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Essential Unix Command Guide

This document is a comprehensive reference guide for Unix commands, covering file and directory management, user management, package management, environment variables, archiving, text processing, process management, networking, permissions, searching, logging, disk management, and security. Each section provides specific command syntax and brief descriptions of their functions. It serves as a quick reference for users needing to perform various tasks in a Unix environment.

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Vaib Nigam
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5 views4 pages

Essential Unix Command Guide

This document is a comprehensive reference guide for Unix commands, covering file and directory management, user management, package management, environment variables, archiving, text processing, process management, networking, permissions, searching, logging, disk management, and security. Each section provides specific command syntax and brief descriptions of their functions. It serves as a quick reference for users needing to perform various tasks in a Unix environment.

Uploaded by

Vaib Nigam
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Comprehensive Unix Command Reference

1 File and Directory Commands

ls -l # Long listing format


ls -a # Show hidden files
ls - lh # Human - readable file sizes
ls - lrt # Sort files by modification time , newest last

cd / path / to / directory # Navigate to specified directory


cd .. # Move up one directory level
cd ~ # Move to home directory

pwd # Show current directory path

touch file . txt # Create an empty file


rm - rf directory / # Remove a directory recursively
cp -r source / destination / # Copy a directory recursively
mv oldname newname # Rename or move a file

2 User Management

whoami # Show currently logged - in user


id # Show user ID , group ID , and groups
groups username # Show groups the user belongs to
passwd # Change password of current user

useradd username # Create a new user


usermod - aG groupname username # Add user to a group
deluser username # Delete a user
groupadd groupname # Create a new group

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3 Package Management

apt update # Update package lists


apt install package_name # Install a package
yum install package_name # Install a package

4 Environment Variables

export VAR_NAME = value # Set an environment variable


env # Show all environment variables

5 Archiving and Compression

tar - cvf archive . tar file . txt # Create tar archive


zip archive . zip file . txt # Create zip archive

6 Text Processing

awk ’{ print $1 } ’ file . txt # Print first column of file


sed ’s / old / new /g ’ file . txt # Replace ’old ’ with ’new ’

cut -d ’: ’ - f1 / etc / passwd # Extract first column


sort file . txt # Sort file contents
uniq file . txt # Remove duplicate lines
diff file1 file2 # Compare two files

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7 Process Management

ps aux # List all running processes


top # Display real - time process info
kill PID # Kill process with given PID

nohup command & # Run command in background


jobs # Show background jobs
fg %1 # Resume job in foreground
bg %1 # Resume job in background

8 Networking Commands

ping google . com # Send ICMP requests


netstat - tulnp # Show listening ports
ifconfig eth0 # Show details for eth0 interface

curl -I https :// example . com # Get headers


wget https :// example . com / file . zip # Download file
traceroute google . com # Show packet route

9 Permissions and Ownership

chmod 755 file . txt # Set file permissions


chown user : group file . txt # Change ownership
chmod 600 file . txt # Only owner can read and write
chattr + i file . txt # Prevent modifications

10 Searching and Sorting

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find / path - name " file . txt " # Locate a file
grep " pattern " file . txt # Find pattern in file

11 Logging and System Monitoring

dmesg | tail # Show recent log messages


uptime # Display uptime and load average
free -m # Display memory usage in MB

vmstat 2 # Display system stats every 2 seconds


iostat # Show CPU and disk statistics

12 Disk and Storage Management

df -h # Display disk usage in human - readable format


du - sh folder / # Show directory size
mount / dev / sdb1 / mnt # Mount a device
umount / mnt # Unmount the device

13 Security
Firewall

ufw enable # Enable firewall ( for Ubuntu )


iptables -L # Display firewall rules

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