GSM ARCHITECTURE
Stands for Global system for mobile communication It is digital cellular technology used for transmitting
mobile voice and data services. The concept of GSM emerged from a cell-based mobile radio System bell
Laboratories in early 1990's GSM is not widely accepted standard in telecommunication, and it is
implemented globally. GSM makes a market Share of more than 70% of World's digital cellular
Subscribers. GSM make use of narrow band TOMA for transmitting signal. It has ability to carry 64kbps to
120 Mbps date rates. GSM provides basic to advance data services and including roaming. Gsm
Architecture :- A GSM System consists of 3 Subsystem, the radio Subsystem (CRSS) the network and switch
radio Subsystem and (NSS), operational sub system(OSS).
FEATURES :- Improved spectrum efficiency . International Roaming. Low cost mobile subsets and base
stations . High-Quality speech . Compatibility with ISON & other telephone company services.
1) RSS (Radio Sub System):- It Comprises all radio specific entities i.e. a) mobile stations (MS). b) Bis (Base
Transceiver) c) Base station controller (BSc) d) Base station subsystem (BSS). a) BSS - A GSM N/W
comprises many BSS, each controlled by Base station controller (BSc) BSS perform all the necessary function
to maintain radio connection to MS, coding /decoding of voice. It also contains several BTS. b) BTS - It
comprises all radio equipment, i.e., antenna signal processing, amplifiers etc. It is connected to MS via Un
interface and BSC via Abis interface. c) BSC - It manages BTS It handles the handover from one BTS to
another within BSS. It performs Paging of MS d) MS - It comprises all user equipment and software
needed for communication with GSM N/w. If Consist of User Independent hard and Software and the
subscriber Identity Module (SIM) which store user specific data. MS can be identified via International
mobile Equipment Identity.
2) NSS :- The heart of Gsm System is formed by Network and switching subsystem (NSS). It connect the
wireless network with standard public networks. It performs handover between different BSS. It
supports Charging, accounting & Roaming. It consist of; -a) MSC b) HLR c) VLR. a) MSC (mobile service
switching centre) Are high performance digital ISON Switch Setup the connection to other MSC’s and to
BSC form fixed backbone network. b) HLR: (Home Location Register) Most imp database in GSM as it
stores user info. Comprises static information such as Mobile subscriber ISDN number, etc. As soon as
MS leaves it current LA, the info in HLR is updated. c) VLR (Visitor Location Register) Associated to each
MSC is a dynamic database which stores all info.
3) OSS :- Operation Subsystem Contains necessary functions for the N/w operation and maintenance.
Entities are: a) Operation & Maintenance Centre (OMC) b) Authentication centre (AUC). c) Equipment
Identity Register (EIR). a) OMC: It Monitors and controls all other N/W via interference. Management
functions. a) Accounting & Billing b) Traffic Monitoring, etc b) AUC It is defined to protect user identity and
data. Contains algorithm for authentication. c) EIR It is database for au IMEIS, or it store all device
identifications registered to N/w.
1. Echo canceller :- An echo canceller is a device or software that is used to eliminate the echo that is present in a
telephone conversation or other audio communication. There are several types of echo cancellers, including:
Acoustic Echo Cancellers: These are physical devices that are placed between the microphone and speaker in a
telephone system. They use algorithms to analyse the audio signals and cancel out any echo that is present. Digital
Echo Cancellers: These are software-based echo cancellers that are used in VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
systems. They work by analyzing the digital audio signals and cancelling out any echo that is present. Hybrid Echo
Cancellers: These are a combination of both acoustic and digital echo cancellers and are often used in more complex
audio systems such as conference calls or public address systems. Double-Talk Detection Echo Cancellers: These are
specialized echo cancellers that are designed to work in situations where both parties are speaking at the same time
(i.e. doubletalk). They use advanced algorithms to determine which audio signals are from the speaker and which are
from the microphone and cancel out the echo accordingly.
2) Protocol GSM :- GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard for wireless communication of
voice, data, and other information. It is the most widely used mobile communication system in the world, and it is
used in over 200 countries. GSM uses a number of protocols to facilitate communication between devices and the
network. Some of the key protocols used in GSM include: Layer 1 Protocols: These protocols are responsible for the
physical layer of communication, including the encoding and decoding of signals, as well as the transmission and
reception of data over the air interface. Layer 2 Protocols: These protocols are responsible for the data link layer of
communication, including the framing, error checking, and flow control of data. Layer 3 Protocols: These protocols
are responsible for the network layer of communication, including routing and addressing of data. Layer 4 Protocols:
These protocols are responsible for the transport layer of communication, including the end-to-end delivery of data.
3) Cell Layout and frequency planning :- Cell layout and frequency planning are important considerations in the design
and operation of a cellular network. In a cellular network, the geographic area is divided into smaller areas called
cells, and each cell is served by a cell site, which consists of a transmitter and receiver. The transmitter sends out a
signal at a specific frequency, and the receiver listens for signals on the same frequency from mobile devices in the
cell. The layout of the cells in a network is determined by the coverage area required and the capacity of the
network. A hexagonal shape is often used for cell layout because it provides a good balance between coverage and
capacity. Effective cell layout and frequency planning are essential for providing good coverage and capacity in a
cellular network.
4)Localization and calling :- one fundamental feature of the GSM system is the automatic worldwide localization of
user. The system always knows where a user currently is , and the same phase no. is valid worldwide . The HLR
always contains information about the current location and the VLR currently responsible for the MS informs the HLR
about location changes . Changing VLRs with uninterrupted availability of all service is also called roaming .
Roaming can take place – i)Within the network of one provider ii)Between two providers in one country iii)Between
different providers in different countries. To locate on MS and to address the ms, several no. are needed – i) mobile
station international ISDN number ii) International mobile subscriber identity iii) Temporary mobile subscriber
identity iv) Mobile station Roaming Number .
Mobile station international ISDN number : - The only important number for a user of GSM is the phone number . –
The Phone no. is not associate with a certain device but with the SIM which is personalized for a user.
International mobile subscriber identity :- -GSM uses the IMSI for internal unique identification of a subscriber. –
IMSI consists of mobile country code & mobile subscriber identification number .
Temporary mobile subscriber identity :- - To hide the TMSI, which would give away the exact identity of the user
signalling over the air interface , GSM uses the 4 byte TMSI for local subscriber identification. -TMSI is location area of
the ULR .
Mobile station Roaming Number :- - Another temporary address that hides the identity and location of a subscriber
is MSRN . – The ULR generates this address on request on request from the msc and the address is also stored in HLR.