Al-Hadbaa University College
Department of Computer Technologies Engineering
Electronics
Lecture 1
Outline
Physic Of semiconductor
Pn junctions
Diode Equivalent Circuits. DC analysis, AC to
DC Rectifier ( HWR and FWR).
Clipper, Clamper cct.
BJT Transistor DC Equivalent Circuits, ( C.B, C.C and
C.t), DC analysis, load line and Q-Points.
BJT Transistor ac Equivalent Circuits h'parameters
and re' model.
Outline
Transistor Amplifier.
FET Transistor DC Equivalent Circuits, ( C.G, C.S and
C.D), DC analysis, Loadline and Q-Points.
Power Amplifiers.
Operational Amplifiers cct. (lnverter, non-inverter,
summing, subsector,integration, and diff. ).
Oscillators.
Integrated Circuits.
References
• Robert Boylested, “Electronic Devices Circuit
Theory”, 7th Edtion.
• JIMMIE J. CATHEY, “Theory And Problems of
Electronic Devices And Circuits”, 2nd Edtion,
2002.
Atomic Structure
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that
retains the characteristics of that element. Any
elements have atoms that are different from the
atoms of all other elements. This gives each element
a unique atomic structure. According to the classical
Bohr model, atoms have a planetary type of
structure that consists of a central nucleus
surrounded by orbiting electrons. The nucleus
consists of positively charged particles called protons
and uncharged particles called neutrons. The basic
particles of negative charge are called electrons.
Atomic Structure
Valence Electrons
• Electrons that are in orbits farther from the
nucleus have higher energy and are less tightly
bound to the atom than these closer the nucleus.
This is because the force of attraction between
the positively charged nucleus and the negatively
charged electron decreases with increasing
distance from the nucleus Electrons with the
highest energy exist in the outermost shell of an
atom and are relatively loosely bound to the
atom.
Valence Electrons
• This outermost shell is known as the valence
shell and electrons in this shell are called
valence electron. These valence electrons
contribute to chemical reactions and bonding
within the structure of a material and
determine its electrical properties.
Conductor
• A conductor is a material that easily conducts
electrical current. The best conductors such as
copper, silver, gold, and aluminum, which are
characterized by atoms with only one valence
electron very loosely bound to the atom. These
loosely one bound valence electrons can easily
break away from their atoms and and become
free electrons. Therefore, a conductive material
has many free electrons that, when moving in the
same direction, make up the current.
Insulators
• An insulator is a material that does not
conduct electrical current under normal
conditions. Most good insulators are com-
pounds rather than single-element materials.
Valence electrons are tightly bound to the
atoms; therefore, there are very few free
electrons in an insulator.
Semiconductor Materials
The term conductor is applied to any
material that will support a generous
flow of charge when a voltage
source of limited magnitude is
applied across its terminals.
An insulator is a material that offers
a very low level of conductivity
under pressure from an applied
voltage source.
A semiconductor, therefore, is a R = ρ L/A
material that has a conductivity level
somewhere between the extremes Conductor : ρ =10-6 Ω-cm (copper)
Semiconductor: ρ = 50 Ω-cm (germanium)
of an insulator and a conductor
ρ =50x103 Ω-cm (silicon) )
Insulator: ρ =1012 Ω-cm (mica)
The germanium atom has 32 orbiting electrons
The silicon has 14 orbiting electrons
N- Type Semiconductor
P- Type Semiconductor
Majority and Minority Carriers
Since most of the current carriers are electrons, silicon
(or germanium) doped with pentavalent atoms is an n-type
semiconductor (the n stands for the negative charge on an
electron). The electrons are called the majority carriers in
n-type material. Although the majority of current carriers
in n-type material are electrons, there are also a few holes
that are created when electron-hole pairs are thermally
generated. These holes are not produced by the addition
of the pentavalent impurity atoms. Holes in an n- type
material are called minority carriers.
Formation of the Depletion Region
For every electron that diffuses across the junction and combines with
a hole, a positive charge is left in the n region and a negative charge is
created in the p region forming a barrier potential. This action
continues until the voltage of the barrier repels further diffusion.