University of Baghdad
Al-khawarizmy college of engineering
Information & communication department
Circuit Lab No.7
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem
By:عمر رياض طه
ميثم محمد حسن
علي سعد عبدالمحسن
Objectives:
Thevenin’s Theorem Experiment Objectives:
1-Demonstrate that any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single
voltage source (Thevenin equivalent voltage) in series with a resistor (Thevenin equivalent resistance).
2-Measure and calculate Thevenin equivalent voltage (Vth) and resistance (Rth) of a given circuit.
3-Illustrate how Thevenin’s theorem simplifies the analysis of complex circuits, especially when determining the
current or voltage across a specific load.
4-Illustrate how Thevenin’s theorem simplifies the analysis of complex circuits, especially when determining the
current or voltage across a specific load.
Norton’s Theorem Experiment Objectives:
1-Demonstrate that any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single
current source (Norton equivalent current) in parallel with a resistor (Norton equivalent resistance).
2-Measure and calculate Norton equivalent current (IN) and resistance (RN) of a given circuit.
3- Show how Norton’s theorem aids in simplifying circuit analysis, particularly for current distribution through a
specific branch.
4-Validate the equivalence by comparing the current/voltage across a load in the original and Norton equivalent
circuits.
Both experiments aim to provide a practical understanding of these theorems and how they can simplify complex
circuit analysis in electrical engineering applications.
Procedure:
1-Connect the circuit shown in fig (7.4) vary the load resistance RL from 0 to 1k Ω in steps of 100Ω, record IL,RL and
VL.
Note: the power supply voltage must kept constant.
2-Remove RL, measure Voc then Isc (short cct current) between points A & b and record them.
3-Remove the d.c power supply, i.e. short cct. Point c & d . Then measure the total equivilant resistance (Roc)
between A & B , when RL is removed.
4-plot VL against RL from step 1.
5-Connect Thevenin’s equivalent circuit witch is obtained from the above step.
6-vary RL as in step 1 and record IL,VL.
7-Compare these results with the previous results.
Report questions:
1-From the plot of step 4, find Voc , Roc.
2- Draw Thevenin's Equivalent circuit using the measured values, assuming also polarities.
3- Repeat (2) for Norton theorem.
4- Compare your calculated and measured results, and find the percentage error.
5. What does it mean by Thevenin's Theorem is the dual of Norton's Theorem?
Answers:
1- Voc=Vth=6v
Roc=Rth=12kΩ
2-Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:
3-
Analysis:
Equivalent Norton’s circuit:
4-
Component Calculated Measured Percentage errer(%)
IL 0.35mA 0.34mA 2.857
VL 1.75v 1.768v 1.028
Rth 12kΩ - -
Vth 6v - -
RN 12kΩ - -
IN 0.5A - -
5- Thevenin’s Theorem is the dual of Norton’s Theorem because they simplify circuits in complementary ways:
• Thevenin: Replaces a circuit with a voltage source (Vth) in series with a resistance (Rth).
• Norton: Replaces a circuit with a current source (IN) in parallel with a resistance (RN).