODELS
7. On-Demand Model – Services provided as needed (e.g., Uber, TaskRabbit).
8. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Model – Direct user interaction and exchanges (e.g.,
Fiverr, Etsy).
9. Razor-and-Blade Model – Selling a core product at a low cost and profiting
from consumables (e.g., Gillette, HP printers).
[Link]-to-Consumer (DTC) Model – Selling directly without intermediaries
(e.g., Tesla, Warby Parker).
Business models continue to evolve with technology, consumer preferences, and
economic changes, requiring businesses to innovate and adapt to remain
competitive.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 23
TYPES OF BUSINESS MODELS FROM AN
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
▪ In innovation management, a business model is more than just a revenue-
generation framework—it plays a crucial role in value creation,
differentiation, and competitive advantage.
▪ Here’s how different business models align with innovation strategies, market
trends, and technological advancements.
[Link]
[Link]
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 24
▪ A business model is a way that a company sells products to its customers.
▪ Different business models are:
▪ 1. Business-to-Business (B2B) Model
▪ 2. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Model
▪ 3. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) Model
▪ 4. Business-to-Government (B
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 25
EVOLUTION OF INTERNET BUSINESS MODELS
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 26
EVOLUTION OF INTERNET BUSINESS MODELS
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 27
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 28
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 29
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 30
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 31
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 32
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 33
ROLE OF BUSINESS MODEL
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 34
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 35
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 36
E-COMMERCE: INNOVATIVE BUSINESS MODEL
IN RETAIL AND CONSUMER GOODS
E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the
internet. It has dramatically reshaped the retail and consumer goods industry,
introducing innovative business models. Below are some key points:
1. Direct-to-Consumer (D2C) Model
• Companies sell their products directly to consumers, cutting out intermediaries
like wholesalers and retailers.
• This model is empowered by digital platforms (like websites and social
media).
• Example: Warby Parker and Glossier.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 37
2. Subscription-Based Model
• Consumers sign up to receive products on a regular schedule, often at a discounted
rate.
• This model ensures recurring revenue for businesses and creates loyalty among
customers.
• Example: Dollar Shave Club.
3. Marketplace Model
• Companies like Amazon and eBay provide a platform for third-party vendors to sell
their products.
• Sellers handle their own inventory, but the marketplace provides logistics and
payment processing.
• Example: Amazon and eBay.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 38
4. Freemium Model
• Offering a basic product or service for free while charging for premium
features or additional services.
• Common in digital products or services (e.g., apps, cloud storage).
• Example: Spotify, Dropbox.
5. Mobile-Commerce (M-Commerce)
• E-commerce transactions conducted via smartphones or tablets.
• Businesses optimize websites and apps for mobile devices to cater to this
growing market.
• Example: Alibaba, eBay.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 39
OMNICHANNEL RETAIL
Omnichannel retail refers to integrating both online and offline customer
experiences. The goal is to provide a seamless shopping experience,
regardless of the channel used by the consumer. Key features of omnichannel
retail include:
1. Integration of Online and Offline Channels
• Physical stores, websites, and mobile apps are connected to deliver a unified
customer experience.
• Customers can browse online and pick up in-store or return products bought
online to physical stores.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 40
OMNICHANNEL RETAIL
2. Personalization and Customer Data
• Omnichannel retailers use data collected from all touchpoints (website, in-
store, mobile) to provide a personalized experience.
• This helps in customer retention and better-targeted marketing.
3. Flexible Payment Options
• Multiple payment methods are offered, including online payment, in-store
payment, and even “buy online, pick up in-store” options.
4. Example of Successful Omnichannel Retailer
• Walmart: Provides an integrated experience where customers can choose
between online shopping, in-store pickup, or traditional in-store shopping.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 41
MANUFACTURING BUSINESS MODELS
The manufacturing industry has shifted towards more flexible and customer-
centric business models, which are driven by the latest technological
advancements.
1. Traditional Manufacturing Models
• Mass production using standardized processes, aiming for high efficiency and
cost reduction.
• Typically, products are produced in bulk, with little customization.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 42
2. Lean Manufacturing
• Focuses on reducing waste and improving processes while maintaining quality.
• Key principles include continuous improvement (Kaizen) and just-in-time
inventory.
3. Customization and Modular Manufacturing
• Consumers demand more personalized products, and businesses are
responding by allowing customization.
• Example: Dell allows customers to configure their computers according to their
preferences.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 43
4. Smart Manufacturing
• Using IoT, sensors, and big data to optimize production lines, track machine
performance, and improve maintenance processes.
• Example: Siemens integrates sensors and automation in manufacturing
processes to enhance productivity.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 44
TYPES OF MANUFACTURING BUSINESS
MODELS
A. Make-to-Stock (MTS) Model
• Products are manufactured in advance based on demand forecasts.
• Pros: Cost-effective, bulk production, quick delivery.
• Cons: Risk of overproduction and unsold inventory.
• Examples:
• FMCG Companies – Coca-Cola, Nestlé produce and stock goods before
customer orders.
• Automobile Industry – Toyota, Ford manufacture cars based on demand
predictions.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 45
B. Make-to-Order (MTO) Model
• Products are manufactured only after a customer places an order.
• Pros: Customization, no excess inventory, reduced waste.
• Cons: Longer delivery time, higher production costs.
• Examples:
• Dell Computers – Custom-built laptops and PCs per customer
specifications.
• Luxury Fashion Brands (Gucci, Louis Vuitton) – Made-to-order
handbags, shoes.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 46
C. Engineer-to-Order (ETO) Model
• A highly customized approach where products are designed and
manufactured from scratch based on client requirements.
• Pros: High customer satisfaction, unique products.
• Cons: Time-consuming, expensive, complex engineering.
• Examples:
• Boeing & Airbus – Custom-built airplanes for different airlines.
• Shipbuilding & Defense Equipment – Warships, submarines tailored for
governments.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 47
D. Just-in-Time (JIT) Manufacturing
• Products are manufactured exactly when needed to minimize inventory costs.
• Pros: Reduces storage costs, minimizes waste.
• Cons: High dependency on an efficient supply chain.
• Examples:
• Toyota Production System (TPS) – Uses JIT for lean manufacturing.
• Zara (Fashion Industry) – Manufactures clothes on demand to reduce
excess stock.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 48
E. Mass Customization Model
• Combines mass production with customization options for consumers.
• Pros: Scalability with personalized product features.
• Cons: Complex supply chain management.
• Examples:
• Nike By You (NikeID) – Custom sneakers with color, material choices.
• Tesla – Electric cars with configurable features.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 49
F. Contract Manufacturing Model
• A company outsources manufacturing to a third-party factory.
• Pros: Lower costs, reduced operational complexity.
• Cons: Less control over quality and supply chain.
• Examples:
• Apple (iPhones are manufactured by Foxconn).
• Xiaomi (Partners with various Chinese factories for smartphone
production).
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 50
G. Digital Manufacturing (Industry 4.0)
• Uses IoT, AI, Robotics, and 3D printing to automate manufacturing.
• Pros: Faster production, reduced waste, real-time monitoring.
• Cons: High initial investment in technology.
• Examples:
• Siemens Smart Factory – Uses AI for predictive maintenance.
• GE Additive Manufacturing – 3D printing for aerospace components.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 51
CHALLENGES IN THE MANUFACTURING
BUSINESS
▪ Supply Chain Disruptions – Raw material shortages, logistics issues.
High Production Costs – Energy, labor, and material costs.
Technological Upgrades – Need for automation and smart factories.
Environmental Regulations – Compliance with sustainability standards.
Changing Consumer Preferences – Demand for sustainable, customized
products.
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 52
CASE STUDIES OF SUCCESSFUL
MANUFACTURING BUSINESS MODELS
▪ Case Studies of Successful Manufacturing Business Models
05-Apr-25 COMPILED BY MRS. JISHA TINSU, ASST. PROF. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, TCET 53